CHUYEN BE HOC SINH GIO! MON HOA HOC Eran aaa eee Ths Nguyén Thanh Ti eBook Collection CHUYEN DE HOA HOC TINH THE GIANG DAY BO! TUYEN HOC SINH GIOI QUOC GIA CUNG CAP KIEN THU Li THUYET CO BAN, TRONG TAM VA VAN DUNG CHO CAC BAI TAP LIEN QUAN WORD VERSION | 2021 EDITION TAILIEUCHUANTHAMKHAO@GMAIL.COM Tai liéu chudn tham khdo Phat trién kénh bot Ths Nguyén Thanh Tit Don vi tai tro’ / phat hanh / chia sé hoc thuét : Nguyen Thanh Tu GroupB. NOI DUNG 1, Khai nigm chung LA. Tinh thé Chit rn e6 thé tn tai du6i dang tinh thé va dang v6 dinh hin. Tinh thé 1a hat c6 nhiéu mat léng Linh, nhieu canh va nhiéu chop. Day 1a ket qua ciia sur sap xép déu dan (phan bé trat ty) cia vat chat. 6 ché dap vo cia cia mét tinl nhin thay 1 nhimg tinh thé nhé hon sip xép dudi cdc géc khée nhau. Nhiing ghdt khéng c6 dang tinh thé, nghia Ia khng e6 hinh thi xée dinh, goi 1a chat dang © Cho vi cia cdc chat nay rat nhan, khong phing. Khdc voi chat rin v6 dinh hinh, chat rin tinh thé c6 nbiét 4 aye dinh. Mot tinh chat quan trong nita d8 phan bigt hai dang nay 1a chét yo Be 6 tinh ding hu6ng (nghia 1a nhing tinh chat vat If nhu dign tro, chi so kht x) io°dan nhiét ... déu gidng nhau trong moi hung) cdn tinh thé ¢6 tinh di hudilg (nghif'Ta nhing tinh chat co ign n6i chung phu thude vao hudng ma ngudi ta do eis) 1.2. Nhig yéu t6 déi xing Tinh déu dan trong kién tric cing, mora ciia tinh thé cho thay r6 vai tr ic tinh chat hinh hoe cia Khoi tinh thé ‘de yéu t6 dinh hudng hay yéu 16 vi tr. quyét dinh ciia ede yéu t6 déi ximg cua hay cu inde tudn hodn ma ngudi ta 1.2.1, Céc yéut6 dink hung Nguoi ta 06 thé gic balloai yéu t6 dinh hudng, gom: - Tam didi ximg ( ~ Truc doi x - Mat xting/ guong (ma) 12.2. Cée Citepéuto vi tri 1a cdc yeu t6 ign quan dén phép tinh tién, c6 the ket hop hoae ws hop voi mét phép quay, tao nén sy doi xitng cua cdc hinh tun hoan v6 han, jal/ Nat mang ‘¢ Mat duoc céu tao boi thyc thé nhé nhat c6 thé phan bit duge va lap lai mét cdch in hoan trong khong gian. D6i véi tinh the, & mize d6 vi md, mat 1a mét hat (nguyén ti, phan thay ion), Vi trf cua cdc mat trong mang tinh thé, duge goi 1A nuit mang. Trong thue é thudng c6 xu hudng dit mot diém dic tung cia mat vio chd cua mit mang dé ¢6 thé ding nhat hai khdi nié Dua vao ban chat ciia mat tinh thé, ngu0i ta chia tinh thé thank 4 loai chinh: nay. Orr Ir 7 Emel Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 2/54- Tinh thé kim Joai: mat 14 nguyén ti/ ion kim loai, lién két voi nhau bang lién két kim logi. Vi du: tinh thé Cu, Fe, Na = Tinh thé nguyén tir: mat Ia nguyén tr, 1ién két voi nhau bang lin két céng héa tri. vi inh thé kim cuong, than chi, cacborundum, Iuu huynb ta phuong, don ta... - Tinh the ion: mat 1a ion, Vi dy: tinh thé NaCl, CsC1 ... ~ Tinh thé phan tir: mat 1a phan ti, lién két gitta cdc mit mang 1a tuong tic, Ry Wauls. Vi du: tinh thé CO» rin, I, nude da, bing phin, ... Cy 14, Cie he tinh thé ~ in| ion trai dau xen ké nhau, lién ket bing lign ket ion. Cée tinh thé khde nhau cia cde chat duoc chia thinh bay hé. vao tinh d6i ximg khéc nhau cia