Ths Nguyén Thanh Ti eBook Collection PHAN LOAI VA GIAI BAI TAP TICH SO TAN ON LUYEN CHUAN BI Ki THI OLYMPIC 30/4 MON HOA HOC WORD VERSION | 2021 EDITION ORDER NOW/ CHUYEN GIAO QUA EMAIL TAILIEUCHUANTHAMKHAO@GMAIL.COM Tai liéu chuén tham khéo Phat trién kénh bot Ths Nguyén Thanh Tit Don vi tai trg’/ phat hanh / chia sé hoc thudt : Nguyen Thanh Tu Group Hé trg truce tuyénTuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai MUCLYC 1. L¥ do chon dé tai. 2. Muc dich nghién ciru 3. Nhiém vu nghién ciru, 4. Déituong nghién ctw 5. Phuong php nghién ciu CHUONG I. CAC DINH NGHTA CO BAN, 11. Dung dich .. 1.1.1. Khai nigm vé dung dich... 1.1.2. Cée die tinh cua dung die... 1.1.3. Dung dich chua bao hda, dung d va dung dich qué bio hoa ..3 1.2.2, Dé tan cla ~o ‘Tich s6 tan, 1.24. Céc yéu (aren dén d6 tan... 124.1 vat Ii 6 “ic yéu t6 héa hoc. i Anh huéng ciia ion chung. ves sevceeedD \ 2.4.2.2. Anh hudng ciia ndng d6 ion hydro. 1.2.4.2.3. Anh huréng cia str thiy phan cia anion, 9 ° 1.2.4.2.4. Anh hurdng cia sur thily phan cation... 1.2.4.2.5. Anh hung cia cdc chat tao phite pho... 1.2.4.2.6. Sw anh hudng tao phire véi anion fim kat tia tinh lusing tinh. ..10 1.3. Phan img oxi héa - kh. SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang ivTieu luan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 13.1. Dinh nghia 1.3.2. The dién cyc va suc dién dong cua pin. ws 10 1.4. Céc dinh ludt. 14.1. Dinh twat tée dung khdi luong. 1 Dinh luat bao todn néng d6 ban dau. 1.4.3, Dinh luat bao toan dién tich, CHUONG 2. PHAN LOAI VA HUONG DAN GIAI BAI TAP TICH. JA HOP CHAT {T TAN... 2.1. Tinh tich s6 tan tir d6 tan... 2.1.1. Bai tap co ban. 2.1.2, Bai tap nang cao.. 2.1.2.1. Dang bai tap tim diéu kién tao thai 2.1.2.2. Tinh tich s6 tan tir dO tan chit ft tan tong dung dich chita ion ding dang nhung c6 thé bo, & nh phy. 2 2.1.2.3. Tinh tich so tan hop chat it tan. 2.1.23.1, Bai wag) dn qué trinh phy cia géc anion hoa eta gc cation. tan Rai c6 ede qua trinh phu cia cfc ion tgo ra tir Aelstodk ‘xét cd 2 qué trinh phu ciia géc cation va anion. 2.2. Ti ‘siuhan tir thé dién cuc, site dién déng cia pin hoac cdc dai long h tich s6 tan tr thé dign cue, site dién déng cita pin. 2.2.2. Tinh tich s6 tan tir cde dai lung nhiét déng. 89 ET LUAN 9 “TAILIEU THAM KHAO . seo sen 93 SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang vTuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai CHUONG 1. CAC DINH NGHIA CO BAN 1.1. Dung dich. 1.1.1, Khéi nigm vé dung dich. Dung dich 1a hon hop dong nhat gitta dung méi va chat tan. 1.1.2. Cae dic tinh etia dung dich. Dung dich 1 mét hén hop dong nbat. Céc céu tr tan trong dung dich khéng thé nhin thay di thudng. Dung dich khéng dé cho chim dnh sdng phan oO Dung dich c6 tinh dn dinh. Chat tan tir dung dich khong thé tich tee: cdch loc (hode bing phuong php co hoc) 1.1.3. Dung dich chura bio hda, dung dich a dung dich qué bio hda . Dung dich chua bao hoa fa dung d hoa tan thém duoc chat tan dé nia 6 digu kign di cho. Dung dich bio hia la snadhs khong thé hda tan thém due chat tan d6 ntta 6 dieu kign da cho. Dung dich qué i: ing dich chita lugng chat tan nhiéu hon so véi long di chat tan trong dung hoa 6 dieu kién do, (i an vao nude s€ duoc mot dung dich. Néu tiép tue thm mudi & dén mot lic mudi khéng thé tan thém duoc nia, Ta thu duge D6 tan (S) cia mOt chat Ia s6 gam chat dé tan duge trong 100 g nude dé tao thanh “dung dich bao hoa 6 mot nhigt d6 xae dinh, 1.2.2. Dé tan cia hop chat ft tan. Khi hoa tan chat dign li ft tan MaAs trong nude thi ede ion M™, A cde phan tir cu trie mang Ludi tinh thé chat dign li, sé bi hydrat ha va chuyén vio dung dich duéi dang phite chat aqua: M(H20)x", A(H20),". SVTH: Lé Di Chiée Trang 3Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Khi hoat d6 céc ion M(H:0)x"*, A(H20)y"* trong dung dich ting lén dén mt mite d6 mo 46 thi xay ra qué trinh nguge lai, c6 nghia 14 mot s6 ion hydrat héa sé ket tia Jai én bé mat tinh thé, Dén mét lic no d6 thi tc d6 cua qué tinh thudn (qué trinh hda tan chat ran) va nghich (qué trinh cdc ion két tia), chting ta sé c6 cin bang thiét lap gidta pha rin va dung dich bao hoa: MA, +(mx+ny)H,0—= mM (H,0),” +nA(, 0), (1) Yr (pha rin) (dung dich bao hoa) Khi can bing (1.1) dat trang thdi can bing, lic do thu duroe mot ch ay aio ha 12 dung dich c6 chita mt Iuong chat tan nhat dinh, long chdt % ic goi la dé tan (S). D6 tan § c6 thé dugc biéu dign bang ce don vi “CO 100g dung méi, gil, mol/l. Néu theo (1.1) ta.6 thé higu khai nigm d6 tan << BO tan La ndng dé6 ca chat dign li trong dungdieh Big hda 6 diéu kign dai cho. Khdi niém nay chi dé cp dén chat rin tar ing méi nude va d6 tan chinh 1a Iuong chat tan dign li thinh cée ion. Day Ayah dé can hiéu vé d6 tan cua céc hop chat fttan trong can bing ion. 1.2.3. Tich sé tan. \ Can bing (1.1) ta 06 7 don gidn dui dang nhu sau: P+ na K MA, Ap dung inh Cade khéi luong ta thu dupe: muary 12) ‘* (MA) Cho ring chat rin 6 trang thai tinh thé hodn chinh, nguyén chat nén ta ¢6 thé chip ),(A™),(M,A,) lin lugt chi hoat 46 cia cée phan tir M**, A", Rr chat ran 6 trang thai tigu chuan, Nghia 1a (MaAs) = 1. Khi d6 (1.2) tro thanh: 9 * K=(M™)§(ayP (13) in bang K trong biéu thitc (1.3) bang ky hiéu tich s6 tan Ky, ta Ta thay hing sé thu duge: K,=(M" yay (4) Nhu vay, trong mdt dung dich xéc dinh tai mét nhiét d6 khéng ddi thi tich s6 hoat SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 4Ti Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 6 cdc ion trong dung dich bao hda cia hop chit ft tan a mot gid tri khdng déi va bing tich s6 tan. ‘Tich sé tan khOng phy thude vo gid tri hoat d6 ciia ede phan tir ma chi phy thude vao nhiét d6 va ban chat eta chat tan, ‘Dé dénh gid d6 tan tit Ky cn biéu dién (1.4) dudi dang ndng 46 Ta thay: (MP) = [MP] fr; (A™) = [A™ fa » =>K, = fEfIM" PIAm Cc SIMIAN EK fe Ss Kye (15) ¥ Trong dé: K,,, duoc goi ld tich s6 tan ning db; fz. /¢ RAAe 36 Finat 46 wong img véi cdc phan tir M"* va A" ‘é tim due hé s6 hoat dé ta can tinh Iue ion (2): © 4=04P 276, = Voir Z, 1a dign tich ctia ion i, la ndng dé cia ion i, Lute ion wv biéu thi tuong téc ti cc ion trong dung dich + Voi dung dich e6 lye sao? he sé hoat d duge tinh theo céng thite: ara ) + Véi dung di ion 0,01<4<0,5hé sb hoat 46 duge tinh theo cong thute: 05.2? fu fung dich cé luc ion y >0,5h¢ s6 hoat d6 due tinh theo céng thite: rr: ban kinh ion ngdm nude tinh theo em. 9 : A: he s6 thue nghiém phu thudc vao ban chit cia chat dign ly va dung mi. ‘Trong dung dich rit loding, tuong tic tinh dign gidta cc ion khOng dang ké w~0, ‘f= Inn ta c6 néng 46 biing hoat dé (A) = [A].1 = [A] Trong dung dich cia mudi it tan, khéng chita chit dig ly phy, thi Iye ion cita SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 5Ti Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Khi dé, dung dich thudng rat bé w=0, va ta coi thite tich s6 tan cé dang gan ding: K,=IM"} A" y Dung dich cé su thiét lap can bang gitra tudmg ran va cdc ion cla chat it tan duroe g0i IA dung dich bao hda. Vv + Trong dung dich bao hoa, tich s6 ion bang tich sé tan : \ K,= (IM"y fA") ( ) Lie nay van téc hoa tan bing van thc két tia, Két tha khong ene va cing khong tan vao dung dich. + Trong dung dich chua bao hoa, tich s6 ion nhé hon K,>IM" PAT? Trong dung dich bao hda, van tc hda tan 16 két tia tao thanh. t6c két tia nén khdng c6 + Trong dung dich qué bao hda , tich 36 iot tich s6 tan: K, . “ge 1.2.4.2.3. Anh hwéng cita sw thiy phan cia anion. Xét hop chat it tan MA, véi anion bi thiy phn MAS=M* +A" oo) sno eX @ x, HO H'+ K, @) Ap dung din luat i a tich: wr me HA] @ Tr (1), 2), 3), hé 4 phuong trinh 4 dn s6, trong trudng hop anion bi thiy phan nhigu nac Ge fon sé tro nén phite tap hon. 16 tan rat bé thi luong hidroxit tao ta trong phan img 12 v6 cing c6 sin 6 trong nude, vi vay ta ¢6 thé xem pH = 7. Hode dua vao in di