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  • Practical Plumbing Book

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    sameeruddin_khan
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    'Make ample provision in the piping, and in the equipment, where practical, for anticipated future building expansion,' he says. Projects should be designed to achieve maximum water and energy conservation. 'In taking over a job from someone else, make sure yourself that your routing is clear' 'carefully check each project for plumbing ppng (both water and drainage) subject to freezing.

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    'Make ample provision in the piping, and in the equipment, where practical, for anticipated future building expansion,' he says. Projects should be designed to achieve maximum water and energy conservation. 'In taking over a job from someone else, make sure yourself that your routing is clear' 'carefully check each project for plumbing ppng (both water and drainage) subject to freezing.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    3K vues46 pages

    Practical Plumbing Book

    Transféré par

    sameeruddin_khan
    'Make ample provision in the piping, and in the equipment, where practical, for anticipated future building expansion,' he says. Projects should be designed to achieve maximum water and energy conservation. 'In taking over a job from someone else, make sure yourself that your routing is clear' 'carefully check each project for plumbing ppng (both water and drainage) subject to freezing.

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 46
    cinveen 4, woes wort \ . General. Principals of design. a, Make ample provision in the piping, and in the equipnent, were practical, for anticipated future building expansion. Projects should be designed to achieve maximum wa~ ter and enerey conservation. Use of reduced slow Fixtures, mininizing temperatures, use of preheat fers using vaste heat or solar heat, tine-clock con trol, selection Of punpe with maxinun efficlency, ete.; should be consiered. Insist that the architect obtain accurate survey information before attenpting to Finalize outside work, because ie is inpossible 20 design this work Correctly without accurate information on existing conditions and final grades. Sn'routing the uLiding ueiisties, determine sf there are any utility interferences betwoon the building and street Bipe that you intend to con nect to, [in taking over a job rom someone else, do not assine that this has bean done by him; make Sure yoursel? thet your routing 1s clear.) ALL existing underground vork that Se known in the area should be indicated. this includes piping, Valves, manholes, pits, électric and telephone work, Gtc., whether being connected to or not. This Se heceesary co avoid problems in the £iela of the Eelative location of the pipes being connected to. £, Tho roguirenents of local departments and utility companies. should be very carefully investigated. and worked out with respective parties and confirmed in writing. (2) zt is very important that all requiranants, @ven to minor details, be confimed and not guessed at, in order to evoid unpleasant con Eroversias’ when the project is under construc elon. (2) Use Utility data sheets, chapter 3. Carefully check each project for plumbing piping (both water and drainage) subject to freezing. (2) all drainage and water piping installed in exterior valls and other locations where freezing Lea possibility mist be provided with heating cable and insulation. (2) The cconoay of group wrapping with either Glectrie heating cable or @ hosting tracer Line should be considered with respect to groups of piping, as in a shaft on an outside g = heating cable (with an aluninux Jacket over the insulation for et Least 5 ft above the floor to protect Exom physical damaga)~— How | aver, systens of garage drainage need not be 80 protected, provided that no traps are in= Stalled on the floor drains. (4) Review with your supervisor any questions ‘about the nee’ or possible need for freezing protection of any piping whatsoever on a pro- ject. (5) Be sixe to notify the electrical project en- Finer about the Location and extant of all. the electrically heat traced piping. } a = 1G Water and drainage piping should not be run in Qlevator machina roons; telephone Toons contsining Eelephone eguipaent, relays, and terminal strips; electric roons and Closets containing exclusively equipment such as transformers, svitchgesr, BOLr Gontroi contersy paneiboards or similar items of equipeent; and in emergency generator roons, ex- cept for piping directly associated with the. gen~ ae O (2) Blsowhore run no piping within 5 ft laterally a of such electrical apparatus as motor control Panels, Switchboards, and electrie motors, Except for branch piging connecting to ene ponp: (2) Where unavoidable, obtain approval from the Glectric deparenent and arrange for a water proof slab or provide a drip pan ander the Pp piping, carefully checking headroom require Ronts for equipment below. ‘Indicate where Grip pan is to spill. os eas | 4, Do not run water and gas piping under buildings because this creates conditions which may cequize | Gifticult nainsenance and repair and/or cause 5S Sy Sage P85 oo cS oo hazardous conditions. In locating vertical piping in pipe spaces and farred in around columns, be sure that there is sufficient space for the piping involved, coneid~ ering the materials of the piping, interconnection Gf the piping, and the insulation on the piping. Bven if shown on our drawings, if the piping oan not be fitted in the Field, a'good deal of time Gan be lost and construction cost can be incurred by eleia