céc tinh thé. Tuy nhién dé dé. vio cée canh a,b, ¢ va cée géc a, By cia da dign dc trung cho! i Cée thing sé de trumg cho cfc hé tinh thé ny dura 6 thé dua Hié tinh the Khéi da dign Hie lp phuong vudng a=B=y=90 ‘He bon phuong — S Lang try thang day |a=b#c ~ He su phi Ling tru thing dy [a=b Fe luc gide a=p=y=90 yl aefey = oF ‘Da dien day thoi yo a=p=ye9r Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 3/54He true thoi arbee Ling tru thing day chit nat Ir HE mot nghiéng | # #9, ‘Lang tru thing day |a#b#e are binh hin He banghiéng | @R¥S Sr Hinh hip bat ky ~ Hing s6 mang TL Cac dic trung cia 6 mang tinh thé Ss ‘M8i 6 mang co s6 duge dae trung bi cdc is ~ S6 don vi cdu tric hay s6 mat 16t 6 co so ~ So phéi uf = L6 tinh thé A - Dé dae khit \) 111. O mang cv sé, 6 mi ais, hing sé mang 6 mang co ‘mang tinh the Ht ban, bad} = cath ciia}é mang co ban. Trbng cdc 6 mang co sé khic nhau, cée nguyén ti, ion, phan ti ic m 9 hai mat nay 1a tong ban kinh ctia chting. Gitta ede mét khée trong 6 mang 6 xa nhau hon tao thinh nhimg 18 tng. Khi hin thanh tinh the, mOt sé mat c6 thé chiém céc 16 trong nay, tao thanh cde cau tric tinh thé b fit hay cde nit) chiém nhing vi trf khée nhau. Cée mit dume quy ude 1 binh céu. gan nhau nhat trong 6 mang tiep xtic voi nhau, nén khoang cach gitra céc tim cia khdc nhau (cau tnic kim cuong, natri clorua, sphalerit, florin,...). C6 thé chuyén tir cau tric Chuyén dé DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 4/54tinh thé nay sang cau tric tinh thé khéc bing nhing bién doi don gién xuat phat tir cdc 6 mang Bravais. 2ns (wurtaite) Fim cuong Hin I: Mi quan he sia iq aad cde rc tinh thé mang Bravais hay kiéu mani Theo Bravais, mdi hé tinh thé tu 1g voi mot sur phn bd khéng gian cde nguyén ts, ion hay phan tir tron , duge chia thnh bon kigu sau: * Kidu don gid (sc) ly KiBungllyén thiy, ki higu P as itu bid fg lap phuong don gin (Ipdg).c6 tim adit 6 tm dinh ea bi (it Ye suy ra tir kidu dom gin khi c6 them hai mit 6 tim > hi mat diy d6i dign nhau, i higu F ily 1a kigu 6 ede mit 6 tim eée mat cia da dién, Dién hinh cho g * Kidu tam mt (fec), kiéu nay 1a mang lap phuong tam dién (Iptd). Tam mat 6 dinh va sau mit 6 tam cit su mat cia hinh kip phuong. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 5/54* Déi voi cdu tic sdu phuong, quan trong nhat 1a cau tric sdu phuong chat khit, Day la khdi King try luc gic gom 3 6 mang co sé kieu tim khdi. ‘M8i 6 mang cor sala. mét khdi hép hinh thoi. Nhu vay, ¢6 musi hai mat & ‘muti hai dinh, hai mit 6 tam hai mat day va ba mit ¢ gidta kh6i ling try. ‘Thuc té, nguisi ta throng gap tinh thé véi cau tric pho bien theo 14 6 mang Bravais. 