cho, ta e6 thé dé ding tinh duoc phan anion tn tai trong dung Trong nhiing trudng hop khdc, lai c6 thé xem ndng dé hydroxit thiy phan 1a vo nig bé so véi lung tao thinh do thiy phn nén c6 thé bo qua qué tinh thiy phéin ree 1.24.24. Anh hurdng cia sy thiy phan cation Cée cation cia nhigu kim loai ning thiy phin 6 mite 46 dng ké, do dé anh hudng dén dé tan ciia ede mudi khé tan cia ching. ‘Xét qué trinh thiy phiin ciia cation M"* trong dung dich theo ce néc : SVTH: Lé Di Chiée Trang 8Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai M™ +H,O==MOH"" +H* M™ +H,O—=M(OH), +H" Gia sir ede hing sé cla cde phin img trén nhu Ta cdc hing s6 phan ly ké tiép ciia axit Ia cation hydrat héa ion M™.Do 46 6 thé tinh duge phin Zita kim loai 6 tang Vv thai hydrat héa theo phuong tinh dang : . nip NY (HY +K (WY +4, K, (HW) +..4K,K,..K, N Phuong trinh trén ding dé xe dinh phan axit chura phan ly ue ich cia ii axit nhiéu nde va mudi cia né. Néu can tinh chinh xdc d6 tan cla cde mudi kim loai ni ai hét strc hu ¥ t6i ban chat cua céc sin phdm tao thanh do qué trinh thi 1.2.4.2.5. Anh hwéng ciia cdc chit tao phite ph ‘Tac dung cia chit tao phite X voi mudi it. a theo phuwong trinh sau : [ux] [MIX] [Mx] [MX}.X] eh x . "MX, EX] Ca hai ion M. as fa nhiing ion mot dign tich hay nhiéu dign tich,...cdn phan tir X céthé' ig phn tir va ion. Céc hiing s6 Ki, Ka,...Ka Ia cde hing s6 tao thanh ké Cac hang sé tgo thanh timg nc ca ede phise chdt Mx, My... Mio we uat béo toan néng a6 dau déi voi M ta thu duge : Cy =(M]+[MX]+(MX,]+.. (MX, ] <> Gy =IMIF KIM ULXTE KAMA LXE +t SK IMLXT Exe) <>, -IM| K(00+ KF \ SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 9Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Biéu thite tinh s6 tan : K, =IM}IA]= £0, [A] ‘Tir dé ta tinh dugc d6 tan $ khi khéng c6 ion chung : =IA] 1.24.26. Sy inh huréng tgo phitc véi anion Fam két tia - tinh léng tinh. Y . 1 sex,(obs ic ant +K,+K, JA ]+. 4 KIA TO O 13. Phén ting oxi héa- kh 1.3.1. Dinh nghia, & Phan img oxi hod khir IA phan tg hod hoc trong d6 Keven electron gia céc chat phan img; hay con goi 1a phan ting ¢6 sith oxi héa ciia cée nguyén 16. 1.3.2. Thé dign cwe va site dign dng cita pi © - Thé dién cuc tiéu chuan : The dign wan ciia mot cAp oxi héa — Khir 1a site dign dong cia pin tgo béi hé qxishba >khir dé (do @ diéu kign tiéu chudn) véi ign cu hydro tiéu chudn Kihigu: @, ign cue : xét hé E ai hai gdm kim loai tiép xtic truc tiép véi hop chat kh tan cia kim Phan dys dign cue Sp, a” + mB K a) AN +me== At K, =10. Q) —— ™ 0,059 \ AB, .,, tne nA 4 +mB™ Voi g= 9, So + Tinh g! theo gf va Key e 4 059 " ~, 84a") w 0,05! o=o 1K, 1 a SVTH: Lé Di Chiec Trang 10GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai du lun tat nghigp + Pin din (E",) : Ta thiét lép mét pn dign gém mét dign cue & trén ghép voi mot dién cue tiéu chudin (dign cue hidro, dién cue calomen...). Ri do site dién dong ciia pin, tir dé tim ra thé dién cue, dua vao cde biéu thie 6 trén dé tim ra tich s6 tan, 14. Cée djnh tude. Vv 1.4.1, Dinh Init tac dung khéi long. » Dinh luat do Gulberg, Wage (Na Uy) diva ra nim 1864, nhim xéc dinh Gp ~~ én bang ciia mot phan img. ‘Trong phan nay chi nghién ci cén bang trong dung dich lon; ‘Xét phan img: mA(dd) + nB(dd) = pC(dd) + pD(dd) O Ngudi ta ciing chi ring: (cyDy (ar(ar Véi [C], [D], [A], [B] an tut 1a nén; K, . D, A, B trong dung dich hic phan img dat trang thdi can bang. ‘Trong trudng hop dung dich Ing nétitrong hé phan img 6 hién dign chat rin thi ta khong chi ¥ dén chat rin. ~t Vidu: 4.2. Dinh lu§t bao toan nong dé ban dau, Nang dé ban dau ciia mot cdu tir bang ting néng d6 cin bang ca céc dang ton tai ita cd tr d6 06 mat trong dung dich. Néu cdu tir tn tai & dang da nhan thi phi nhdn 9 ndng d6 dé véi he s6 tong img. ‘Vi du: Biéu dign dinh luat bio toin néng dO dau trong dd FeCls, biét Fe ton tai dui dang Fe’*, FeOH"*, Fe(OH)", FexOH)s*, FeCh*, FeCl*, FeCls, H[FeCls}: SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 11du lun tot nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai ye = Cra, = [Fe"] + [FeoH™] + a[Fe,(0H)," ] + [Fecty] + [Fecl] + [Rech] + [Feci] Ca = 3 na, = [CF] + [Fee] + 2[ Fect," | + 3[Fech] + 4[ Fecl] 1.4.3. Dinh lujt bio toan dign tich. Trong dung dich ting dién tich dutong bang tong dién tich am.Tir dé suy ra tong’ V mol dignt tich duong bang tong s6 mol dign tich duong. Vidu: Xét dung dich gdm cdc ion: a + Ion duong: A}"*(x,:mol); B)*(y,:mol); Cj" (2,:mob.. Ion am: AZ B™* (y,:mol); C2"(2,:mo)... & Ap dung dinh ludt bao toan dign tich ta 06: Xa, ty,b, +2,¢, +...=x,a, +y,b, +2,€, +. © SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 12éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai CHUONG 2. PHAN LOAI VA HUONG DAN GIAI BAI TAP TICH SO TAN CUA HOP CHAT iT TAN 2.1. Tinh tich sé tan tie d6 tan. 2.1.1. Bai tap co ban. Bai 1. 6 25°C, Ky ca $180, bing 3.8.10”. Khi tn mot thé tich dun; SrCh 0,002M voi cing mot thé tich dung dich K2SOq 0,002M thi ket tua, aN xuat hién khong? Gi: Sau Khi ttn Cyc, = } 10°>K, ~ Vay c6 xuat hién ket tia. Q Bai 2. Thém dung dich Ag* vio dung wp Cl 0,1 M va CrO,* 0,01 M. Tinh nong d6 cn bing ctia ion CI khi ké WAN AgoCrO. bat dau xuat hién. Cho K,, act =10°* va Ky soo =i > (Olympic 2010 - TH hen Lé Khiét, Quang Ngai) Gia: Nong d6 Ag* dé két ee hign la: 2 K, [ABNLICIOF T= Ky 00, => [Ag] = eort @ <=>fAg’]= 10 06.10 M Voor t 21,68. f Bai 3. Tinh pH bit dau két ta Fe(OH); ir dung dich FeCl 0,01M biét Ky rq00),= 8.10% (Olympic 2007 - THPT Chuyén Trin Hing Dao, Binh Thujin) Gia: [Ag HCM]=Ky gua {CT FeCl, > Fe + 3Cl” 0,01M 001M 0,03 SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 13Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Két tiia Fe(OH)s bat dau xuat hign khi: [Fe“ OWT = Ky ron, pH =14~pOH =14-(-log(OH™)) =14- yey BAi 4. Thém tir tir timg giot (va khudy du) dung dich AgNO, 0.10M O dich hn hop KC10,10M va KI.0,10M 1. CF va I ion ndo két tia true’ 2. Khi ion thir hai bat dau ket tiia thi ion thir nhat c6 nong d6 Biét tich sé tan cia AgCI 1a 10" va ciia Agi 1a 10“ (Olympic 2009 - THPT Chuyén Quang T: Gidi: Ta cé: KCI—K* +r KI 01M olM 0, IM 1. Xét dieu kign dé cde ion ket th: + Ion Cr két tia khi: K, (rue Ry Nag) = Aaa 10" gy {cr} Ol 10° M thi ion CF bat dau ket tia. => khi ndng +lonI ké ong do [Ag*] = 10'S M thi ion F bat dau két tha. ion T sé két tia true SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 14éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Bai 5, Ion Fe(SCN)** c6 mau do 6 ndng dé In hon hode bang 10°M. Hang s6 dign ly cia n6 18 102. ‘Mot dung dich chira ion Ag* 102M va Fe** 10M. Thém dung dich SCN’ vao tao két tia AgSCN (coi thé tich khong ddi). Xéc dinh néng dé Ag* con lai trong dung dich khi xudt hién mau 6. Biét Ks sgsen = 10, Vv (Olympic 2007- THPT Hujnh Man Dat, Kién Giang) » cit Cc Khi dung dich xuat hign mau dé => [Fe(SCN)*}=105M ~ => [Fe**] con lai = 104 - 10= 9.10°M Fe" + SCN” = Fe(SCN)” ony bd: 10 cb: 10*-10" 10° 10° x —LFetscwy"1 ~ [Fe" }[SCN"] [Fe(scny"] ‘ SN = an > 10°M KIFe"] Kp aysey =[A8" LSC] => [Ag 9.1.10 M 11.10" 0,01M 1. Ket tia nao thu of 2. Nong d6 ion thi nhat Tn ipic 2006 - THPT Chuyén Lé Hong Phong, TP Hé Chi Minh) Bai 6. Cho NS );* vio dung dich chira ion Mg™* 0,01M va Ca** 10 nhiéu khi ion thit hai bit dau két tua. = Cope Va Ky cago, < Kyo, BEM ta sé thu duge két ta CaC20; trude. re (2. Két ta CaC2Os bit du xudt hign khi: [Ca ]{C,0,°1> Ky caco, => (C,0," > Két tla MgC2Os bat dau xuat hién khi: K, [C.0,1> = [Me] 10" SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 15 a [Me IC; 7Ti Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Khi kat tia thir2 (MgC20.) bit dau xudt hign thi néng d6 C22* Bi: K, => [CaP Janta = [Mg] 2S 2 10 - 10° as 78710 Bai7. yy 1. Khi pha loang cdc dung dich FeCi,, Al,(SO,), thi thay xudt hién két tia WS ‘Mudn trinh hién tuong tao ket tia phai lam nhu thé nao ? 