modifications of the design to make it workable. k. Refer to Tables 4-1 and 4-2, which give minimun space requirements for piping behing Fixtures (not Mheluaing stack requirements) both for block walls and for sete walle with wallboard, 1, Design horizontal piping to be within the hung ceilings established by the architect, where they Grist, and to maintain maimim headroom at all Eines. “Carefully check for clearance above equlp- ent and for any possible interference with the Work of other trades. nm. Piping should maintain @ mininun clearance of 1 én between fitting bubs (finished covering over #it~ ting hubs on insulated piping) , and between fit~ ting hubs adjacent works zB, Do not install piping in floor £11 except where LE Cannot be avoided: (2) Protect water, gas, compressed air, and vac un air piping in floor #411 wien $22 Usse Galvanized shoot metal U-shaped covers. (2) Surround covers and drainaze and vent piping in floor fill with 1/2 in of cement mortar. 0+ Pack sleeves through floor slabs and fire walle with asbestos or rock wool. Through Interior Waterproofing, seal top with mastic. p. Provide adequately for, the normal expansion and Gontzaction of the piping and for piping eroesing Bailding expansion Solnes (2) on tong main runs or across building expan Ston Joints, inéioste adequate elbow swings or expansion loops, (2) At Connections of branches to mains, xisers and equipment, indicate sufeicient.nunber of elbow swings.” (Refer to Tables 4-3 and é-4 for lengths Of Sxpaneion loops and swing i ai DORR a a Qe aga a aa ) Ip addition to the general statanent in the spect- Eications, indicate on the drawings where expan sion joints or svings are known to be required. (speciat expansion requirements may require spe- Gial conelderstion, such as Vitaulic oF Barco joints, lead, rubber, ete.) Gare should be given’ to indicate pipe-size changes on the contract drawings, also indicating where eccentric inerensers or reducers are re Guired, No shortcuts shold be taken when showing Bipe-size changes on main equipesnt hookuse. finile the specifications state that our deavings are Giagremmatic, it ia imperative that vhat is, indicaved on the drawings bo installed within the available space confinenents of the structure and Soordinatea with the other trades so that there is ho intarference. t, Teena recessed in a wall, such as fize-hose cabi~ nets, drineing fountains’ (water coolers), therma- static valve cabinets, siamese, sitl cocks, ete. y and the piping associated therewith should be co” Grdinated with the archivest so that adequate wall thickness or double walls are provided. Por group valves and other controls concealed in hung celiings, walls, fire spaces, and shafts (except in areas of iftost tile Cellings), pro- vide access doors. (2) Locate access doors so that they will be as inconspicuous as possible. In fancy areas, Gheck their locations and finishes with the architect. (2) Whore the riser is in the pipe space boning a battery of fixtures, locate the access door in the wall immediately above the baseboara zather than Inthe celling to save on pipe arops. Check with the architect about the desired finish fon sill cocks, siamese, fresh-air inlets, ete. Brovide preesixe and/or combination gauges on the Gischarge and suction of all pumps except hot Water and chilled-water ciroulating pumps, sump pumps, and sewage ejectors. Provide thermossters on iniet and outlet of al? hot-water heaters and prehesters, central chilled~ water units, on hot-water and chilled~water return (elzculation) piping, and outlet of master thermo” static tempering valves. J Le a (7 Mable 4-1 sintoun wall xequsrenents for plumbing £ sheet 1 ough thick Clear apace ff exe textuse _sseblattlon ied Sapeort mi i ater closets | Q wee “Sat ae | { | | af gee tO Eset ang Single’ Gna battery bortzontal a {aa hang Single ted battery back-to-back a G Sachin : ‘ oo ee Z . fi . Single back-to-back 6 f nattery, chair carriers 8 SSEESI SNE hee : fe Bee ee moe alata cana & Fiughing rin Single ‘ ‘ 8 re ot : 5 eet : : g TAaP ae _ oF oem Piping beside b eed EI Tho sllowsnce 12 incieded for stack requirement he above dor 4ar'€ in pareition, SBfom fice of finish Wall to Laside of back wall. - “6 [ cos fae] Sp co all nang wan mong wand pang well Rang ‘Lavatory sinks Plushing rin ‘chingeal sink shower Drinking fountains (water coolers) Simulated sami- tsisrae Une water cooler Sspacd required means space betes ‘ailowance is ineiuaee for stack ype fixture _ latar closets Backst6.Sack carrier saith 200 Single and back-to-back singe a support chat career With and without cooler writh and without cools: cass eazeier Building toilets, Kitchens, 100°AP, Laundries 140%s7, Cpe size eran, 129: systen 140" system _ 180" syste a2 § 7 ° net : a 3 nD : 3 10 74 5 10 a Are 1 il Q n a u Ur a ue a5 ut is 1 Ei is ie % pole 4-4 atypical branch takeots ~< < 6 € z= Minimum offset length Pipe size 0 f. ‘Up to 1-1/2 in 2 Lb Pe 5 3 8 tnd tanger i 9 t o ws B, Drainage systens. 