Deformable model in 1D, 2D, 3D modeled with

FEM
Anonymous
May 27, 2011
1
This document aims at dening the deformation equation of a deformable
1D, 2D, 3D model. The well known FEM modelization is then used to numeri-
cally solve the equations.
1 Basic on elasticity theory
Given a material dened over the domain (volume, surface or curve), a ma-
terial point x in the undeformed conguration is dened by x

in the deformed
conguration by:
x

= x +u (1)
1.1 Strain: Geometric deformation measure
We measure the deformation eld by dening the deformation tensor F:
F =
u
x
(2)
The Green-Lagrange strain tensor is dened as follow
= F.F
T
I (3)
This tensor measures all deformations including large rotation.
The Cauchy strain tensor is a simplication of the Green-Lagrange strain
tensor:
= F.F
T
(4)
This tensor does not measure large rotation deformation.
=
du
dx
(5)
1.2 Stress: Physical behavior
(6)
1.3 Deformation Energy
Given a stress and a strain tensor, the potential energy of deformation is then:
K =
1
2

V
: dV (7)
We base our research on linear elasticity dened by Hooke.
2
2 1D
3 2D
A 2D model has in-plane deformation and out-of-plane deformation. The in-
plane deformation is given by the membrane theory. The bending/twisting
deformation are given by the plate theory. The thin-plate theory or Kirchof
plate makes the assumption that the thickness h is small enough (h < 0.1Lenght
to discard any shearing in the orthogonal direction of the plane. The thick-plate
theory or Midlin- plate consider the shearing in the orthogonal direction of the
plate.
3.1 Membrane
The deformation energy is given by:
E =
1
2

V
: dV (8)
Using the condensed notation of the strain and stress tensor under linear
elasticity assumption (Hookes law), the energy can be re-written by:
E =
1
2

t
.X.dV (9)
X being the material stiness tensor and the condensed strain tensor.
Given a 2D domain , the strain is given by:
=

u
x
u
y
u
x
+
u
y

(10)
3.2 Thin-Plate theory (Kirchof plate)
The thin-plate theory measure the deformation in the z direction as well as
moment around the x and y direction, called
x
and
y
. Everything starts
with the denition of the deection that measure the out-of-plane displacement
relatively to the triangle point coordinate. For good precision, a cubic order
polynom is used:
u
z
= c
1
+ c
2
x + c
3
y + c
4
x
2
+ c
5
xy + c
6
y
2
+ c
7
x
3
+ c
8
(xy
2
+ x
2
y) + c
9
y
3
(11)
Tocher is the rst one to introduce the above denition of the deection.
Gallagher suggested the following non symmetric denition:
u
z
= c
1
+ c
2
x + c
3
y + c
4
x
2
+ c
5
xy + c
6
y
2
+ c
7
x
3
+ c
8
xy
2
+ c
9
y
3
(12)
3
The displacement vector is dened as follow:
u =

u
1
= (u
z
)
(x1,y1)
u
2
=

uz
y

(x1,y1)
u
3
=

uz
x

(x1,y1)
u
4
= (u
z
)
(x2,y2)
u
5
=

uz
y

(x2,y2)
u
6
=

uz
x

(x2,y2)
u
7
= (u
z
)
(x3,y3)
u
8
=

uz
y

(x3,y3)
u
9
=

uz
x

(x3,y3)
(13)
The displacement vector u is expressed w.r.t the coecients c
i
with the
relation u = C.c where:
C =

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 y
2
0 0 y
2
2
0 0 y
3
2
0 0 1 0 0 2y
2
0 0 3y
2
2
0 1 0 0 y
2
0 0 y
2
2
0
1 x
3
y
3
x
2
3
x
3
y
3
y
2
3
x
3
3
x
3
y
2
3
+ x
2
3
y
3
y
3
3
0 0 1 0 x
3
2y
3
0 2x
3
y
3
+ x
2
3
3y
2
3
0 1 0 2x
3
y
3
0 3x
2
3
(y
2
3
+ 2x
3
y
3
) 0

(14)
The strain is dened by:

e
xx
= z

2
u
z
x
2
e
yy
= z

2
u
z
y
2
e
xy
= 2z

2
u
z
xy
(15)
Therefore, we have:

e
xx
e
yy
e
xy

= z.

0 0 0 2 0 0 6x 2y 0
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2x 6y
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4(x + y) 0

.c (16)
= z.D
noz
.c = D.c = D.C
1
.u (17)
Note that the matrix D includes the factor z. For a better developement of
the further equations, we dened the matrix D
noz
as the D matrix not including
the z factor.
4
The stiness matrix is then:
K =

V
(C
1
)
T
.D
T
.X.D.C
1
dV (18)
=

V
(C
1
)
T
.(z)D
T
noz
.X.(z)D
noz
.C
1
dV =

V
z
2
.(C
1
)
T
.D
T
noz
.X.D
noz
.C
1
dV (19)
Note that matrix C is constant (does not depends on x, y, z), also that no
matrices C
1
nor D
noz
contains a z components:
K = (C
1
)
T

V
z
2
.D
T
noz
.X.D
noz
dV C
1
(20)
= (C
1
)
T

A
D
T
noz
.X.D
noz
dA

h/2
h/2
z
2
dzC
1
(21)
= (C
1
)
T

A
D
T
noz
.X.D
noz
dA

z
3
3

h/2
h/2
C
1
(22)
= (C
1
)
T

A
D
T
noz
.X.D
noz
dA
h
3
12
C
1
(23)
=
h
3
12
(C
1
)
T

A
D
T
noz
.X.D
noz
dAC
1
(24)
(25)
The remaining integral term can be computing using the Gauss quadrature
of the triangle. An approximation of the integral term can be computed using
Gauss points (specic points on the triangle).

A
f(x, y)dA =

i
w
i
.f(x
i
, y
i
) (26)
w
i
being the Gauss weight (constants) and (x
i
,y
i
) the specic Gauss point on
which the function needs to be evaluated. A good and simple approximation is
about using the 3 mid-edges point associated with weights of (1/3,1/3,1/3).
4 3D
5