2. Tron 10ml dung dich AgNO, 0,001M v6i 40ml dung dich NaCi ine img 6 tao thinh ket tia khong? Biét X, nae = 18.10" (Olympic 2009 - THPT chuyén Tra Vinh, Tra Vinh) 1. Khi pha loding xay ra cde phn img: FeCl, —3 Fe* +3C1" Al,(SO,); —92Al™* +380. Cée ion Fe** va AP* bi thily phan tro Fe +H,0 = FeOH* FeQH™ +H,0 OH),’ +H" Fe(OH), +H" = 10.0,02 = 9 16m 104-40 2.107 C = ane 10440 me AgNO, == Ag’ + NOy 210°M 210° M SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 16Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai NaCl == Na’ + Cr 0,016M 0,016 [Ag’ LIC] =2.10~.0,016 =3,2.10°M > K, gag =1,8:10 Vay 06 két tiia AgC! xuat hign. Tron 10ml dung dich MgCl: 0,02M véi 10ml dung dich chita NHs wey va NHAC1 0,1M. Cho biét c6 két tiia Mg(OH)> hay khong? 5.10" O (Olympic 2006 - THPT Chuyén Nguyén Binh Khiém, our Gidis Nong d sau khi tron: Biet K,,=6.10" va K,,.= Cues =e = 0.01 rr Cée qui trinh xay ra: MgCl, —+Mg* +2Cr 0,01 0,01 0,02M NH,CI— NH; +c 0,05 0,05 0,05M. : NH,+H,0 (Mg? WOH" =0,01.0,82.107)* 33124107 < K,, =6.10" + g xudt hign két tia, Bai 9, A 1a dung dich chita AgNO30,01M; NHs 0,25M; va B la dung dich hn ip chia Cl, Br, F déu c6 néng d6 10M. Tron dung dich A véi dung dich B (gia "ijl nong dé dau kh6ng d6i) thi két ttia nao duge tao thanh ? Trén co sé dé hay dé nghi phuong php nhan biét sir c6 mat ion CI trong mét dung dich hén hop chita Cl, Br, I. Cho Kep.agct = 10"; Kop agar = 1075; Kp agt = 10, (Olympic 2012 - THPT Chuyén Hing Virong, Binh Duong) Trong dung dich A xay ra cée qua trink SVTH: Lé Di Chiée ‘Trang 17Q Iuan t6t nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai AgNO, — Ag’ + NO; 0,01M —0,01M Ag’ +NH,—>Ag(NA,) — B.=10°” Ag’ +2NH,—>Ag(NH,),” B,=10" Ta thy f, >> A, nén phan img 2 chiém wu thé hon, xem nhur xy ra hodn todn: Ag’ +2NH,—Ag(NH,)," fy =10"" » bd: 0,01 0,25 NI o1 0,02 0.01 con: 0 0,023 0,01 Sau khi trén A véi B xay ra can bing: Ag(NH,),;—*Ag’+2NH, B= bd: 0,01 pu can: 0,01-x _[Ag*LLNHGT Po TagtNH,)1 =>x=[Ag']= Tacé: (Cr ]=[Br]=I]=1 al Xét: ony S110” ~The => ny Cl rit ft nén xem nhu khOng két tia, [Agy}1Bi suse =>06 Xuat hign ket tia we (F]>K,.) => 06 xuit hin két tia, Dé ahi Kyi mat ion CI ban dau ta ding dung dich (A) dé loai bd ion Br va T, mot ft axit vao dé lam tang néng d6 Ag* dan dén két tia AgCl xuat hign, * sal \ ai 10. vs ung dich X gdm NayS 0,01M, KI 0,06M, NazSO, 0,05M. Tinh pH cia dung dich 2. Thém dan Pb(NOs)2 vio dung dich X cho dén ndng d6 0,09M thi thu duoc két tia A va dung dich B. Cho biét thinh phan héa hoc cita ket tiia A va dung dich B. Tinh néng dé cdc ion trong dung dich B (kh6ng ke su thay phan cita cdc ion, coi thé tich thay déi khong ding ké khi thém Pb(NOs)2). SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 18luda t6t nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Cho: axit c6 Hb$ pK: = 7,00, pK» = 12,90, HSOx 06 pK = 2,00. Tich s6 tan ciia PbS = 1075, PbSOx = 1078, PbI: (Olympic 2015 - THPT Gia Dinh, TP H6 Chi Minh) Gi 1. Tinh pH cia dung dich X. Na,S—2Na’ +S* e 0.01IM—> 0,01M \\ KI K+ \ 0,06M 0, 06M Na,SO,—2Na' + SO,” « 0,05M —> 0,05M O ‘Mat khdc S* va SO,” bi thiiy phan: + HO HS" +OH™ s K, iso; oly quyét dinh pH cia dung dich. bi thiy phan 5+ HO HS +OH- 98.10°M pH =14+log{OH™]=14+ og8,98.10° =11,95 0,09M Va Ky ns [Pb] {S*]=0,09.0,01 =9.107 > Kg =10™ Vay c6 xuat hign ket tla PbS Pb* + SO," —+ PbSO, + bd:0,08. 0,05 ch:0,08 0 0,05 => [Pb” |[50,"]=0,08.0,05=4.10" > Ky nso, Vay c6 xuat hign két tha PbSOx. Pb? +2" —>Pbl,L bd:0,03 0,06 cb: 0 0 0,03 =>[Pb*].[-F = 0,08.(0,06) ‘Vay c6 xuat hign két tia Poh. Vay thin phan két tia A gdm: Pt va Pb. Dung dich B gm: K* (0,06M)gNa@, 12M), ngoai ra cin céc ion: Pb*, S\ ig dhs cca PbS, PbSO. va Pbh. S* do céc két tiia tan ra, 6 n¢ Goi s), so, $3 kin lugt jia Pb trong dung dich 1a 1m nhat, nén edn bing chu yéu [a cén bing \ Pbl, === Pb” +27 2s, ° 9 => [Pb 1,84.10° M:[7] = 2s, =2.1,84.107 =3,69.107 —— =8,61.10°M 43.10 M SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 20Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 2.1.2. Bai t§p néng cao. 2.1.2.1. Dang bai tip tim dieu kign tao thanh hgp chat it tan. Bai 1. Xéc dinh nong dO NHs c6 lin NH,CI cn thiét dé ngain can sur két ta Mg(OH)a trong | lit dung dich chita 0,01 mol NH va 0,001 mol Mg”, biét rang tich s6 ion héa cla NH; bing 1,8.10° va tich s6 tan ctia Mg(OH)2 bing 7.1.10. (Olympic 2007- THPT Chuyén Nguyén Binh Khiém, Quing Nam) Yr Gi: ( ) Diéu kién dé kh6ng tao thanh két tia Mg(OH)2: ~ [Mg HOH} < Ky yom, IK, eon] < poate = [10 [Me] 0,001 NH,+H, O== NH,’ +087 (NH."\{0H7] INH,] K= =>[0H"15, Thay (2) vio (1) ta duge: [OH ]<8,43.10° SS - Bai 2. Nha tir ep fot dung dich NaSO, vao dung dich e6 chita cée ion (eH Ba’*, Ag* véi ndag dé wi. 1, Hay cho bi nao xuat hign trude, tai sao ? Tinh néng d6 ion SO.” khi két tha may xudufige, 2. Tinll panded ion Na* va SO. khi ket tita hai bat dau xudt hign, Voi cdch trén 06 thé r hhddn ton ion Ba* ta khoi ion Ag* duoc khong, hily giai thich cu thé ? Nong d6 110" va K, jon cdn Iai sau khi téch nhé hon 10° duge coi [a téch hodn toan. Biét Kyosso= paso, = 2.10°. (Olympic 2007 - THPT Bim Son, Thanh Héa) Gi: Keaso, (Ba**] 1, Két tia BaSO, xuat hién khi : (S07]= SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 21Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Kéttlia Ag,SO, xudt hién khi : [S07] =2.10°M gh On => Do dé két tia BaSO, xudt hign trude, [SOP ]= 11.107 thi két tia nay xudt hign, 2. Két ta 2 (Ag,SO, ) xuat hién khi: [SO7]= 2.10°M Na,SO,—+2Na* +80; 410° 2.107 Khi két tia 2 xuat hign thi [Ba*] cdn lai la: K, 10" [Ba’*] ar Aag'y rot =5,5.10°M Do dé ion Ba’* duge xem nhu két tia hét do dé ta c6 thé when Ba®* va Khoi Ag’. Bai 3. Cho dung dich chita Cr 0,1 mol. P 10+ mol/l. Thém tir tir dung dich AgNOs vio thi két ta xuét hign trude vat ja thir 2 bat du xudt hign thi ti Ig nong dé ion Cr va CrO.* Ta bao mist Bibt: Ky yey =10 Kip g,c0, = 10 (Olympic 2012 - T! én Bén Tre, Bén Tre) Gi: s», +Kéttia mes i ndng d6 [Ag*] a: TAR LICITE K,, ac) > [AB ]= we = =10°M | [Ag FCO2 I= Ky co, > UA8"] =>Két tiia AgCI xuat hién trude, Khi két tia thir 2 (AgsCrO,) xudt hign thi [Ag']=10“ va [Cr02 “er lO ane [Ag HOM = Ky age; => [CT Ie sge ato M SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 22Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai (r]_ Wd [Ag,Cr0,] 10* 100 Ty le néng do C6 tao két tla Mg(OH), khong khi: 1. Tron 100ml dung dich Mg(NOs)2 1.5.10°M véi SOml dung dich NaQH 3.10M 2. Tron 2 thé tich bang nhau ciia hai dung dich Mg(NOs)2 2.103M va NH3 4.10°M. Vv Bit ring: Kyou, 10"! va Ko(NHs) = 18.10% (Olympic 2008 - THPT Mac Dinh Chi, TP Hd Chi Minh) Cc Giai: XN 1, Sau khi tron: 0115.10" 0,08. X Cuvo = Gig 1M Cron “e) (Cée qua trinh xay ra Mg(NO,), > Mg”* +20, . eM 1o°M —«10°M NaOH - Na’ +0H™ 10M 10° [Mg® | {OH} P< Ko aot, Khong c6 két tha Mg(OH} 2. Cée qui trinh xay raz \ OUMNH] gigs [NH] 2.10" |