1. General. a. Principles of design. (1) Contact the sewer department of the community involved for information about the avaliabil- Sty of storm, sanitary, and combined sewers in'the area.” Obtain dravings showing loos tions, sizes, and depths of all available sev- ere, a5 well as any fules end requirements Comnested with sewer work. (2) Contact the local building department for Specific requirements regarding house fzape, Fainfall rates, pipe materiale and joints, and any other special local requirenents. Design drainage systens in accordance wich the regulrenents of all applicable plumbing codes and good engineering practice: (4) Sttend house drains oue of the building as often as necessary to maintain required head~ Zoom in the building, consistant with the fvaliability of aite of etraat sewers ons particular sige of the building. (6), No building should be designed with combined Storm water and sanitary drainage systems, Bach systen must be conplotely independent out to the street or ete sever. (6) At least one of each duplex set of sump punps and sewage ejectors should be fea from ener gency clectric-power circuits, if possible, hare onstant drainage is critical and no energeney power is available, a thira sump Punp with 2 stean turbine or @iesel engine Grive’ shoul be provided. (7) Beercise great care to cooperate closely with the HVAC designer on all projects so that necessary floor drains, funnel drains, etc. Bre provided reasonably adjacent £0 ail aVAG ‘equipment requiring drains. Obtain from the HVRC designer a layout indicating the equip= ‘ent and locations of floor drains. All in= Girect drainage piping between the HVAC equip mont and these floor drains, funnel drains, eee., will be provided by the HVAC trade. ei f i - See calculation form &, chapter 5. ( 59 "net run drsinage piping at the cetlings I Of kitchens, food-preparation, food-serving, Sr fosdesvotage aces, if possible. (check She‘Sedo about this ieen.)” Ze unavoidable snd acceptable by code, dxpinage piping should Brieivbised stselo Ztamese Piptns shoold, % Faquires by code and a fequired Zor proper neintenance of the Ay Tle. “Indicate aii, requires cleanosts, Sed’ ail clesnoute in buried piping ard tn H Piping in‘ hung ceilings up to" cleanout deck- J Bilted in the'eicor sbover ‘Extend al! clean Sues dn piping concealed. in walls ove with Wail plates. “where pommiteed by cote, use 45° ‘hows (which ao not require a sleanost) in Stead’ of one’ 90° elbow (which Goce require Scleasouths : . (10) thers copper tubing or plastic pipe is us for draitage piping, provide expansion Jolnee {in seacka and’ leedere’nore often than pro tisea in ferrous piping. in general, these Sxpansion Joints should’ be provided approni- ately every. five stories tor copper and. as Fecombended'by the nantfactirer for the type of plastic osea, (11) Seep Toot arsine and stacks through the roof 1*Eo'ts in avay from all parapet walls, Building oBsscts, oct openings, eves, to Sliow Sc proper’ lashings, All’ stacks through the toot should best dens 2 in in size, Q (12) Provide with electcic heating oable and in- Tulste any piping Feainy thioogh anhesced areas or atherwise exposed to possible freee ingr’ Shere piping is"iscated bn outelae walis, make provisions for getting sone Dent Wa 'ths spacer get asslcence fron the HVAC Department thal space Vill not be below Ereet~ i ing or that piping mist be hestetraced. fe Fel These conditions to Your supervisor for fevers (13) TE"Gnstructes wy tne omner ox arenivect tn Hating to ontt’heat-crosingy use Wieeaub le ‘Souplings and fittings on storm water drain~ Sge'pipits in these Locations, if allowed By the Sole ax exe pluabing inspectors 2. Stoxmwater drainage systems. 410 i a. Principles of design. ql (a) Att roots, desks, baicontes, canopies, ter~ | MLaoete eekauaatacelatby geavkey tothe Seer tee nae era ee gee ee, A Scrina snouid nave eperstehouss eevers or i erpechottes salve befits being esanscted oe CaeTSlGing Rouse tever. A tay AUT Blvd O¥oteurs s80tid arain by gravity to } cee eee eee etn tL fergsctity treads dijitr Uap paces oy BE Seek een toon tieor azains Md Belew Sede Gacee" dels thosid acta by Seer ates WREST “En ce gee Ee SIDE’ SRaIeeTaR' of anche, conten ines sept p Sets sumed and toe connection eo stormwater ED or sanieary systens. (a) Sapte prerdetin eet be nade in the piping Bete eetesecd Fetuce wotiatey Supabetons 0 (5) The architect sonetines locates the root Grains. ‘They should be checked to see if 5 they are workable. ‘this is particularly im- 1B portant with canopies, overhangs, and bal~ | 42 Sonles. “Zhe ideal location is the quareer — points: Keep the rons from the drains to the 3 Teaders as short as possible, rn tall build ings, it pays ¢o minimize the nunber of Lead~ ers with more horizontal piping on the upper floor ceiling & (6) Check for roof expansion joints because thoy oreate a bump in the roof, thus dividing the oof into fixed drainage areas. f (7) fiheze the draine on lower roofs connect to the leaders serving higher roofs, drop them down beside the leader 2 or 3 ft and thon connect them with an upright Y. | (8) Where there are limitations onthe flow al~ lowed to public severe and elsewhere (where rn local code permits), controlled-flow root @zainage should be Considered as a matter of economy. “he design should be in accordance with code requirenents or the following, Uhichever is the stricter: (a) Use controlled flow only on nonpromenads roots with parapets. (b) Obtain'#rom a drain mansfacturer curves for the community in which the bullaing ca a Gi J (a) U fo fe ie ie ® a : » © « le is located, po not use catalog tables. Ose one weix (notch) ‘per drain except for very large root areas and heavy rain- falls. Use preferably @ 25-year storm, and as a minthum, @ 10-year store. Miowable batiaup! Plat roof; 3-in water depth. 2ein pitch depths fin water depth at ‘Grain. 4-in pitch depth; 5-in water depth at ‘azain. Soin, piten depth Goin water depth at Maxinum dvaindovn time, 24 h. Maximum distance from the roof edge to ‘the dvains, 50 ft; and maximum distance between the draine 200 fe. Miginun two Grains for a fof of 10,000 fe? or leas; and at least three drains for larger roofs with Limitatign of ap- Proxinate paximum of 10,000 ft? per veir noteh. Arrange vith the architect to place scup- Pere din above the roof for flat roofs, S'in for 2 in pitched roofs, and 6 in for 4- and 6-in pitched roots above the ele: vation of the roof at the drain for pitch- ed roots. “Provide,3t least one scuppe: for each 20,000 fe2 of roof area. Inform the architect in writing to pro~ Gide curbs at the doors and to extend the Flashing above the overflow level. Inform the structural engineer about the Josding on the roof dua to the depth of water buildup. Use. table on following page for piping sizing. 42 horizontal drainage pipin. in aestere_ _ Sie phen ae go i 2 7 1 8 | R ‘ 143 78 uo i 5 26 Fe ass \ L ‘ 42 222 na | R ® on on on | iy 1 1,652 aso 124 : D 1,304 1,953 i 15 es 2473 3491 Te aoe eee os gett f (9) ALL deaine on surfaces not intended for pro E menade should have done strainers; othere should have flae strainers wien free ares a equal to ewice the outlet area. i (10) Provide all areas oxposed to rain, unless vary small, with at least tvo araing. : 3 (1) Do not tse’ 2'in drains except For very smal a Teages, balconies, and canopies, or where 2 4in Canfot be accomodated in the constrastion. (12) Plaza, texrace, ang yard draing should nor nally be a minimun of 6 in to prevent clog Ging and preferably have locked hinged graces and buckets. (23) Tn working out plaza, ramp, roadway end trench Graine wlth the architect, insure that trenches are wide enough ¢o permit’ installation of a pro- A Per type snd size drain for its service, if the a Srehitect 1s unwilling to make the trenches the required widths, inaict on the use of = Sectional trench drain instead of a concrete french with a drain in the bottom. i | le (24) Supply drains in areas subject to airt and grit with e free-standing bucket in the Grain Boy. (15) Planting box arains. (a) Inelde building? Dome-type roof drain with bronze mesh over the done. (b) Outsiae (onal areas): Perforated stand- pipe with s xenovanle done cap. (e) Outside (Large areas): Free-standing bucket and low dose strainer, provided with an extension access to grade and a Burface grate, and half tiles leading in- £0 the access extension. (26) Base final drain selections on the physics Structural conditions at the drain location Investigate the waterproofing conditions st all drains. (17) Pipe pump gland leakage ané bedplate drains fo spill over adjacent floor drains. (28) Foundation and/or subsoil avaina, if required, should be drained by gravity to sump pits Eheough sediment pits, Sediment pits should have 2 common wall with sunp pits and be at leest 2 #t wide to allow for cleaning. (19) Foundation and/or subsoil drainage require Bente and layout will usually be established by the structural and/or foundation engineers. (a) Dotersine at the beginning of the prom ject if this is required, (b) Obtain expected rave of flow from the structural and/or foundation engineers for sizing of the sunp Punps- (20) sump pits serving garage drains must be air~ fight and vented. (21) Where discharge Zrom garage drains runs into an adjacent stream or pond, provide oll sep= arators. (Size separators for the nomal How (fioor hosing down) with a £611 size over the top bypass to carry the fire flov.) (22) Provide backwater valves in piping wherever a possibility of a backap exists. (23) Provide interior drains and areavay drain wien eraps. (24) Provide house traps only where required by ; Souestdntto cv orana fl poo oo o a (25) See caleulation Forms D and &, Chapter 5, for sizing piping. E b. Piping. (2) underground drainage piping should be cast- Gon aol pipe end #4ttings ap to. 15 An: Over 15 in’ shatl be clase 100 cast={zon oF thickness class 2 ductilewiren Bell and spisot | water pipe with 250-psi fittings, (2) Drainage péping inside the building snowld be | G Sagtrison soll pipe, extra, heavy, service i ! | | 1 weight, oz No-#ub and fittings; or galvanized Standard-weight steel pipe with thresded cast ffon drainage fiteinge, Where permitted by te) cole, Victaulic fittings and couplings aay be x Used, and they should be used if expased to freezing. (Check code for allowable materi ae g (2) HS pump dtachrse piping, exoert wndare £ fittings. Where permitted by code, Victaulic fi columns: bey be type L copper’ tebing ors ff i 18 Siioved’ by code, plastic, i | (5) there a1lwes bf Lode, plastic pipe and fit Ip ‘ngs tay be weed, if" epproved By" your supe: ff i ce. Pquipnent. 18 (41) sump pumps should normaly be duplex (each : © full size) vertical subsetged type in\a'é£e #6 ce pit with approximately 3°ft grose work- g ing depth, (2) Sele-prining type sump punps should not be - eed tnlese requested by the owner~ (3) Sunp pumps should be increased in capacity above normal requirements to provide f100d~ ing protection of lowest areas of the buila~ z A tng. : (a) The extent of this protection must be 4 i evaluated in terms of the area involved, [ the nature of all occupancies of the areas, the potential possibility of a a Hood. 4s w (5) 6 o (8) () in small areas it nay be desirable to have motors mounted on double-high otor~ ount pedestals (30 in); and in very swell Subbasomonts of large buildings, it may be Advieable to ase subnersible-tyse puns. (e) Inlet piping and/or ventilated manhole cover Yor grating) must be Large enough to allow entrance into the pit of the peak capacity of the punps. (a) Bll controls should be electrode type. calcutate the pump head by adding the Lift from low vater in the pit (normally 1 Fe shove the botton for submerged pungs, and the top of the notor for submersible punpe) to 1 Et'above grade ouside the building or to the underside of the beans of the first floor above grade, vhichever is greater, and the Gsechazye piping friction {including both in~ Gividual punp discharge assembly and the com mon discharge piping) « (a) Increase the conson discharge in size as necessary to aliow for both pups to op- erate simultaneously in energancies. (®) Check the friction in the common discharge Piping for both one and two-pamp opera Eien.” Friction for one~pump operation Should normally be inelodea in the speci- Hied punp head, provided there is not too great a drop in capacity with the friction of two pumps operating. Comprassion-tube high-water alarn-actuating units should be provided on sump pits. Por submerged-type pumps, check the available headroom over the pit for adequate clearance for ingtallation and xenoval of the. panbs, where the pit is over) fe deep. If required headroom 15 unobtainable, use submersible amps. Consider use of submersible pumps when pit depth is over 8 fe. Cellar~drainer-type sump pumps should be placed fn 12 in X15 in x 12 in depressions in tha bottom of pits they are to drain. They muse be specified to handle 2007 water, for condensate pits. =Boaa eal ao) ay erably lover the drainage piping snd increase the pit depth, consider providing @ cellar Grainer in the pit and pumping inco the grav- {| Ley piping. Razind the electrical project anginesr to make all wiring to suap pimps of a waterproof fype. Only electrode contreis should be used where submarsible sump punps are used. : Where the lite is 35 to 40. ft oF nore, provide Sump pumps with spring-loaded check valves, instead of the regular swing checks uscd else | ‘| Wnere the draining of other pits will consid- | i 3. Sanitary drainage and vent systems. a, Principles of design. =] (2) ALL plumbing fixtures, drains, and equipnent, Sequiring drainage, above grade, should ne drained by gravity to the Sever or other means of disposals (2) ALL plumbing fixtures, drains, and equipment, Fegulring drainage, below grade, ‘should be Grained by gravity to duplex ejéctors and Lifted into the gravity systems. (3) Make anple provision in the piping and ejec- tore for anticipated future building expan= (a In bataaings over four stories, size house Graing at the base of stacke generously to Bininize the buildup of back pressure in the base of the stack. (5) In boilaings over ten stories, connect plumb- ing fixtures on the grade floor to the ejec~ tor syaten rather ‘than the gravity system. (6) Im bulidings over twenty stories, connect Plumbing fixtures on the secend and chird Floore above the house dzain to substacks Connecting independent of the masa stack to the house drains In bulidings with diverge occupancy in the top and the bottom portions of the building (osually requiring a radically aifferent nun ber of stacks and stack locations top and Botton), consider splicting the deainage sys~ ‘ten into Swo zones! one that serves the up" per ceoupaney with a house drain at the cell~ Eng below collecting the stacks and running down independently to the street cavers ‘another that serves the lower occupancy in a normal manner, ‘with Vents collected onthe top ceiling of the zone and ren through an offset roost or the top roof. This will save fon stack sizes and may elininate need for ‘Subetacks. (8) iMere fixtures are scattered in a buliding, there le a tendency to make a "snake" of the Stack to the point where the whole stack con~ Geption is lost. Stacks should run up through he building as directly as possible with min~ imar oftsets only ae requires by architecture, o sae $5 5 ) ao) a a2 as an as) and stray fixtures should be connected to these stacks through branches. BJectors. (a) Peumatic savage ejectors are the most baintenance-free; however, they require Bore horsepower than pamps, particularly th larger sizes and/or nigh heads, and are the nost expensive, (b) Second choice ie wet pit dry pit pumps. (e) the least expensive and most troublesone are submerged pumps. (@) All wet pit dry pit systens and submerged systans (Unless handling only snail~ Service enployee toilet) should be the Hlusnexueen type. (e) here energy conservation ie a factor, pumps should be selected in preference Yo pneumatic ejector, unless pneumatic ojectore are the owner's choice. Provide the building with ample stacks to Serve the building reguirenonts, maintain Bininun offsetting Of stacks, and avoid Long branches. Provide Fequired relief vents between soil and vent stacks every 10 stories, and for Stack and house drain offeete and aude 2oné Experience has shown that on tall buildings, the freubeair inet must be taken up several Stories above the street level to avolé back- pe and foul ‘odors discharging through the Snlet.. Ghis eight can vary from job to job. ‘There’ is nothing in any code on the problem. Drainage piping serving gang showers shall be sized an 100 parcent demand of the room rather than fixture units. Brovige backwater valves in piping when there isa possibility of a backup, including branches 0 fixtures connected to pneumatic ejectors Located on tho lowest level of the system close bo the efectors. Also provide backwater valves on all branches to floor drainc, shower draine, land mop sinks connected to pneumatic ejectors and Tocated on the lowest Level of the systen. im general, provide floor drains in the fol= lowing locations: (a) Adjacent to 211 ponps, refrigeration con } Pressors, air compreséors, vacuun Duds, boilers, hot-water heaters, and air-condi- ‘toning’ equipment, A (®) In kitchens near Aichwachers, ctean ket~ 5 tes, large refrigerators, and elseuhere 2s required. (e) Tn toilet rooms only on request of the Q (26) Provide nouse traps and frosheate dnlets onty prosttengues frars,2e - (27) See calewiation Form F, chapter 5, for sizing o piping. Piping. (2) Underground drainage and vent piping should be cast-iron soil pipe and fiteings: ip (ay Unless sthervise noted, dvainage snd vent > piping inside building’ should be costiron Eo pipe testes beavy, service weight, or in Ro-iub]"and fiteings,” oe gelvanized etandard- f Weight stoet pipe with thieaded onst-izon Gralnage fittings ane chresdes galvanized standatt-weigne malleablo-iron vent fieeings, (2) Beainage piping ot cetiings of nivenene, 250d e preparatiEnr fod serving’ or food evorage, Breas (if allowed by codes; and drainage 9S7- ig Sng fron kitonen factiities, ness under” ‘ground, should be galvanized standard-weight, Oo Steel pipe with threaded cast-iron drainage ‘ Hteings. jf (4) Ejector ischarge, compressed air, and vent } piping showid be galvanized standara~wolgne Balleanie-iron vent fittinga: (5) Suction, serge, and house-cank overflow and Grainage piping should he galvanized standard | weight steel pipe with threaded cast-iron drainage sitting: (6) In ail cases where the local code allows the Use of 2ni/2-in size for drainage and vent Qn Piping above ground, thie size should be in Aigated on the dvawings wherever it is the {~ proper size. This allows the contractor to | Use 2-1/2-in steal pipe, if he chooses, or a ee eS ‘ ain cast-iron. 5 (7) Endixest wastes in Kitchens, 1 in and amallex, Should be type L copper tubing with solder Joint cast brass or wrought copper fittings. (9) Where allowed by code, plastic pipe and fit fSinga may be used, #€ approved by: your ssper- fe. quipaent. (2) Pneumatic sewage edectors. fa) Calculate the head by adding the Lift from the bottom of the pit to 1 #t above grade outside the building or t0 the underside GE the beans of the iret floor above ‘Grade, whichever 1s greater and the ais~ Sharge piping friction. (m) Pot discharge is twice-rated gpm capacity. (¢) Interlock pote to prevent simltancous: akacharge. @ ‘bots should be provided with in~ @ividval air compressors; however, in large sizes, a stored-air sysean may be ore economical in Firet cost (a) The table gives the minimum pneumatic f Specks pul shteat B conectty, approrinace sea siset "UES ES t vo reg seraye 134. L H ORGE ERNE TM © Boe Ege gia | bie f ae gee Eloos gars 1a U BORE Es LIA be Siekive ks | LA 0 BOSE EE ob a fee) lose kas xt os RO EEE RS} f Ache depth indicated 1a the distance zon Tee came inescer tae selec header" ee n SRS SSESSGLAD* SE Bre Inathalte* as altow- a eeeaPateen of OM RS" Stet eectusts pie SSE AIEE Evi acatince’ thee the atvelate f a2 * =f ‘line of the below the floor of the can! inlet piping at the pit. (#) Provide’ pits with a curb and railing ‘Sround the top and 12" X 15" 12" dh Pression in ene corner for use of a por Rabie pimp if ever needed. (s) Pots should be cast iron 2 o (2) Sevage efector punps. (a) canguace tha pap heed by assing the HscetitalstEls the baalag’ ot isamdeeriag of steaermanschatet ‘Enclabing"sotnnaletacsh Fabs Ztechotse GOCE PE RTD peo Satins etae) q oo Eegemneetts Shs selas Sormtesge gin f Soon belts fos. stoberTet duns toa SEPP So bua i exation is included in the specified pusp y head, provided there is not too great a Se pati ca) BEBE SERS Meaty ne duper (etch fold co) MoeEde efEoEESTEAEETLEOE QSEEP an or tn~ TSU dane ple mon roguleed AP i te) Ei pruning tage ssmge efector pars | must not be used unless requested by the io BESLOE : EASToTESETSr Tine Ses ane See Site [8 ee { (2) size sevase electors co handle the peak an G Elefeated*fige as censuaced -fxom . Piping. (1) Use staintess-steel drainage and vent piping for the untreated wastes. mo ©. Domestic water-supply eystens. General. cS a. Principles of design. (2) Provide ati fixtures and equipment requiring water with water in adequace quantities and ae required pressures. (2) here public’ (sits) water maine are available, j run service(s) into the building (site) fron Sane. Connections to public vaver maine should be made in accordance with requirenents of local euthorities: co =F (a) At the start of a job, ascertain from the iocal water department or water company ‘the maximum possible street pressure 2% well ag the mininun street pressure. (b) The system design should be naged on the minim street pressure, waile working Pressures of equipment should be based on 7 the maximun possible street pressure. (c) Have a hydrant flow test made by the local u water department or watex company oF the underwriters to verify actual pressures; se U (3) Provide all hospitals, Laboratory-use butla~ ings, and boiler plants with two services, , feeding fron separate maine wherever poseible. If two separate mains are not avaliable, on~ Bite storage must be provided. Also, large Projects such as office pusidings, nowsing, i and schools should be sinilarily provided a with two sources of water vhen possisle, (4) here no public (Site) maine are available, r water supply mist be developed from wells, e (5) Provide services with approved-type meters: streans, or lakas with treatment plants ae Fequized, and there must he onnsite storage of treated water. Consule your superviser Shout requizenente for this work. land wheze there ave two services per building, of buildings are cross-connected, provide a Check valve in each service. 1 (a) Provide conpound-type meters with a straight pipe ahead of then equal to ql ae least eight pipe dianevers 1 () Check with the ater company or water department about the &y: used. Of meter to be (6) Size each service for the full demand of the batiaing. 