Name……………………...................................

A and B words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)

Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

1 Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body Aorta

Made up of a systolic and a diastolic component, with units either in kPa or

2 Blood Pressure
mmHg

A type of drug that works by reducing the tendency of blood to form clots.
3 Anticoagulant
Warfarin is an example of this type of drug

Carried out around 15-17 weeks of pregnancy, with a risk of between 0.5 – 1%
4 of causing a miscarriage, this is a technique used to sample cells from the Amniocentesis
foetus by inserting a needle into the fluid surrounding it

Chest pain when heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen, due to
5 Angina
narrowing of coronary arteries

Found in some vitamins, these protect against damage by reactive, unstable,

6 radicals to cell components. They work by providing hydrogen atoms which Antioxidants
stabilise the radical by pairing up with its unpaired electron.

7 Base in nucleic acids Adenine

A molecule in starch, with an un-branched chain of 200 -5000 glucose

8 Amylose
molecules

The disease process that leads to coronary heart disease and ischaemic
9 Atherosclerosis
stroke

10 These open when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure Atrio-ventricular valves

A condition in which a defective gene prevents production of pigment in skin or

11 Albinism
hair

12 Movement of substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient Active transport

Deposit on arterial wall, mainly composed of cholesterol, which has not yet had
13 Atheroma
a build up of calcium salts or fibrous tissue

14 What heart muscle is forced to do when insufficient oxygen is available Anaerobic respiration

15 Small airway ending in alveolus Bronchiole

16 Chamber of the heart Atrium

Body mass in kg divided by height in metres squared, gives this internationally

17 Body Mass Index / BMI
accepted method of classifying people

A bulge in an artery wall, due to narrowing of the lumen in front. If it ruptures, it

18 Aneurysm
could be fatal

19 One of the different forms of a particular gene Allele

20 Energy transfer molecule ATP

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................
C and D words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

1 Formed when two sugars have combined in a condensation reaction Disaccharides

Molecules that span the cell membrane. They have water-filled pores. They
2 have a specific shape so only molecules / ions with matching shapes can pass. Channel proteins
Some of the pores can be opened or closed

The channel protein that allows diffusion of chloride ions out of an epithelial
3 cell in the lungs – when it is defective (due to a gene mutation) extra-sticky CFTR
mucus forms and cystic fibrosis results

Blood vessels composed only of squamous epithelial cells and a basement

4 Capillaries
membrane

Hair-like extensions of the cell membrane in cells lining the airways, that help
5 Cilia
keep microbes / dust / particles out of the lungs

Cardiovascular disease /
6 Diseases of the heart and circulation
CVD

Passive movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an

7 Diffusion
area of low concentration

8 Ventricular relaxation / filling phase Diastole

Scientists look for links between various factors that might cause a disease
9 Correlation
and the incidence of the disease i.e. they look for a ……………..

Epidemiological studies may show a correlation between a factor and a

10 Causally / by causation
disease but it does not prove that they are linked....

Proteins within cell membranes that have specifically shaped binding sites for
11 Carrier proteins / carriers
ions or molecules that are required to cross membranes

12 The opposite of hydrolysis Condensation (reaction)

Diffusion relies on this – if this becomes zero, net movement of substances by

13 Concentration gradient
diffusion will stop.

Every triplet code on DNA gives rise to a complementary one of these on

14 Codon
mRNA

The 5 carbon sugar that makes up DNA (along with a phosphate group and an
15 Deoxyribose
organic base)

16 One of the two main forms of cardiovascular disease, the other being stroke Coronary heart disease

17 One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood Cardiac cycle

Deposits of this on an artery wall is called an atheroma, but it is needed in

18 Cholesterol
formation of animal cell membranes

19 hydrogen bonding between water molecules is the result of the molecules ..... Dipole nature

20 Blue dye used to determine concentration of vitamin C in food and drink DCPIP

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................
E, F and G words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

1 Name given to current model of the structure of the unit (cell) membrane Fluid mosaic (model)

2 Replacement of a faulty allele of a gene with a normal allele of the gene Gene therapy

One of the first steps (involving cells) in the course of events leading to
3 Endothelial damage
atherosclerosis

During blood clotting, insoluble fibrin protein is made from this soluble plasma
4 Fibrinogen
protein