x=181.10°M re) . [Mg* 0H? => Co ket ta Mg(OH): xuat hién. (81.10%) =3,276.10" > K, po, Bai S. Néu hién tung va viét phuong trinh phin img cho ede thue nghiém sau: Dung dich A chita cdc ion $* 0,01M: CI 0,01M. Cho AgNO, tir tir vao dung dich A, sau d6 thém tiép KCN tirtir cho dén dur vao dung dich thu duoc. SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 23Ti Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Cho K, pager =10 Ky 5 = 10" shang 86 (Olympic 2015 - THPT Chuyén Quing Nam, Quang Nam) cia phe: Kye, 10 =(CI]=0,01M Ban dau khi cho AgNOs tir tir dén dur vao dung dich A: j Z Kona 10" + Két tia AgCl xudt hién khi: [Ag*}[CI“]> Ky yey <=> [Ag" ]2 282 = mae “(cr] BN + Két tia AgsS xuat hign khi: (Ag TP IST]2 K,, 4,5 <> TAg }2 = a Vay khi thém AgNOs vio dung dich A ta thay c6 két ta. ma ay xuat hién trude, r6i dén két tha mau ting AgCl Tiép tuc thém KCN dén du vio dung dich: (DAgCl==Ag'+Cr- pager = 10” (2)Ag,S = 2Ag" + S™ Ky gg 210%" (B)Ag* +2CN" —=[Ag(NETY; Ky gosg1 + Lay (1) + (3) ta duge: AgCl acne Syn +cr (I) K,=K, =107°.10"" =1,26.10" Ky rat lon, nén kent: ‘ao phite tan voi KCN. + Lay 2) + (oe: 25 +4CN” == YAg(NH,),] +5~ Ry = Ky se.s(Ketsgianyy) 2100 = 16, nén két ta AgoS hau nhu khéng tao phite tan voi KCN. khi thém KCN vio AgCl tan tao phic, cin lai mau den do Ag,S khong tan trong 2AgCl+2KCN — K[Ag(CN),]+ KCI Bai 6, Cho H2S di qua dung dich Cd2* 0,001M va HCI 0,001M cho dén bao hod Cys= 01M. H6i 66 két tiia CdS tao ra khong ? SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 24Tieu luan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Cho bist CdS 06 Kip = 10° ; HS 06 K, = I 3K,,= 10" (Olympic 2006 - THPT Chuyén Lé Khiét, Quiing Ngai) Goi a la nong d6 [S*] Céc qua trinh dign ra trong dung dich: HCL" +r Vv 0,001 0,001 Yr HS==H'+HS” K, =107 © HS =H" +S" K, =10"" XN HS 2H" +S" KK, J * bd: 0,001 i 2a a 0.00lta a 4p oUEPISET , syvm (0.001 ss UH.) ]=1,2.10°M [Ca"*].{3*]=0,001.1,2.10° Vay c6 xuat hién két tia Dung dich bao rats. Ki = 1,0.107; Ko= 13.1035. a. Tinh ndng 46 ion st ‘dung dich H2S 0,10M khi diéu chinh pH = 3,0. b. Mét dung dich A cl ‘cation Mn**, Ag* v6i ndng dé ban dau mdi ion déu bang 0,01M. Hoa ao dung dich A dén bao hda va diéu chinh pH = 3,0 thi ion nio >K, =107 nOng 46 0,10 M. Hing sé axit cla HxS: 10, 10 Ka ags Cho =6,3.10% ympic 2009 -THPT Chuyén Lé Hing Phong, TP Hd Chi Minh) SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 25Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai ( pH =3=>[H"]=10", dung dich bio hoa H2S =>[H,5]=0,1M ) 13.1001 _ any b. Trong dung dich pH = 3 bao hda HaS ndng d6 [#1,5]=0.1M => [S* + Ton Mn’ két ta khi: Vv ™ oa oy Kepans [Ma [IS"]2 K, ys (S122 cx 3.1075 M [Mn] [se]225lOn oo st08M ~ 01 => kh6ng xudt hién két tia. & + on Ag* kata khi: Brg ays Kass [Ag PIS 12 Ky 5 => 18 AE 63.1 [s-]2 310M => C6 xuit hign két tha AgsS. Bai 8. Khi hoa tan H,5 vio m dich gin bing 0,1M. Dung “ache! tigu phiin (H, $,HS",S™) ma tilé cia chiing ty thude vao d6 ay" dich. Céc hing sé axit cua H,S I K, =1,0.10" dung dich bao hoa thi néng d6 dung va K,=1,3.10" > a Tinh ndng d6 jon sultfue, [ s*] trong dung dich 17,5 0,100M voi pH = 2,0. b. Mot du fa cdc cation Mn’*,Co™ vi Ag* voi ndng d ban du cia mbi ion déu | Ton nao sé ket tia khi bao hoa dung dich voi H,S va diéu chinh pH IC ? Gidi thich ? 45 = 4010S Ky as et K, ps =2510°°:K,, (Olympic 2009 - THPT Chuyén Vj Thanh, Hiju giang) = 63.10%. 5 : a. Theo dé bai ta cé: HS H*+HS KK, =10° 3.107% HS =H" +S* Bx 107.1,3.10°% = 13.10 HS=22H'+S> — K=K, SVTH: Lé Di Chiec Trang 26éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai _ KAW are pH =2=>[H"]=10°M Xem nhir HS phan ly khong dng ké =>(H,S]=C,,, = 01M => Khi ndng d6 [S*] = 2.5.10 M thi ion Mn** bat dau. + Ton Co™ két tia khi: [Co*]{S*]= K,,c,5 =>(S"]= => khi nong dé [S*] = 4.10° M thi ion Coz + Ton Ag* két tia khi: [Ag* IS" ]= Ky, ) eal Vay cc ion két tia theo thir ty Agt, Co” Bai 9, Néu tinh re fc thi c6 thé ding dung dich amoni oxalate dé tich 2 iot! Mg?* ra khoi dung dich A duoc khong ? lung dich A 1a 0,020 M. sp, = 8.6.10 => khi ndng d6 [S* ‘Ag* bat dau két tia. Biét ndng d6 ciia moi - THPT chuyén Tra Vinh, Tra Vinh) + # Os xuat hign khi: [Ca* }{C,07]=K, ee e Két tia MgC20, xuat hign khi: IMg” LIC,07 I= K, Kocwo, 23.107 _ >IC, < (Ca*] 0,02 Ky uc, guugeo, => (C0, |= = = 1c, 210 [Mg] 0,02 Vay CaCsO4ket tha trude. Gia str ta d@ téch duge hodn todn ion Ca’ ra khdi hon hop, Ca?* duge xem nhu tach hoan toan ra khéi hon hop khi [Ca™"]<10°M SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 27Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Ta cé: (Co ICOP = Ky cco, K, 23.107 _ [Ca’ Ta thay: sau khi tach duoc hodn todn ion Ca°* ra khdi hdn hop néng d6 ciia ion Vv [C,0F ]=2.3.10°M nhé hon 4,3.103 M (nong d6 dé ket tia MgC2O4 xuat hién) né 6 thé tach 2 ion nay khoi dung dich bing phuong phip trén. ( ) Bai 10. C6 cn bang sau 6 25°C xay ra trong dung dich nude: XN Pb(OH), +21” == Phl, +20H~ K 1. 0 dieu kign chuan phan img xy ra theo chiéu nao? ICO 2. C6 két tia Phy khéng néu trong dung dich bao hda Pb(O! ira KI 0,1M ? 3. Tinh ndng dé tdi thiéu cia HNOs dé Pb(OH)> bi in img véi H* theo phan img: Pb(OH), +2H* == Pb* +2H,0. Biet: K, 10°; Kyu, =8.10? (Olympic 2011 - THPT Thye hanh ‘An Giang) Giai: 1. Ta cé: owen 20H Ky ox), = 4-10 (PI D207 K, py, 810" (1) - (2) ta thu d Oncor olor trong digu kign thung phan img xay ra theo chiéu nghich. 13K 41° 4 IM —0.1M oe dung dich bao ha Pb(OH)2 Pb(OH), = Ph” +20H™; Ky sony, =4.10% K, =[Pb* |OH-F (ma [OH-]=2.[Pb*]) SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 28GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai du lun tat nghigp 2K, =[Pb*].{OH”F =4.[Pb*} => [Pb POI: [Pb] F =107.0,F =107 > K,, ny, Vay 06 xuat hign két ta Pbb. 3. Ta cd: ()PH(OH), == Pb* +20H-; K, ()H,0—=H"+0H-; Lay (1) - 2.(2) ta duge: Pb(OH), +2H” == Pb” +2H,0; K’ Kyrvom, _ 410" KZ (10 = 4.10" =>K Dé phan img bit dau xay ra nong d6 H’ can 1s re] = lf 5.10°M Rapp res orn BAi 11, Dung dich X chita K>C%0; IM, BaCl: 0,01M va SrCh 01M. Tim khodng pH can thiét lap vao om dé tich hoan todn Ba** ra khoi dung dich. Cho bist: K, noo, oO Va: C10 +HLO= Ged. 2H* K =10"* (Olympic3010 - THPT Chuyén Lé Qué Bon, Khanh Hoa) Gia: Xn xem nhu tach hoan toan khi [Ba**] = 10M Re pass. [Ba {CO} 12 Ky sao, i e104 <=> 10" [Ag*] [Cl ,75.107.0,02 =1,15. LOK ages =1,56.10" 9 © Vay c6 két ta xuat hign. Bai 13. Cin thém bao nhiéu NH; vao dung dich Ag* 0,004 M dé ngain can su. két tia AgCl khi néng dé liic efin bing [CI]= 0,001 M. Kypasc=l,8.10" ; Kesfhdng s6 khong ben) = 6.10%, (Olympic 2006 - THPT Chu Vin An, Ninh Thujn) SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 30Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Két tila AgCI khong xudt hign Khi: [ag Hicr [Ag']< 24 <>[Ag’ 1h =18.10°M Mat khéc ta 06: yy ‘ : bod / NI Ag’+2NH, == Ag(NH,)! K =—-=——-=1,6.10 ‘s 5 \g(NH,)) Ky 610° ( K cia phan ting trén rat lon nén phan tig xem nhu xay ra hodn toan Luong Ag* tham gia tao phite voi NH3 1a: “ye “1Ag" = 0,004-1,8.107 = 0,004M (do 1,8.1 1004) Néng d6 NH t6n tai trong dung dich — LAg(NH)3] => [NHJ= (Ag* INP Mat khéc, nong d6 NH cin dé tao pl mol/l Ag* Ia: 2.0,004 = oh Vay luong néng dé NH SO. them vao li 0 =0,045mol /1 14. Hon hol Hg"* c6 s6 mol bang nhau va bang 0,001 mol duge hda vao | lit dung\¥ich HCl 1M. Suc khi HpS vao dung dich cho toi khi nong d6 HS i sunfua cia kim loai ndo sé ket tia? Cho bi sk, pas =51O™ Ky ys jo". =10". phan li cla HeS Ia K,, i [ (Olympic 2012 - THPT Chuyén Bén Tre, Bén Tre) ial: Ta 06: HCI—3 H* + 01M 3 0,1M HS==H'+HS — K,=10" HS =H" +S" HS—2H"+ SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 31Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Goi c (mol/) fi ndng 46 cita $*: HS==2H"+ Ss» bd: 0,1M 0,1M cb: Ol-c O1+2e © Gia thuyét cation kim loai 1a M* M*+5* ==MS O (M*].[s* 0.10 =10™ Dé xuat hign két tia thi: Kepars< 10 + Konys < 10% => nén xudt hign két t ff ita Cas. + Kepans > 10°5 => khong xudhigakér tia ZnS, Bai 5. 1, Tinh ndng d6 ion Fe t =, dich (dung méi nude) dé bat dau 06 két tia Fe(OH); xuat hién. pH als lic nay 1a bao nhiéu ? Biét ring cde hang sO axit cilia Fe 1a Ky >> Ky Ds Ky = 10", K, ao, = 10™. 2. Trén 100ml dui dich Pb(NO3); 2.10°M voi 100ml dung dich NaySO; 2.10°M. Khdi lueng’ke u duoc bao mhigu? K,. uso, = 2.10%. oie 2008 - THPT Hing Virong, Gia Lai) Goi C la ndng dé ion Fe** can tim 4+ Kycus = 10 => khong xuat hig Céic qua trinh dign raz x . Fe" +H,O = FeOH™ +H’ K,=10"" c xox x C-x x x (FeoH™ |") _ [Fe"] C=x K, =>[Fe*]=C-x=10".0° (1) SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 32Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Mit khéc, Fe(OH); bait dau két tia khi: [Fe] =—20" [ony Hyg ‘Trong dung dich nuée: [OH ]{H*]=10"" <=>[OH™]= i 8 x K, DFE (= Q) ee Tir(1) va (2) => 10°22" Weert 10" XN =>[Fe*]=10'. = 10410) =0,08 K pH ==log[#H"] =-log x=—log(10"") =18 O . =, 200 _ 193 . * 200 Goi s 1a dé tan cla PbSOs tror PASO, (= "ok iso, = 210° s [Pb] {80;°] 002M), ({Zn?*] = 0,02M) bing ech am bao hda mdt ech lién tue dung vao HS. Ngudi ta phai diéu chinh pH cita dung dich trong gidi han nao dé c6 két qui mot s6 Tugng tdi da CdS khOng lam két tia ZnS 2 2. Tinh [Cd?*] cdn lai sau khi ZnS bit du két tla. Dung dich bio hda cé [H2S] = 0,1M. HS c6 Ki = 107 va K2 = 13.10% CAS c6 Key = 1078 va ZnS 06 Ky SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 33éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai (Olympic 2006 - THPT Thj Xa Cao Lanh, Ding Thép) G 1.Do¢,, +Koycas < Ky os RON ket tha CdS s& xudt hign trude va ZnS sé xudt hign sau. Dé thu duge két tia CdS: [Ca ]S™1> Key => 18? ]> 28 =O = 5197 [ca] 0,02 DE ZnS khong ket ta: [Zn }[S*]1S"]< as — 0,02. Ta can diéu chinh [5* ]<5.10™" (1) dé khong fam Zn$ ket ti X HSH +S” K,=107 HS SH'+ K,=1,3.10 i CUS ket ta Lam ting nong d6 (H*] d*+H,S > CdS b+2H" 0,02 0,04 x do (H"] can la: [1° ]>0,51-0,04=0,47M => pH <0,328 [Ca con lai: Khi Zn$ bat dau ket tha: K, aX, ST gen Ce Isle [Ca] [Zn] K, K, 7 10" pes = 002. =2.10°M 10 Bai 17. Dénh gid kha ning téch ion Mg” ra khdi ion AI** bing dung dich NHs tirhdn hop gdm MgCl; 0,01M va AICh 0,01M. Cho bidt hing sé tao phite hidroxo cia SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 34Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai ion Al* va Mg?* lan Iuot la 10 va 104, tich sé tan cia A(OH)s va Mg(OH)> lan uot fa 10° va 10°99, (Olympic 2007 - THPT Chuyén Hing Vwong, Binh Dong) Xét quad tinh tao phite hydroxo: eH Al +H,0==Al0) ‘Mg? + H,O—=MgOH" +H" Bo qua qué trinh tao phite hidroxo cia Mg" do B, << B. ( ) Goi x (mol/1) la néng dé AF* tao phite hidroxo véi nude: AU" +H,O== Al(OH)" + H™ bd :0,01 cb:0,01-x xox O jo -LAUOH) A] lar] 0,01-x x =6,83.10°M Sidutbanne OS 10°M =7,53.10""M. + AP bat dau ket tla khiz [AP* [OH > K, 355.10. YQ Ae Ket tna true, dn khi [OH]=3,55.105 M thi Me™ bit du ket tia, lic Ra MAR d cn Iai cia AL* Rs [AP HOP =K, ions, ii =>[4l*]=—2 10-8910 <10°M Y < (OH 3.55.10") 9 ‘Vay ta 06 thé tach ion Mg”* ra Khéi dung dich. Bai 18. Trén dung dich X chita BaCh, 0,01M va SrCk 0,1M voi dung dich Aion K:CroOr IM, e6 cae qua trinh sau day : C07? + HO == 2Cr0,? + 2H* K,=2,3.10' SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 35éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Ba* + CrO? == BaCrO; | =10% Sr +CrO.? == SrCr04 K, 10 : Tinh pH dé 06 két tia ho’n toan Ba** duéi dang BaCrOs ma kh6ng ket tia SrCrOs (Olympic 2006 - THPT Trin Quéc Tuan, Quang Ngai) Giai: V Ba?* duoc xem nhu két ta hoan ton dudi dang BaCrO, khi: [Ba""}< 1 NY néntaxem [Ba”]=10° M \ . K, Ket tia BaCrO, khi: [Ba”*][Cr0>"]> K,,, PICOr > &S a K, OD 1 | Nal Abitia SrCrOs thi ndng a6 Dé khong xudt hign ket ta S1CrOs: => [Cr0? Vay dé két tia hoan toan Ba** ma khéng xuat CrO. phai thoa man dieu kién: 10° < [Cro ‘Mat khde ta c6: CrO7> + Hat x HIG 1GGr] enon) 10 ——— thay vao (1) ta duge: ay (1) ta duge: 2H* Ka =2,3.105 10°" <[H"]<10°* <=>3,39 < pH <3,67 Vay dékét Mbhoan toan Ba* ma khong xuat hign két tia SrCrOs ta can digu chinh 1 +h trong khoding: 3,39 < pH <3,67. a1 19 Dung dich A la dung dich CaCl: trong nude c6 nding dé 1,780g/1. Dung lich B Ya dung dich NaxCOs trong nud ¢6 ndng dé 1,700g/. + ‘Tron 100ml dung dich A véi 100ml dung dich B tao ra dung dich C. Dung dich duoc chinh dén pH = 10. Hay tinh toan dé két ludn ¢6 két tiia nao tao thanh ? (Cho: “pKa (HCO%) = 637 : pKin(H2COs) = 10,33). (Cho K(Ca(OH)2) = 6,46.10*; Kip(CaCOs) = 3,31.10°). Gil: Nong d0 céc chit sau khi tron: 8.10°M C, Os = 0g, SVTH: Lé Di Chiec Trang 36éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai CaCl; —+Ca** +2 8.10°M 810° Na,CO,— > 2Na++CO> 8.10°M 8.10°M Do pH =10=>[H"]=10" M [OH™|=10* M + Xét Ca(OH), ta 06: yy [Ca] JOH} =8.10°, 00")? =8.10"" < Ky coy, =6.46.10% ¢ >) =>khOng c6 Két tia xudt ign. + XétCaCOs: X HCO, =H" +HCO; K, =10*” r HCO; ==H*+CO; KK, =10""* H,CO,==2H'+COr K=KK, =2. _ K == oO oat [H,C0,] Bao toan nong do dau CO;* ta duge: Coe =LHCOG] ]+1H,CO,] (3) Thay (1) va (2) vao (3) ta fyge: (Bie a F-{COe} ee a1C0F we) a 8.107 3 (Coy }=—__—S = = 2.55.10 UT, | GEE 10, dom \ K, KW 2.10 [Ca**].{CO}-] =8.10°.2,55.107 =2,04.10° > Ky oxeo, = 33110? CC, Y> => c6 két ta CaCOs xuat hign, 9 Bai 20. Trdn 1,00 ml dung dich MgCl; 0,001M véi 1,00 ml dung dich NHs 0,010 M thi ¢6 két tha Mg(OH): khong ? Tinh pH cia dung dich thu due ? Cho Ky = 1,26.10. Keclia NH3 1a 10". (Olympic 2009 - THPT Lé Qui Dén, Long An) SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 37luda t6t nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Sau khi trén Goi x la ndng d6 mol/l cita NH; tée dung véi H:0: NH,+H,O=NH, +0H" (1) K,=10°" bd: 5.10° Vv moe vr [NH SHOW] x? ; a [NH,| 5.10°-x => x =[OH']=2,86.10'M Mit khie: O MgCl, > Mg” +2Cr° 5.10% 5.104 [Mg” | [OH'T =5.10%.(2,86.107Y° => 06 két ta xudt hién Goi a 8 nding d6 mol Mg* tan’ Ta cé: Mg(OH), ,, —=Mg"\+20) (2) ti Lay 2.(1)- |,+2H,0 = Mg(OH), +2NH,* bd: 0° pud\a da a da ya $.10°-2a a 2a & aoe" E "K, 12610 Mg" |{NH,F (5.10% —a)(5.10° - 2a) Y> =>a=1,96.10" 9 “Prong dung dung dich e6: [NH,"]=2a=2.1,96.107 =3,92.10°M [NH,]=5.107 - 2a =5.10° -2.1,96.10% = 4,608.10° 10" SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 38Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai NH,+ H,O = NH, + OH” K,=10~°” bd: 4,608.10" 3,92.10% pu:_b b b con:4,608.10°-b 3,92.10%-b b x, a [NHS MOH") _G,92.10*~D).b _ gen [NH,] 4,608.10 -, V =>b=10"" NI pH =14— pOH =14—(log{OH™]) =14—-(-log10™) = 10,16. ( ) Bai 21. Hay cho biét hign twong xy ra khi cho khi HS I6i oe ch hon hgp gom FeCl,=0,01M; HgCl,=0,01M; ZnCl, =0,01M; HCI=1, 0 en hoa ([#,$]-0,10M). O Cho:g?,.,,. =O.7LIV, gy.5 =0141V; asaal PK rs) =17.25 PK ns) = 2165 €) (0K, = revo PK ss) =7.025 (Olympic 2015 - THPT Chase ing Trung, Binh Phuc) Gidi: Xét cdc cin bang : \) = gS + 2H" K=10"" khi bio 6, 1,00 ~ 1,02 & Fe" +H S == 2Fe™ +S142H" KK =10"* 0,01 1,02 cb: 0 1,03 | Zn +HS==ZnS 1 +2H" K=10* Fe™ + HS==Fe8 | 42H" K=10°” \ Dinh gid kha nang ket tua cia ZnS va FeS. Chap nhn [H*] = 1,03M => méi trudng cé tinh axit nén ta b6 qua su tao phitc hidroxo ciia Zn va Fe => C,,.. =[ Fe" =[Zn"]=0,01M Xét qué trinh dign ly ciia HS : SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 39Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai HS==S* +2H* K,=K,.K, =10%" KAHS)_10°*01 yay uy 0s Tacd: [Zn] [8° ]=0,01.107* =10"* < Kyns [Fe"*] [8° ]=0,01.10°* sy => KhOng xudt hién két tla FeS va ZnS. Hign tuong : dung dich bj mat mau vang ciia Fe** do Fe* bi kht 306 két tia den HgS lan két tua ving nhat cia $. Bai 22. Suc khi HeS vao dung dich A chita Zn** 0,01M 0,01M dén khi dung dich bio hoa H3S (C,,5 = 0,1 M), 1. Tinh néng d6 H* trong dung dich H:S 0.1M. 2. Dé xudt hign Két tha CdS ma khong 6 Két tha CS cia dung dich nam trong khoing nio ? 3. Khi lugng Cd trong dung dich con 0, vin chua két tua thi pH nim trong khodng nao ? Biét HS c6 K, va X,, kin lugt la 107 Ys 10%; Tich s6 tan cia CdS va ZnS lin [e'}[#5] 107" = Tt AS Ol 0, =>[H*]= 01.107" =10%M 9 2. Két tia CdS sé xuat hign trudc, Zn$ xuat hign sau (do C,,., =C,,». va =10 < Ky 45 =107") pas = Kpcas Dé xudt hién két ta CdS thi : [S*] > OM (1) SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 40Tiéu Iudn tt nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Dé khong xudt hign két tia ZnS thi: (S-}< Kez =10M (2) (Zn* Tir (1) va (2) ta 06 gigi han: 10% <[s*] <10"* (3) Miatkhéc: H,Se= H+ HSK, =107" HST H+ K, =10"" HST + S* K=10"* eT [4,5] (Do dung dich bio hda H,S nén [HS] ~0,1M) Thay vio (3) ta duge: 292 we < 10° <=> 4,674 <[H"] <0, 14 < pH<0,66 Vay can diéu chinh pH trong khong -1, ,66 dé khong xuat hién ket tia ZnS 3. Nong d6 Cd2* con lai Khi két ta a 1d": [Cd*]=0,1%.0,01= 1.107 Dé ket tia hét 99.9% Ce” ayy Tews Is Pig ots (Roe w Dé khéi ign ket tia ZnS: [S*]< t< a <10* <=>-0,04< pH < 0,66 Cn digu chinh pH trong khong -0,04 < pH <0,66 dé théa min yéu cdu bai todn SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 41Tieu luan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 2.1.2.2. Tinh tich sé tan tir dp tan ciia cta hgp chat it tan trong dung dich chia ion dong dang nhung cé thé bé qua qua trinh phy. Bai 1. DG tan cua BaSO, trong dung dich BaCl: 10? M [a 1,1.108M. Tinh tich 86 tan ciia BaSOx, Céc qué trinh xay ra trong dung dich : » BaCl,—> Ba” +2C1 NY 1o°M 10°M © BaSO, = Ba” +50 X bd 10°M & ob 5 st107 K,, =[Ba*|{S077]=s(s +10") Thay 5=1,1.10" vito Ky ta duoc : ~ K,,=5(8+10")=11.10°(,1.10% 1.10" Bai 2. Tinh d6 tan clia BaSO4 (me lung dich BaClz 10° M. Biét Ky auso, 210 (Olympic 2010 - marta Lé Qui Dén, Binh Thujn) Goi s (mol) 1a dé tan cla Ba8Os trong dung dich BaCle 10? M BaCl, cr eM 150, ,, Ba" +507 Ky gs, =10 10°M —t__._._ ff E 5 K y.2oso, =[Ba™ | [50] \ <> 10 =(10" +5) Y> <> s°+10°s-10"=0 9 7 =>5=10" mol/l Vay d0 tan ctia BaSOs trong dung dich BaCl: 102 M 1a 10 mol/. Dé tan Ba(IOs)2 6 25°C trong dung dich KIO3 5,4.10 M 1a 5,6.10 M. Tin tich s6 tan cla Ba(I03)2.Cho "B=10"™"*; Ky, =10°" Trang 42 SVTH: Lé Di Chiéedu lun tot nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Ta cé cée edn bang: (0) Ba(IO,), 4 == Ba” +210, kK, (2) Ba* +H,0 == BaOH* +H* “p=10°* (3) 10, +H,0==HI0, + 0H- aE Do cdc can bang ‘8 va K, rat nhé nén can bang (2) va (3) tao ra khéng d: nén ta bé qua cdc cn bing nay. ( ) Tacé : KIO, —> kK’ +10, a 54.10% 5.4.10" bd: 5.4.10", pu:5,6.107 cb: (0) Ba(10,), La Ba + 210 & K, =[Ba* U0, U LO 2,38.10° Bai 4. Tich sé tan CaCaOs 6 20°C'RAAG 2.10°. Hay so sinh 46 tan cita n6 trong nude va tong dung dich (NH:)2C:0s (Olympic 2013 - TH én Tre, Bén Tre) Giai: » + Goi s (mol/)) I2 d6 tered trong H20: x Orc PK, =2.10° Ca, sos PCa" |. [C,07 |= s5=5° = YK, =V2.10? =4,47.10% mol /1 Goi {6 tan cita CaC2Os trong dung dich (NH,)2 C04 0,1M: { (NH,);C:0, > NH? +07 > 01M OM 9 * CaCO, Ca" +607 K,,=2.10° bad: om cb s' OLts" K,, =(Ca™ {C0} ]=s'(s'+ 0,1) = 2.107 => s'=2.10°M Bais. SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 43Ti Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 1. Tinh dé tan ctia Ca(OH)2 trong nude 6 25°C. Biét K, =6,5.10° pCa 2. BO tan cia Ca(OH): Ia bao nhigu néu hda tan vao dung dich Ca(NOs)2 0,1M. (Olympic 2007 - THPT Phan Chiu Trinh, TP Da Ning) Ca(OH); Ca +20H™ Ky cagouy, =8,5-10° s 2s ( ) K, =[Ca*] OH} XN CoO) <= 65.107 = 528) K Goi s (mol/l) 18 d6 tan cia Ca(OH)2 trong H20 yy 16,5.10° 2, Goi s21& d6 tan cita Ca(OH): trong Ca(NOs)>: Ca(NO,), —+Ca™* +2NO, 0.IM—> 01M 02M Ca(OH), ==Ca* +" bd: cb: Kypcaom, =1Q WOW F <= 6,5 +0,0).28,)" 10°M BO tan 18°C 14 1,5.103 (mol/l) 1. Tinh ndng 46 ion Pb** va F trong dung dich bio hia Pbhs 6 18°C 2. Tinh tinh SSanleul Pole 6 18°C. ith d@ tan cha Pbl2 di 15 Kin thi phai thém bao nhigu mol KI vio 1 lit dung Ia. fre? 16 tan cla Pbk: trong dung dich KI 0,1M. (Olympic 2008 - THPT Phan Chau Trinh, Di Ning) _Gisi: Goi s (mol) 18 d6 tan cia Pbk. 6 18°C 9 ‘Theo dé bai s=1,5.10° mol /1 1 Pol; ,,, == Pb” +21 s s 2s SVTH: Lé Di Chiée Trang 44Q Iuan t6t nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai =>[Pb™ ]=5=1,5.10° mol /I 1.5.10" =3.10° mol /t 5.107.3.107)? =1,35.10* 3. Goi s’ (mol/) & d6 tan ciia PHY, sau Khi d6 tan bi gidm 15 Kin yy Goi x (mol/l) Ia ndng d6 KI edn thém vio: eye ab Lig g 1815 Mat kha: KI K+ x xox POI, PO" +2 Ky, bd: x cb si Os'ex = (PHY) 2s'+x) £10“ +x) =1,35.10° 0,0114M n | =>s"=1,35.10°M Bai 7. Mot hoe sinh digu ché dung dich bao ha magie hydroxit trong nu tinh “khiét tai 25°C. Tri s6 pH cia dung dich bao hda dé duoc tinh bang 10,5. 1. Ding két qua nay dé tinh d6 tan cia magie hydroxit trong nude. Phai tinh d6 tan theo mol.L" cing nhu g/100mL. 2, Hay tinh tich s6 tan cita magie hydroxit. 3. Hay tinh d6 tan ciia magie hydroxit trong dung dich NaOH 0,010 M tai 25°C. SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 45Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 4, Hay tinh pH cia pha léng khi hé théng dat cin bing. (Olympic Hoa hoc Quéc té lin thir 32) Gidi: 1, Goi s (mol/l), $ (gam/100mL) la d6 tan ctia Me(OH)2 trong nude tinh khiet. Ta cé: Mg(OH),,,, Mg”... + 20H", K,. sigtotthy é 2s 10 fH) 2s=forr ys 22 Gnu S(gam /100mL) = 5 1. yo, =16.1070,15 10007 2. Tieh sb tan X. pO, K, =[Mg” | [OH =5.(2s)’, pasion, s° =4,(,6.10") = pH =10,5 =>[H"]=10""* => [OH = 1.64.10" ‘Mg®* +20H7 K, sp NOH 0,01 5, 0,01+2s, @ <=> 45) +0,045; +1075, =1,64.10" =0 8, =1,64.107 mol [1 Khi khudy du xay ra phan img: Y> ‘Mg(OH), +2HCI— MgCl, +2H,0 9 *Tathy Mg(OH): du, HCI bi trung hda hét =>{MgCl] = 0,05M, Mg(OH): dur tiép tuc tan mot phan vao dung dich sau phan img. Goi s3 (mol/l) fA d6 tan cla Mg(OH): trong dung dich sau phan img, SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 46Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai MgCl, —3 Mg” +2Cr 005M 0,05M Mg(OH), ==Mg* +20H™ J tons, bd: 0,05 ob 540,05 2s, Me™ Orr yy 5, #0,05).28,)" NI <=> 4s} +0,282 164.10" =0 => s,=9,05.10°M © shes = 164.10 K, Mgt OH, <=> 164.10 (on) 9,05.10° 2.1.2.3. Tinh tich s6 tan tir d9 tan khi c6 cde qua trinh phi hop 2.1.2.3.1. Bai toan chi tinh dén qué trinh phy cia sae hoje cita géc cation. Bai 1. Tinh dé tan cia AgSCN trong dun, 0,003M. Cho Kp = 1,1.10 °? va hing s6 phan li cua phute [Ag(NHs)2}* b (Olympic 2006 - THPT Thang Dong) Goi s 18 dé tan eiia AgSCN tro ich NHB. AgSCN = Ag* $SCN™ K,=11.10 - [Ag(NH,). Tye Ay’ +2NH, K=6.10° = [Ag(WH,),) + SCN 2s 5 s rae 1,83.10° [AgtVH,)3}ISCN7]_ [NAF ~ (0,003-2: 27.10 mol/L Bai 2. Tinh hing s6 cén bang ciia phan img ha tan Mg(OH): bing NH4Cl. ho: K, pata), 110" K, on 10°, Hay nit ra két ludn tr hing s6 tinh durge, (Olympic 2015 - THPT Pleiku, Gia Lai) i: Ta c6: SVTH: Lé Di Chiée ‘Trang 47Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai NH,CI— NH, + (NH NH, +H" (2)Mg(OH), —= Mg +20H™ (3)H,O—=H" +0H” Lay 2.(1) + (2)-2.(3) ra duge: V ‘Mg(OH), +2NH,’ —Mg* +2NH, +2H,0 K YX Nhain thy: Kyu khong lén khOng nho nén e6 thé d@ dng chuyén dieh cfthbing vé 2 phia. Bai 3. Khi cho cling mot lung AgCl, AgBr, Ag! lin QO tan vao dung dich NH cing néng d6 Ky dur théy AgCl tan gén nhur hi AgBr tan mét phan cin Biét: Ky go) =10". Ky gy (Olympic 2008 - THPT chuyén u Trinh, Dit Ning) Xét AgCl trong dung dich wu AgCl = Age + Ky agq =10 (NH,).T° ys #910" [Ag(NH,), 7 + CF =10"".6.10" =6.10* Ko ar Bry, rong tur di véi AgBr va Agl ta thu duge: E => Kayne = Kp sgne Bugiany, =510°.6.10° = 3.107 at = Kpags Bagevny, = 106.10" = 6.10 t \ Ta thay Key >K yg, > Ky nn AgCl tan gan nhu hoan toan, AgBr tan mot phan cdn Ag! gin nhwr khong tan, Tinh d6 tan ca AgSCN trong dung dich NH3 0,003M. Bi 1,1.10"2, hing s6 phan li cia phite chat [Ag(NH3)2\* bing 6.10% Kypasen = Goi s (mol/l) 1a dé tan cita AgSCN. SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 48Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai AgSCN == Ag* +SCN- Kg gesey = 41-10 9 Ass Ag’ +2NH, == Ag(NH,),” AgSCN +2NH, —=Ag(NH,)," +SCN™ bd: 0,03 cb 003-25 s s Vv Ky = Ky ney K=L 110 10 Yr Mat kh, ta lai c6: © ic, = 1AB(NE,)" SCN) _ 10" ~ (0,03-2s) =>5=1,27.10% mol /I Bai 5. Chung minh ring Cus hau nhu khong tan trong dung Gis )s 1,00M. Xem H)SO, phan ly ho’n toin é c4 2 née. Cho: Kaus =10°*; HaS 06 pK, =7,02; =e tea (Olympic 2015 - THPT Chuyén Ly TP Cin Tho) Gidi: CuS = Cu** +S io“? 