1 (7) No potable water-supply piping should be de- tL Signed so that used, unclean, pollated, oF Contaninated water can enter any portion of Sach piping from any tank, receptacle, equip- ent, or plunbing fixture by reason of back Siphénage, suction, back presaure, oF any Other cause, either during nomal use and operation thereat, or when eny such tank, Zeceptacie, equipment, or plumbing fixture is Hooded, or subject to preseure in excess of the operating pressure in the water piping. (a) Mo plumbing fixture, device, or equipment Should be connected to any domestic water Supply, when such connection may provide @ possibility of poliucing such water Supply or may provide a cross connection Between a disteibsting eyeten of water Zor drinking and domestic purposes. and water vnich may become contaminated by Sach plumbing fixture or device, unless an air gap or an approved backfiow-pre~ ‘antion device Le provided. ¢ tb) Check the code carefully for require- f ments, including check Valves in some ‘conditions R (8) Size piping and equipment to include future anticipated loads and to provide for normal Hleribility in laboratory’ areas. Boa 8) f oy aay a2) Valve all risers and branches a¢ well ag all equipment connections. Provide all risers with drain valves. Provide maine with sec- onalizing valves at sezategic Locations. In hospitals, where practical, loop mains and generously provide them with Sectionalizing Valves. Valve ali connections for future extension. Provide piping running through unheated acoas of otherwise exposed to possible freezing with electric heating cable and inaulation. Where piping is located in outside walls, there must Be provisions for some heat in the spice, assurance fzom the HVAC department that Space will not be below freezing, oF piping mast be heatveraced. Required Fixture and equipment pressures should be carefully investigated. Wall-hung Water closets, showers, and dishwashers gen= erally require 20 pei immediately at the fix- fare,” Some fixtures and equipment such ae Towstank silent water closets, sone ster!l~ Szers, ete., may require mare. Design systems so that a maximum pressure of 75 to 80 pel static (no flow pressure) is supplied to any fixture. Check code and owner's eriterie for lower pressure reguire- ments, A combination of master pressure Eeiuoing valves can be used to accomplish (a) Where the inet pressure et a master Prossure-reducing valve station is under 100 psi, provide a valved bypass. (b) Where the inlet pressure at a naster pressure-reducing valve station is over 100 psi, provide duplex valves. Size duplex valves #o that each carries one~ half the flow. (e) Naster pressure xedueing valves 21/2 in and larger cannot operate singly because they cannot handle very low flower ehey ust therefore be paired with a snall~ ize similar valve to handle the low Howe. (a) To avoid the use of four valves, uso Shree valves instead of vo. (e) Where the pressure reduction (inlet to bo = 3 om Sges as) aa as) as) outlet pressure) exceeds a ratio of 3 1/2 to 1, two pressure reducing valves in seri¢s shotld be provided in order to avoid the cavitation Likely to oscur in greater single reductions. (¢) Gn cold-water dovn-feed risers, @ branch pressure-reducing valve on the riser can Berve the floors below. On cold-water Gp- feed risers and on all hot-water risers, branch preesure-reducing valves can be provided to feed two or three floors when fhe hot-water riser is in the pipe apace behind the fixtures. (g) Thore is 3 pressure differential between Static (ao flow) and flow conditions on the downstream side of pressure reducing valves. For mister pressure reducing valves, assune this Gifrerentisl co be S Dai. for branch pressure seducing vaives, assure this differential to be 10 psi. Bownserean pressures indicated on the drawings or specified should be flowing pressures. (h) Strainers should be provided ahead of all pressure reducing valves. ‘The maximum allovable velocity in the water piping should be 0 #pey with the following exceptions: (a) there hard vater hag been fully softened, maximum velocities in copper tubing and Brees pipe should be 5 fo0 () The waximan velocity in puap suction con- nections (except hot-water and chilled Water circulators) should be approxi= nately 5 fps- ALL cold~, chilied-, tempered-, and hot-water piping should be insulavea- iz-in high air chambers, the full size of the branch, should be provided on the branch fo each Fixture.” On branches controlled by solenoid valves, provide mechanical shock absorbers. Provide automatic aix-relief valves at all high points in the cizeulated hot-water sys~ fon thee might become aiz-bound. These are not zequired where the main feeds fixtures on the floor above. Where the need for these aizselief valvee fe known, thoy should be | {ndioated on the drawings, leaving che gen~ 6 erality of tha specifications to cover only | ‘the unforeseen need for then. (27) Make ample. provision for expansion and con traction of the piping. (a) When laying out vater-distribution sys- ‘tens, consider pipe expansion and con fraction. (b) The piping that 4s affected most Ls the hot-water supply and return piping. Te | Te subject to the greatest expansion and 73) Sentraction, since the tenparscure aif r ferential between the installation at ambient (could be at freezing) tempera f fares and the operacing canperatures 15 al the greatest. (c) Since the syaten layout in the horizontal, 9 Qsualiy takes many turns and offsets and Heinot uowally anchored to the structure 3 Intentionally, the piping system usually flexes and acjusts £0 the temperature 1 Ghanges without any known undue. stres: 1 (a) Cocesionally the aystem Layout is such Ghat Jong straight rune are made which fq penetrate the elsb at adeher end.” Te @ Ehis occurs, either modify the run 0 that an offset oan be incorporated oF ald an expansion Loop. (e) The eize of the expansion Loop depends on the following factors: f Ree 4 {2) Length between confinements. fer er ies ia etayrealeaneeertccceey A feciiauiey rade meses Someotigns ct crmerttaae f Soe ee, s (29) ALL float valves must be of the fail-safe wa ca tyre, Sxcept for small valves (which must be the internal pilot type), all float valves should be the external pilot controlled type. Consider speed controls on these vaives when Sank euzbslence or water hanmes in the piping ig'a factor, the valves require at least 5 psi in the intet piping to operate. (a) Maen makeup water is introduced through an air gap, provide an open~ and clored~ type (modulating type te not necessary) Hloat valve with speed controls and with 2 throttling valve in the line ahesd of (19) Due £0"the high pressures usually present at the inlet of the float valve feeding an in= termediate tank, this valve should be a com ination float and back=pressure type (20) Provide ail float valves. and float’ switohes with enclosing pipes (stilling wells) to pro- fect the float fron turbulence and wave acm thon. (21) 28°45 a good policy to provide ¥ strainers head of nain automatic valves (22) Provide silicocks around the exposed peri- eters of the building and for promenade Gecks, spaced to give adequate coverage using pot over 100 £¢ of hose. A silicock showid. Also Be provided on the roof adjacent to Gosling towers. there a boosted pressure ie required for cooling tower makeup, this sill- cock should be connected to the same system. (23) Provide hose nibbe fn 811 nachinery roomay Kitshans, animal rooms, and rooms requiring washing down, and in rooms with floor drains, where roquiréa by code. (a) Hose bibbs should be combination hot and cold, where requested by the owner and/or where required by the room use. (») tere hose bibbs and/or hot and cold hose bibbs are required in public spaces, they showld be in locked wail boxes, similar to sillcocks without the antifreeze fea~ eure. (c) All hose bithe mist be provided with ‘Yacuum breaker. mom ea a (24) Sone can washers require at Least 40-psi water pressure Yor proper operation. The availabil~ Ety of thie required preseure should be checked for the location of the can washer; and where this 4s not available, an atvempt should be ade to relocate the can washer to an area of Righer pressure, if at all possible. If this Stinot postisie, a manual boaster pump should be ‘provided to give the required incresse in pressure. (a) Por the Dean single can washer, provide Lin oold= and hot-water branches. (®) For Dean double can washer provide 1-2/¢= in cold” snd hot-water branches. (c) Por the Bestov or Air Void can washer, provide Ifa branches. (25) Give special attention to the water supply for special-events buildings, where athletic fovents with internéesions are held, because the denand is at least twice the Hinter-corve Eesding during these intermissions. where = boosted pressure system is required, it should be a constant-pressure systen with a snall Punp or possibly a hydropneunatic pressure Eank for everyday vse. For chis condition, chock with your supervisor. (26) Ga projects in New York City, using street ‘steam, ie is required by law that the steam Condensate be used for cooling-tower makeup and only the renaining requirenents by city Water. ‘This requires the HVAC to have an ‘open collection tank; On projects where they have sn open collection tank, provide che cooling-tower makeup there instead of at the Cooling tower, thus saving on size of the house zank and the house pumps. (27) See Caleulation Foxm G (4 sheots) , Chapter 5, for calculating service losses, venaining pressures, and pump heads. b, Pipe sizing. (D) Peak flows in the piping should be calculated and the pipe sized by: (a) Using fixture units (Fable 4-5) and the 36 Ben ot en 3 o jae eho P= 10.000 F . Zo 4 i 1.000] 7 4 a L : i i oho iA ait a ait 1 ay a a ee) Fig. 3-3. MBS nomograph 31. Design-flow cutves for plunbing- @rainage systems. Curve 1 fepresents the peak discharge into tthe drainage system which will not be exceeded nore than 1 pezcent of the time during periods of heaviest use. Curve 2, shown for porrosse of conpariaon only, inustrates the average Gischarge ints the drainage aysten during periods of heaviest! luse computed fron the discharge characteristics of water clos ets. Reprinted, by permission, from Air Conditioning, Heating 6 Ventilating (now Building Systens Design) ~ = = 9 unter curves (published in National Bureau of Standards Report 2145-79) Fig~ ures §-1, 492, and 4-3; or Table 4-6; modified by the factors listed in Tables rans 8, ana proper friction ‘cables [ for the pipe aateriel used. { (by Sonpater” program for elsing domestic vater piniose Qa (2) an providing vater connections for the HVAC contractor or others, the size of the connec fon should be at least as large as the con nection on the equipment; or larger if re~ Guirea to deliver the gpa required vith rea~ Sonable pressure loss. if the size requested Scene to be abnormally large, the nateer should be discussed with the HVAC project engineer. (3) See Calculation Forms Hand I, Chapter 3, for sizing piping. Piping. ‘ seid coe tens wer SEES Soars aceon a ing materials. ‘This information is often BE ioeitthabieg ani helt otstaes Q Pass Sani? Beth; MM Trae Srantyadtherylt eth udeeeetw Borie an SLL tot tie tise (a) Be EEE Eee eT MEST EE oxrsite Tp soma oeand nb get (5) Generally inside the building, ‘cold-water p piping Sin and larger should be galvanized |b Btandard-weight steel pipe with threaded gal~ Yantzed standsré-weigne nalleable-iron of Hanged galvanized standard-weight cast-iron Fittings, or Victaulic mileable-iron £iteings | and couplings, (6) Generally inside the building, co2d-water A Piping @ in and smaller and aid hot-water E piping should be type L copper tubing with (95-5) solder Joint cast brass or wrought copper fittings, or standard-veight red brass a Bipe with threaded eeandaré-weight cast brass i Exttines. In New vork City, copper tubing a must be brazed (silver eolderes) and type

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