Transport across a cell membrane that is passive (requires no additional

5 energy), moves substances down their concentration gradient (from high to Facilitated diffusion
low) and uses carrier protein molecules

Sequence of triplet bases in DNA determining which amino acids are linked
6 Genetic code
and in which order is known as this

7 Used for bulk transport of substances out of the cell Exocytosis

8 Studies designed to determine health risk factors Epidemiological

Biological catalysts that can be immobilised for industrial use, thus allowing
9 higher temperatures to be used for some reactions and / or the product to Enzymes
become less contaminated

These surfaces in mammalian lungs have large surface to volume ratios, are
10 Gas exchange
thin and have a high concentration difference across them

11 The characteristic caused by this, i.e. its observable effect, is the phenotype Genotype

12 A carbohydrate stored in the liver Glycogen

Factors that increase the risk of CVD include genetic, diet, age, high blood
13 Gender
pressure and smoking. Another factor is ………

A type of gene therapy that is not currently permitted in the UK as it could alter
14 Germ line therapy
the genetic content of every cell in the body

An example of this: when DNA replicates, an incorrect base may slip into
15 Gene mutation
place

Embryo testing / genetic

16 Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are two techniques used for this
screening

These are formed when substrate molecules form temporary bonds with the Enzyme-substrate
17
amino acids of the active site complexes

Synthesis of triglycerides involves the formation of these type of bonds

18 Ester
between glycerol and three fatty acids

A sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino

19 Gene
acids in a polypeptide chain

20 Disaccharides contain these type of bonds Glycosidic

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................
H, I, J and K words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

1 Neurones send these Impulses

The ratio of these to another type of lipoprotein have a lot of HDL / high density
2
significance for health (these are the ‘good guys’) lipoproteins

3 Units for blood pressure kPa / kilopascals

4 This results when not enough blood gets to the brain Ischaemic stroke

5 Having different alleles for the same gene Heterozygous

Part of the course of events leading to atherosclerosis, involving Inflammatory

6
white blood cells response

7 This occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain bursts Haemorrhagic stroke

8 Having the same alleles for a particular gene Homozygous

Another term for high blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure is

9 considered to be one of the most significant factors in the Hypertension
development of cardiovascular disease

1
Unit for measuring energy Joule
0

The pressure exerted by a liquid. It will be the same as ‘blood

1
pressure’ in the vessels of the circulatory system. It is important in Hydrostatic pressure
1
the formation of tissue fluid

1 In carbohydrates, there are two parts of this for every oxygen

Hydrogen
2 molecule

1
The process that converts lactose into glucose and galactose Hydrolysis
3

1 A factor that is a risk factor for heart disease; the majority of adults in
Inactivity
4 the UK claim that they lack the time to counteract this factor

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................

L, M, N and O words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)

Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

1 The result of abnormal tissue fluid accumulation Oedema

A statement that assumes (for the sake of the argument) that there will be no
2 difference between an experimental group and a control group and then Null hypothesis
testing this statement using statistical analysis

Often calculated to help with risk assessment. It is essential that figures like
3 this are accurate, dated, and specific with regard to country. Often the cause, Mortality rates
such as a specific disease, is given.

4 Single sugar units such as glucose Monosaccharides

A type of diffusion involving free water molecules moving through a partially

5 Osmosis
permeable membrane

These carry more cholesterol than the other kind, so this affects their density.
6 They are formed from saturated fats and can overload membrane receptors Low-density lipoproteins
resulting in high levels of blood cholesterol

7 Missing bases, incorrect bases and swapped bases in DNA can all lead to this Mutation

Cystic fibrosis is an example of this, where the characteristic is controlled by

8 Monohybrid (inheritance)
only one gene. Thalassaemia is another example of this type of inheritance

Mendel investigated the colour and shape of peas produced by pea plants.
9 Morphology
The structure of something that includes its shape is known as its ………

10 Gene therapy and genetic screening both raise ethical and …………….. Moral issues

Some animal groups have this system, in which the blood circulates in large, Open circulatory
11
open spaces (system)

12 The rate at which reactions in the body take place Metabolic rate

13 Alternative term for heart attack Myocardial infarction

14 Product of anaerobic respiration that causes the pain of angina Lactic acid

15 Fats and oils Lipids

A disaccharide produced when amylase breaks down starch. Found in

17 Maltose
germinating seeds

Insoluble cholesterol is combined with proteins to form these soluble

18 Lipoproteins
substances that can be transported in the blood

19 The eventual consequence of a positive energy balance Obesity

20 A disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose Lactose

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................
P, Q and R words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