2H7 +S" == HS \ REK KY E CuS +2H* Cu MLS N Ky, = Ky cus K =10S* 2-25 xem nhur CuS kh6ng tan trong dung dich HSOs. Dé tan rafnho %S vi CuS, chat nio c6 kha ning tan duoc trong dung dich H2S? 1077 Ky cas =3,2-10 Cae qua tinh xay ra HSH +HS — K,=10" K, 213.10 K=K,.K,=13.10" (1) + Xét Fe ta duge: SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 49Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai FeS Fe" 4S* Kans =8.10" (2) Lay (2) - (1) ta duge: FeS+2H* == Fe* +H,5 K, 810" =>K = = 61,54 “OK ,3. Do Kyu Ion nén FeS c6 thé tan trong H»S + Tuong ty véi CuS ta due: Kycas =>K,, =e K Do Kyu rat nho nén Cus khé tan trong HoS. Bai 7. Xéc dinh dé tan cla AgCN trong dung dich Biét -hang 6 axit ela HCN 1a K = 10°°° AgCN Ag" +CN" K, =2,2.10" (Olympic 2006 - THPT Chuyén Le ding Ngai) seh dem pH =3 Goi s (mol/l) la d6 tan ciia AgCN trove K,=2,2.10% (I) wore Key =10°* (2) Lay (1) - (2) ta duge: AgC. "OK er K | a8 HHON] 4 93.195 = 85 = 5=2,25.108 mol II 1H] 10°45 re) © Bais. 1. 6 mot nhiét d6 da cho, tich s6 tan cua AgCl bing 1,56.10"°. Tinh d6 tan S (gam/l) cila AgCI trong nude nguyen chat. 2. Thém 50 ml dung dich HCI 1M vio 950 ml dung dich AgC! bio hda. Tinh pH cla dung dich va dé tan cia AgCl trong mdi truimg may. SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 50Ti luda t6t nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 3, Tinh dé tan ciia AgCl trong dung dich NH3 2M. Biét phire Ag(NHs)2* c6 hing so bén tao phute 1a K = 2.107, (Olympic 2007 - Truong Dai hgc Khoa hge, TP Hé Chi Minh) Gi 1, Goi s (mol/l) 1a d6 tan clita AgC! trong H2O AgCl—==Ag™+Cl K,, =1,56.10"" vr sos ( K,=14g HO \ <=> 1,56.10"" =" => s=¥/156.10° sornaX Sg 11) =1,25.10°.(143,5)=1, 794.107 (g /1) 2. Nong d6 cde chit sau khi ton: Cx ao 05M Cg =1,25.10° HCL—> H* + Cr 0,05 —+0,05 pH =—Ig{H"}=—Ig0, Goi s2 fi d0 tan ctia AgCl trong mi AgCl = Ag” =3,1.107% mol /1 3. Goi s5 1a d6 tam\eua AgCl trong dd NH; (2M). 6: wv Aig) +2NH yg) LAGE) AgCl,, Ag), +Ch, ACh, bd: 2M re) ° cb 2-25, Sy Sy 4+2NH yy) VAG(VHS) Ty) + Clg) =>K,, = KK, =2.10°1,56.107" =3,12.107 _[Ag(WH) MCT] K, = (WHY <312.10° a 0,1(mol / 1) @ SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 51Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Bai 9. Tinh d6 tan cia CaC,O, trong dung dich c6 pH= Biét: Kyo, K (Olympic 2009 - chuyén Lé Hong Phong, TP Hd Chi Minh) Gidi: Goi sla d6 tan cua CaCO, trong dung dich pH = 4. Céc qué trinh dign ra trong dung dich: yy 0, 06 pK, = 25; pK; CaCO, ;,, Ca” +C,0," Ky ceo, =23.10" NI H,C,0, =H" +HC,0, (2) K, =10 =5,62.107 ( ) HCO, 20,0, +H" @) romain Lay (1) - (2) - G) ta duge: CaCO, +2H* = HCO, +Ca* s s s Kye : [cac.0,)(0F =>9=7,76.10" M (do pH = 4 =3 [H*|>" ‘Vay d6 tan ctia CaC»@, trong, dung dich pH = 4 Ia 7,76.10" moll. Cot Bai 10. Xéc dinh Sates cn thidt dé ngan can su két tia Mg(OH)> trong 1 lit dung dich mol NH; va 0,001 mol Mg”. Biét ring s6 ion héa cua NH bang 1,75.10@ 271.10". 11 - THPT Chuyén Thoai Ngoc Hau, An Giang) NH? +Cl ét tha Me(OH)> khong xuat hig [Mg* OWT < Ky upon, K. = slonr}< [Remon - [RIHO=12 9 os igs qy [Mg 0,001 NH,+H,O2NH{+0H” K=1,75.10° SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 52du lun tot nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai —, _K-ANH,] _1,75.10%.0,01 _1,75.107 (NA;] (NH?) (NH?) 1,75.107 (NH,] [OH ]<8,43.10° cep IO” og 3.10" oy [NH] \ na <=> [NH]>2,08.10° M Thay [OH ]= vao (1) ta duge: Dé trénh xudt hign két tia Mg(OH)> ta cdn digu chinh néng 46 >2,08.10° M Bai 11. Xéc dink d6 tan cua AgCN trong dung dich . Bidt Kypages = 2.2.10" va Kuen = 6.2.10", (Olympic 2010 - THPT Chuyén Vi “O ang) Giai: pH =3=>[H"]=10°M Goi s (mol/l) 8 d6 tan cua AgCN trong cl AgCN Agi +CN"K, sos \ + wo 10 +N NS Epa bso Tacé: Ce K K, | [CN] => [CN] = m a ae" (HCN) UH VICN"] f abe 46 diu ta duge: =>[HCN]= K[H*}[CN"] s=[Ag*]=[CN]+[HCN] (1) Thay [HCN]=K.[H"]{CN’ ]vao (1) ta duge: 8=[CN']+[HCN] =[CN]+ KH }ICN] [CN] (14 KH") Asc [4g"] Thay {CN"}= vio ta duge: SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 53éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai As (14+ K[H™ tae) kT) <7 Ky gey(I+K LH") <=> 9° =2,2.10°%(141,6.10°.10")=3,52.107 =>s=3,52.107 =5,93.10% M Bai 12. Tinh pH bat dau ket tia, ket tia duoc 99,0% va két tia hoan toan i Fe* dudi dang Fe(OH), tir dung dich Fe(CIO,), 0,001M. Biét: Fe? + H,0 = FeOH* +H* Biét B=105 (Olympic 2009 - THPT Quéc hoc Hué, Thira thién Hué) Giai : Taco ; Fe(Cl0,)2 > Fe +2010, O 0,001M =: 0,001M. 2) mp = K wy recon Ne + Fe** bat déu két tia khi :|e" HOH T OW = ey [Fe"] ie Fe(OH)* voi HO ‘Tim [Fe]: goi a 1a ndng d6 mol/, B=10°” =1,2.10% Fe +H,O= Fe( bd :0,001 B=12 BMA 3 4104M ° [Fe] 0,001-a " => [Fe ]=0,001—a =0,001-3,4.107 =9,66.10°M Yao ta duge: v -) = [Revtwcn, _ | 10** sf [ow =, [-2"» = —; =9,07.107M [Fe"]— Y9,66.10 | pH =14— pOH =14-(-Ig{OH"]) = 14-(-lg9,07.107) =7,96 Khi két tia duoc 99% => nong do Fe®* con tai 1a: ° a 9 [Fe’*] = 0,001.1% = 1.105M 2] OH-F = sore (Keziom — lO og qs Ta cd: Fe MOWT =K,, roy, => (OH = ea ge “Salo pH =14— pOH =14—(-Ig{OH"}) = 14-(-1g8,9.10°) =8,95 + Két tiia hon toan ion F SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 54Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Fe2*duge xem nh két tia hodn toan khi [Fe”] = 10° [Roman fo [Fe OH} = Ky pou), => [OH T=. tre] = pO =2,8210°M pH =14~ pOH =14~(~log{OH™}) =14~(—log2,82.10°) =9,45 3. 1. Dé tan cia BaSOs trong dung dich HCl 2M bang 1,5.10* M. Tinh tich s6 tan BaSO3 rdi suy ra d6 tan cita BaSOy trong nude nguyén chat va trong dung di NaxSOs 0,001M. Cho biét pK, d6i véi ndc phan li thit hai ctia HoSOs 12% 2. C6 thé hda tan 0,01 mol AgCl trong 100 ml dung dich NH3 IM Me Biét Kepaget = 1,8.10°, Kren clia phite [ Ag(NH3)"J"a 1,8.108. x (Olympic 2006 - THPT Bén Tre, Bén Tre) O Gi: 1. Ta cé: - BaSO, = Ba** +502 Kixxao, Ho +80. = HS; 80, ot Ky nso, =K-K, =1125.10%.107 =1,125.10 Toflg. nude nguyén chat: 1 J Goi s 12 d6 tan ciia BaSOs trong nude nguyén chat: BaSO, = Ba” + SO; K, 9 BS0, a 8°= Ky nso, => S= 1125.10” =1,06.10° mol | +Trong Na,S0,0,001 Goi s2 Ta dé tan cita BaSOs trong dd NaxSOs. SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 55Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Na,SO, — 2Na* + SOF 0,001 0,002 0,001 BaSO, = Ba + SO; s, 8, +0,001 Ky nso, = 53(8,+0,001) =1,125.10° = 1125107 M NN 2. Goi x la d6 tan (mol/l) cla AgCl tan trong 100ml dd NH 1M ( ) BS, AgCl = Ag’ +c Ky gq = L810 Ag” +2NH, =[Ag(NH,),T° K,, =1,8.104 AgCl+2NH, = [Ag(NH,),}'+C K bd: 1 cb: 12x x x KK, gcKey = 1,8.10°.1,8.10' = 10, =>—_=10"” > x=0,1 Tay Do dé ta c6 thé hda tan 0,01 mol oat ml dung dich NH; 1M. 4, D6 tan 1a mot hang’ trong dé xic dinh duge sur6 nhiém mi trudng do cde mudi gay ra. aah ‘mot chat duoc dinh nghia Ia Iuong chat cn thidt dé c6 thé tan vao méfyrong}dung mai tao ta duoc dung dich bao hda. Dé tan ciia cde chat khée nhau ti yao ban chat cita dung méi va chat tan cling nhu cia cée digu kign thing! nihur nhigt d6 va dp sudt, BO pH va kha nang tao phire cing anh huong ich chita BaCl. va SrCl: déu & ndng d6 001M. Khi ta thém mot du hhda natri sunfat vao dung dich thi 99,9% BaCh s@ kat tita duéi dang aS, ¥a SrSOs chi c6 két tha néu trong dung dich cdn dudi 0,1% BaSOx. Tich s6 tan Chia cdc chat durge cho sau diy: Ksp(BaSQu) = 10° va Ksp(StSOu) = 3.107. > 1. Viét cde phuong trinh phan img tao ket tua. 9 . Tinh nong d6 Ba’* con lai trong dung dich khi SrSOs bat dau ket ta. ‘Tinh % Ba sau khi tich ra 2. Sur tao phite gay nén mot anh huong déng ké dén d6 tan. Phite 1a mét tiéu phan tich dign chira mét ion kim loai @ trung tam lign két voi mét hay nhiéu phdi ti, SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 56Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai ‘Vi du Ag(NH3)s* fa mét phitc chita ion Ag* Rion trung tim va hai phan tl NHs 1a phoi tit. 6 tan cia AgCI trong nude céit 12 1,3.10°M Tich sé tan cia AgCl trong nude 1a 1,7.10", Hang s6 cn bing cua phan img tao phite 6 gi tri bing 1.5.10". Sir dung tinh todn dé cho thay rang dé tan cia AgC! trong dung dich NH3 1,0M hon trong nude edit. (Olympic héa hoc Quoc té lan thir 34) ge 1 |. Céc phan img tao két tua : Ba’ +$0;, —+BaSO, 4 O SP +507 —35r50,4 + Ket tiia Sr$O4 xuat hign khi : [Ba] [S07 ]2 Ky n50, © + Két tia BaSOs xudt hign khi ; [SP LISOF12 Kd) < Vay Ba’* sé két t GOYkhi Sr?