11.2. $6 mit/ $6 don vj cau trite yw $6 don vi cdu tic 1A s6 mit (Z) thude vé mot 6 mang xéc dink. Néu e} thanh cia mit tham gia vio n 6 mang thi chi tinh fi 1/n cho mdi 6 mang. ~ Mét thanh phan 6 ngoai mét 6 mang, Khong thudc vé né trong 6 mang 46. ~ Mét than phan 6 dinh, thude vé 8 6 mang dugc tinh I - Mét thin phan 6 trén mat, thude vé 2.6 - Mot thinh phan bén trong m6t mang, ¢ Nhu vay: m6t 6 mang P 6 Z= 8.1/8 = 1 mi mét 6 mang I c6Z= 8.1/8 +1 = mt 6 mang § c6Z = 8.1/8 +912 pine, 4 mat Cau tric sau phuot 106 Z = 12.1/6 + 2.1/2 +3 = 6 mat 11.3. $6 ph6i tri S6 phoi tri tr@hg tinh the 1a s6 cae mat gan nhat xung quanh mét mat khao sat vi co cing khoaiig’g@tch* xxét. Vi du, xét mit ¢ tim 6 mang lap phuong tm khoi, ta thay 6 c6 sO phibi f€tanp(tim mit 6 tm dinh cia hinh lép phuong). Kigu mang SO phoi \ Tap phurong tim Khoi 8 Tap phurong tim dign 12 9 4 Tue phurong chat Khit 2 114, Lé tinh thé L5 tinh thé 18 phin khong gian khOng bi chiém bdi ede nguyén ts, ion hay phan ti trong cau tric tinh thé (xuat phat tir cdc 6 mang Bravais). Khi hinh thanh tinh thé, cic 16 trong nay 6 thé bi cdc mat khdc chiém. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 6/54‘Nguoi ta phan biét 1d trong tim mat O va 16 trong bén mat T. LO tong 1a tim mat néu 1né Li tim cia hinh tam mat déu, ma sau dinh 1a séu mat gan n6 nhat trong 6 mang. Néu chi 6 bon mat gan 16 trong nhat tao thanh hinh bon mat déu, thi 1a 16 trong bon mat. HAL. Lé trong trong cdu triic lip phucong tam mit ‘Trong m6t 6 mang lap phuong tém mat c6: - bon 16 trong tim mat = tam 16 trong bon mat. a) LO trong tim mat Mot 18 wong tém mat 6 tim cua hinh Lip mg nay gan nbat va cdich déu séu mit nim 6 tam cita séu mat hinh lp phi gitta mdi canh cia hinh lap phuot dng tém mat. LO trong nay chung cho bon hinh lap phuong xung quan, nén ‘ 16 trong nay thuée vé mot 6 mang co so. M&i hinh lap “oe 6 lacs 2 +8 trong tam mat @ canh thude vé mét 8 mang co sé. Teng s 3619 ‘im mat oO ‘vé mt 6 mang lap phuong tim mat la: 1+ voi ss mat déu a 3 by LAtring Hinh 3: M6 hinh Id trong bén ma 16 tie dign (T) Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 7/54Néu chia mét 6 mang nay thanh tém hinh lap phuong con vai canh > thi tim cia méi hinh lap phurong con 1a mét 16 trong bon mat. Vay c6 tat cd tim 15 tong bon mat thude ve m6t 6 mang lap phuong tim mat. 11.4.2. Lé trong trong cu tric sdu phucong chét khit ‘Trong m6t 6 mang séu phuong chat khit c6: - su 16 trong tim mat ~ mudi hai 1d tréng bén mat wy Hinh 4: L6 trong bon mat va tim mat trong, ~ Ld trong bon mat: mdi mat 6 tém Khoi ‘oi mot mat day mét 16 kiéu T1, nén c6 ba mat 6 tm khdi tao véi hai mat diqga]6 TI. Ba mit 6 tm khdi tao voi hai mit & tam hai mat day duge hai 16 kiéu TZ. MOnginfPtao voi ba mat 6 tim khéi mot 16 kigw T3 éh thude vé ba 6 mang; c6 12 dinh nén s6 16 bin mat 4 Nhu vay c6 6 + 2+ 4 = 1218 tréng bon mat. L8 nay nm 6 canh ¢ eta 6 mi kidu TS trong mot 6 mang la ~ L6 trong tam mi '@ trén ta thay, 16 trong tam mat tao boi ba mat & mat day va ba mat 6 tag khol jé mot 6 mang. Co sau vi tri nhur thé trong mang luc phuong chi chi 115. D6 di “ompac, C ‘iia mot cau tric tinh thé 1a ti sO gitta thé tich cia céc mat trong mot 6 aN theich cla 6 mang co s@ néu coi cde mat 1a nhimg hinh cdu xép chat khit véi dip phurong tam khoi * Xét 1 don vi mang lui tinh thé lap phuong tam khdi c6 canh = a—> V mang tt = aie Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 8/546 mat o6 trong 1 6 mang cos'= =.8+1=2 