Found on the inner wall of an artery, this hard swelling reduces the elasticity of
1 arteries. It causes arteries to narrow and can lead to an increase in blood Plaque
pressure

2 Formed from many sugar units joined by condensation reactions Polysaccharides

The sequence of amino acids which determines the final (tertiary) shape of a
3 Primary structure
protein

4 Contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil RNA

A soluble plasma protein that is converted into an enzyme that catalyses the
5 conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin in a series of cascade Prothrombin
reactions……the end result being a blood clot

Essential for protein synthesis; ‘read’ mRNA. Sometimes free in the

6 Ribosomes
cytoplasm, sometimes linked to endoplasmic reticulum

7 Things that increase the chance of a harmful outcome Risk factor

Primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure describes

8 Proteins
these giant molecules

9 Term used to describe how DNA copies itself (also used for viral multiplication) Replication

10 Determined by the genotype Phenotype

There is a tendency to overestimate the risks of sudden imposed dangers

where the consequences are severe, and underestimate a risk if it has an
11 Perception (of risk)
effect in the long-term, even if that effect is severe – this is described as the
……………of risk

Cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gas exchange system, the
12 Reproductive system
digestive system and this system

13 Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone close to the skin Pulse

14 Cell fragments without a nucleus involved in formation of blood clots Platelets

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................
S and T words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

1 Formation of a blood clot that may block an artery Thrombosis

Type of circulation found in fish, where the blood only flows through the heart
2 Single
once for each complete circuit of the body

Process that starts with mRNA codons and ends with linked chain of amino
3 Translation
acids

Contraction of the heart, forcing blood out at high pressure. May be used to
4 Systole
describe just the contraction of the ventricles, unless qualified.

5 Valves between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart Semi-lunar

The complicated series of reactions that leads to clotting starts with the
6 release of this substance that catalyses the conversion of prothrombin to Thromboplastin
thrombin

Symptoms of this include: sudden onset, numbness, dizziness, confusion,

7 Stroke
slurred speech and blurred or loss of vision

Semi-conservative
8 Process of making two molecules of DNA from one molecule of DNA
replication

Epidemiologists often collect large amounts of data to look for correlations

9 between factors that may cause disease. Large amounts of data are needed Statistically significant
to ensure that any correlation found is this

10 Traditional device for measuring blood pressure Sphygmomanometer

11 Type of muscle in walls of some blood vessels Smooth

12 Formed by fluid forced out of capillaries Tissue fluid

13 Strand of DNA used to produce mRNA Template

14 Breaks down into glucose and fructose Sucrose

Type of very flat, epithelial cells found lining alveoli – otherwise called
15 Squamous
pavement epithelia

The genetic code is this type of code, whereby 3 bases code for one amino
16 Triplet
acid

Scientist who worked with Meselson on experiment which provided data to

17 Stahl
support the accepted theory of replication

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth

 Name……………………...................................
U, V, W, X, Y and Z words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes

There is a tendency to do this with risks, if they have an effect in the long-term
1 Underestimate
future, even if that effect is severe

2 Muscular chambers of the heart Ventricles

3 Description of lipids with double bonds in their structure Unsaturated

4 Organic base found only in RNA Uracil

These can be water-soluble and fat-soluble. They are key components of a

5 Vitamins
balanced diet

6 An ethical approach with no moral absolutes Utilitarianism

Rate of diffusion, at gas exchange surfaces, is inversely proportional to this, Thickness of gas
7
as described by Fick’s Law exchange surface

The mucus of cystic fibrosis sufferers is stickier than usual as it contains less
8 Water
of this substance

DNA is said to have done this when the two strands have unwound and the
9 Unzipped
hydrogen bonds between the organic bases have broken

10 CVS stands for chorionic ……………….. sampling Villus

11 IVF stands for in …………….. fertilisation Vitro

Epidemiological studies that determine health factors must be designed to

12 Valid
produce data that is reliable and ..............

13 The major blood vessel carrying blood from the body to the heart Vena cava

14 Contraction of the heart forcing blood out into the arteries Ventricular systole

15 Small blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries towards the heart Venules

AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth