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• Herringbone effect (zigzagad pattern) caused by placing film incorrectly with lead

portion facing the cone


• Hydroquinone (developer)converts the exposed silver salts on the emulsion film
into silver metallic ions
• Potassium bromide (restrainer) controls the action of the developing agent such
that the unexposed silver salts on the emulsion film are not removed.
• developing solution include the developing agent, accelerator, restrainer, and
antioxidant preservative.
• Sodium Carbonate (accelerator) is an alkali salt in the developing solution that
maintains the alkaline pH of the solution as well as provides ideal conditions for
reactions to occur.

• Portnof, Jason E. (2010). First Aid Q&A for the NBDE Part II (Kindle Locations
6594-6595). McGraw-Hill Medical. Kindle Edition.
• Portnof, Jason E. (2010). First Aid Q&A for the NBDE Part II (Kindle Locations
6598-6599). McGraw-Hill Medical. Kindle Edition.
• Portnof, Jason E. (2010). First Aid Q&A for the NBDE Part II (Kindle Locations
6595-6596). McGraw-Hill Medical. Kindle Edition.
• Portnof, Jason E. (2010). First Aid Q&A for the NBDE Part II (Kindle Location
6593). McGraw-Hill Medical. Kindle Edition.

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