* bt dau két tia thi [96 +Néng 46 “Cy 7 K, =[Ba**] [S07 Pron = 33310" top =0,033% 0,01 ke minh AgCl tan trong dung dich chita NH 1M t6t hon trong nude. | Goi s, s: lan Iugt 1a dé tan ciia AgCl trong HO va trong dung dich NHs 1M. Theo dé bai s =1,3.10° mo v: SVTH: Lé Dit Chiée Trang 57Iuan t6t nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai AgC],, Ag yy +, =17.10" Ky Agel AB" ay) t2NH, S148 (NAG), 15.10" con, ap tO yy AgCl,, +2NH,—[Ag(NH,),, bd: IM ob 1-2s, 5 Ky = Ky ugerKy = b710 1.5.10" =2,55.10° yy x, Ag) Cr] NI (Wie \ Ta thay sp > s, nén AgCI tan tot hon trong NH3 Bai 15. Dung dich bio hda CaCO; trong m pH = 9,95. Hing s6 axit cia axit cachonic Ia K,,=4,5.107, K,, = 4.7.10" Hay tinh d6 tan cia CaCOs trong nude va ty ‘cia CaCOs Hiy tinh ndng dé t6i da cla ion Ca?* dich CaCOs voi pH = 7,4, Kp = 5,2.10° va [HCO; =0,022M (Olympic 2008 - én Bac Ligu, Bac Lig) TI Giai: Goi s 1A d6 tan evi aon H20 Clandng dd ion COs tao OH véi H CO, = Ca +C0, s s-C HCO, == H' +HCO, K,=4,5.107 E HCO; =H" +0, K,=47.10" kK, 10" CO; +H,0 HCO, +OH” Ky, = = 213.10" bd: 8 +TimC: pH =9,95 => pOH =14-9,95 = 4,05 =>[OH"]=C =10% =8,9.10° +Tim SVTH: Lé Dii Chiée Trang 58Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai _|HCO™ | |0H) S 1c07] (8,9.10°)? 5-891 = Ny <=> 5-89.10" = 3, 7287.10" => s =1,26.10°M Yr +Tich s6 tan eta CaCOx: © K, =ICa*[ICO;-]=s(s-0) XN =1,26.107.(1,26.10"-8,9.10) X =4,65.107 < + Tinh (Ca*Jmax HCO, =H" +C0- CO," +H,0 = HCO, +0H- 6 tan cia NiS trong dung dich c6 pH = 2 (tao boi dung dich HNO}}, Ch th s6 tan ciia NiS 12 10'S, HaS 06 pKai = 7,02, pKao = 12,90; ‘ Soe wo (Olympic 2015 - THPT Chuyén Ly Ty Trong, Can Tho) ve Goi s (mol/l) 18.46 tan ciia Ni Strong dung dich e6 pH = 2. 9 NiS—Ni* +5 Ni* + H,O==NiOH* +H* =10""* Kynis =ig" Boson Sh +H! Hs HS +H’ =H, Do trong moi truimg axit nén bd qua qua trinh tao phitc hidroxo cla Ni2* SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 59Q éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai => [HS]=K,S°\(H"] H,S|= K,[HS"|[H*]=K,K,[S° MHP [HSH] Bao tolin nong d6 dau déi voi S* ta duge: Cy =5=[8"]4[HS"]H1A,S] yy <=> 5 5[57]4+ KAS [11+ K, KAS? spy =[97 0+ K,[H71+K,.K,.[HJ) N \ <=>[S* 5 1K AA K.K AE X Mat kde * Kyxis =1NT* }{5*] <=> Ky is =5. 1+ KK, Ke <5 = Ky usl# K UP] 5 =0,0513mol /: Bai 17. 6 tan cia bac oxalat tRapg nude 1a 2,06.10 M tai pH = 7 BG tan cla 1né bj anh huéng boi pH va vee tao phite ching han nhu amoniac tao phite véi cation bac. Tinh d6 tan cia bac fig dung dich axit c6 pH = 5. Hai hing s6 phin ly ciia axit oxalic lan lula KP=5,6.10? va K =6,2.10% Voi sus joniac thi ion bac tao thanh hai dang phite [Ag(NH:)2}* va ‘ing s6 tao phite timg néc tuong ting s@ 1, =1,59.10° va SfO". Bo qua su tao phite hydroxo. Tinh d6 tan ciia bac oxalat trong dung dich tra 0,02 M NH va cé pH = 10,8. Y> (Olympic 2013 - Chuyén L¥ Ty Trong, TP.Cin Tho) 4 Gidi: Tai pH =7 dé tan ciia AgxC20q 1a 2,06.104M => Ky aco, =1A8" FCF J= (2,06.10")*,(2,06.10°)=3,5.10 Theo dé bai ta cé: SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 60du lun tot nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Ag,C,0, =2Ag* +C0F Ky ag.co, =35.10 Kyagca, =A PAC OF] Tag" = (2s) =48" +Tim [C,07] Tacé: HCO, =H + HCO, Ky sgco, ta duge: Kpaco, “WAS TACO; ] <> Kersacio, Bai 18, CaF} rat ft tan trong nude (tich s6 tan K,, 4, = 2,5.10"'), axit flohidric 6 pK .=3,2. SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 61Tiéu Iudn tt nghigp GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 1. Tinh d6 tan cia CaP trong nude. 2. Tir d6 suy ra quan hé d6 tan cia CaF» va pH. 3. Tinh d@ tan cla CaF> trong dung dich 6 pH = 3,2 va pH = 1,0. C6 két ludn gi ? (Olympic 2007 - THPT Gia Dinh, TP Hé Chi Minh) Giais Vv Ky, 22510" K, =10° =6,31.10% e CaF, Ca" +2F- Ky car, =2,5.10" c s s 2s = [Ca LFF =4s'=2,5.10"" < — K,=6,31.107 [FP] =[F +1HF] =>2s=[F)=[F HF] () Kyou, =F PCa") > [P= a") 1. Goi s 18 d6 tan ca CaF, trong ni 2. Quan hé vapH: C4 2F Ky eae =2,5.10"" E HFS H+F K,=6,31.10° 4. 1 29=[F°], = 2.1,842.10" = 3,684.10 M Ye ton ng d8 du 17", =F] 9 . => 29=[F | =[F 1+ 1HF] K sco =F PCa") => (F J= x HE type wr) (HF SVTH: Lé Di Chiee ‘Trang 62Tuan tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Thay [F7] vao ta duge:[HF]= 4 ese. 8) ‘Thay (2) va (3) vao (1) ta duge: 2 K, 2s © wots fiw Pret ~ <=> 97 =2,5.10°+3,96.10° [4] 3. Tai pH = 3,2 => [H"] = 10°? => s = 2,92.104 mol/l O Tai pH = 1 => [H"] = 10" => s= 5.4.10? mol/. Ta thay, CaF> tan t6t hon trong mai trudng axit, ~ Bai 19. CuBr chat it tan trong nude 1. Hay tinh thé tich nude t6i thiéu can ding tan hoan toan 1 gam CuBr. Ion Cu* tao phite voi amoniae theo cée phin Cu’ + NH, 1 CuWH,)] log B, = 6,18 [Cu(NH,)) +N |Cu(NH,),J" log B, = 4,69 2, Hay tinh thé tich duns amfmoniac 0,1M t6i thiéu edn dung dé hda tan ho’n toan 1 gam CuBr. thire tinh tan dieu kién cla CuBr nhu sau [Cu(nH,)"]+[Cu(WH,)," IBF] Hay th Bid ty” ca dung dich thu dude 6 phan (b). Jone 2015 - THPT chuyén Bén Tre, Bén Tre) 1. Goi V (lit) 1a thé tich nude cn ding dé hda tan | gam CuBr X ¢ — Gois (mol/)) a d6 tan ca CuBr trong nude. CuBr Cu" + Br Kg eqn, =10"* sos Kye =(C [BF => 52 Ky cy = V0 = 2.10 mol SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 63éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai Ta thay, d6 tan ciia CuBr IA s = 2.10 mol/ hay 0,0288 gam. 1 Iit nude hda tan duge 0,0288 gam CuBr. => Can V lit nude hda tan duge 1 gam CuBr Ll 34,72 It =>V=—_=3 0,0288 Vay cin 34,72 lit nude dé hoa tan 1 gam CuBr. yy 2, Ta c6: Cc CuBr == Cu' + Br Ky eum =10"* Cu’ + NH, —=(Cu(NH,) log &, =6.18 K 4,69 [Cu(NH,)F +NH,==1Cu(NH,),. log B, = Bao to’n ndng dé dau Cut ta duge: O C.. = (BF [Cu*}+[Cu(NH,)]+[¢ VH;),°\(1) 1 NH ta du (NH, ]+[Cu(NH,)"]+2[Ce /=0,1 (2) Bao toan nong d6 dau d Gia thuyét: [Cu(NH,),"]>>[Cu(NI Cu (1) => [Br ‘u(NEE Js mage fH), |=0,1 Tacé: =0,05M; [Cu"]=1,99.10° M; =3,39.107°M B Cu" 19.10.10" Y> [Cu(NH,),*] = B..[Cu" ].[NH,]=10"*.1,99.107.3,39.107 = 1,02.10°M 9 . Kiém tra gid thuyét thay théa man. ‘Vay can 1 Iit dd NHs dé hoa tan 0,05.144 = 7,2 gam CuBr => Can Vo lit dd NH dé hda tan 1 gam CuBr overt eouait. 2 SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 64Tiéu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai 3. T'=((Cu4]+[Cu(NH,)']+[Cu(NH,),")1BF] = (1,99.10% +3,39.107 +0,05).0,05 = 2,5.107 Bai 20. 1. Xét qué trinh hoa tan PbCrO,,,, vio nude ngam é pH = 6,00. Tinh nong d6 eae ior Vv Pb” ,CrO}-,HCr0; va Cr20>" trong nude ngam, . 2. Mét nha déc hoc mudn nghién ciru tng so wong crom hoa tan trong reooh Cho ring da day ngudi 1a mét dung dich lodng v6i pH = 3,00 va I ymngang bing véi Biét ring: K,, =[Pb™ Cr0{"]=2.82.10K,, = (Olympic 2015 - THPT Chuyi ai Nghia, TP Hé Chi Minh) Gi 1, Cc qua trinh didn ra tron ich: ()PbCrO, PB +CrO- K, =2,82.10° (2)HCr| K,, =3,34.107 (3)2Cr0, P2H* p= 3.13.10" Bao toinnd déi voi CrO? ta duge: 100; 1-5 re) ° y= K,, = EHC 5, pycyor j= UC. AT [HCr0;] K,, K,,[Pb""] SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 65éu ludn tot nghiép GVHD: TS. Phan Thi Ngoc Mai K, 1H") on __X, K,.Ky (HT <=> [Ph ]= +22 (Pb ew i, At oe es] <=> [Pb ]= 2.82.108.10 <=> [Pb'P =[Pb™ ], 2.82.10 + | +. 2,3.13.10.(2.82.10"")°. 10) Vv 334.10 <=> [Pb] = (2.82.10 +8,44.107")+4,98.10 Cc Bo qua dai lugng cudi do: 498,107? << (2,82.10? + 8,44.10°°) <=> [Pb = 2.82.10 +8,44.10 =1,13.10" > [Pb }= 1.13.10" =1,06.10°M K Tir d6 tinh duge: O >1c0r}-*e (Po) toan trong da day ngudi. 2. Xem Cor lu téng luong Cr vad Bao toan nong d6 dau d6i voi Ge hoa'tan ta duge: oy 70; ]+2.1Cr,0;"] Theo dé bai: [HGr0; => Co, =[CrO*]+3.HCr0; } Mat khac: H*IICrO= __[H"IICrO] Ky tacrogy ICO <=> [HCr0;}=—! 9, = 2,994.10'{Cr0=] >> (CKOF]=[HCr0;]= K,.{HF(Cr0F] Y> Ky= ° 9 <=>[HCr0;]=K,.{HTICr <=> [HCr0;] =3.13.10". 10") [Croz 3,13.10°[Croy Thay (HCr0;]=2,994.10°[Cr0;"] vao ta duge: SVTH: Lé Di Chiec ‘Trang 66