8 Céc mit gén nhau nat trong cdu tric nay 6 trén duong chéo cia hinh lip phuong, nén tiép xtc voi nha ay3 Vi viy xét theo duong chéo ciia khdi lip phuong: 4R =ay3_ > R= a N :s6 mit c6 trong 1 6 mang co s6 tinh, Ve : Thé tich I nguyén tir dang qu 2" mit gin nhau nbit, tiép xe véi nhau, nm wen duimg chéo ciia mA hinh vudng rai nén=> 4R=ay2 hay R Vay 46 dite khitciia mang tinh thé Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 9/5437 nén P= ++ a 115.3. Mang tinh thé luc phiong Vy Xét 1 don vi mang lui tinh thé luc phutong 6 canh day =a va chiéu cao \ — Mat day ciia 1 6 mang 1a hinh luc gidc tao boi 6 tam gide déu cé B nén dign tieh mat day = oxqxoxa 1 8 > V mang tt = bebe axe A B A Tinh db die kit p: ZY Hinh 1 cho thay Se cclia mat diy mang luc phuong nén 2a = 4r xép chong khéng compae gitia cdc lép ta co ore a= foe ace ee as Bar x10 16H) 100% 100% = —3____,_= = N% y belo Ene aia, 2 2 3 * z TILL. Cu triic kim cong © mang co so ciia kim cuong 1a lip phuong tim mat, ngodi ra cde nguyén tit cacbon cdn chiém mot nia s6 16 trong bon mat trong 6 mang mét cach ¢6 trat ty. Cau tric kim cuong dugc hinh dung gom céc tir dién déu noi véi nhau béi cdc dinh chung. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 10/54Hinh 5: M6 hinh tink thé kim cuong ( Yy Vay: SO mat Z= 4 +4 6.1/2 4 8.1/8 =8 s S6 phoi tri = 4 do moi nguyén tir cacbon duge dat trong hoc tipi Cau née kim cuong khong compac do khi cée nguyén tipeachgn xép vio cde 18 tir dign da day cée nguyén tir chiém céc vi trf théng thuong cia noe Jam ching khéng cdn tigp xtc nhau nia, Khoang cd nhat gidta cde nguyén tir cacbon (dec = 2R) nim tén duimg chéo cia hi fg con va bing 1/4 d6 dai during chéo cia 6 mang ca si. Do dé 2R=1 gi me sdimane omen ip phuomg tim dign Dé compac C = Lién két trong ki jathuan tiy cong héa tri. Tinh thé kim cuong la mét dai phan tir cng héa tri, ba cl rat cimg. Vi moi electron déu cp déi nén kim cuong “nh trong sudt cla né duge gidi thich Ii do ning long tia kha Hinh 6: M6 hinh tinh thé CsCl Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 11/54Cesi clorua (CsCl) 1a hop chit ion, nén cde mit mang 1a céic ion Cs* va CI”. Cée ion C1” tao mét mang lép phurong don gin va 1 mét mang compae (Cie ion CI” xép khit hau). Tuong tu, cde ion Cs" cing tao mOt mang lip phuong don gidn. Hai 6 mang nay Iéch nhau m6t khoang bang mét nira duing chéo cita Kap phuong. Nhu vay méi 6 mang chita mt ion Cs* va mét ion C1” Cée ion Cs* va CI- tiép xiic voi nhau trén duimg chéo cia hinh lép phuong. kinh cia Cs* 18. 0,169nm va cia CI 12 0,181nm, nén duing chéo D cia hinh Ij D=2r,,. #2. =0,700nm Ti d6 thong s6 a cia 6 mang CsCl Bi: 6 ligu thy nghiém [a a = 0,4123nm. Su sai khée gi mo hinh trén 1a ding. 42 a an DO dc khit C S6 phéi tricia Cs*/ hode CI” du 1g 80 ion trai du xung quanh n6, Vi mdi ion déu nm trong hdc lap phuong n tri. Cu tric kigu CsCI la cy maglgia cae halogenua MX cia kim loai kiém kich thude Jin (M=Cs, Rb) va amoni ak: mbt oxit hay hirua nao ¢6 céu tric nay. 111.3. Céu trite natri clo 1 2%, chimg 16 = 0,683. \ Qa ee Hin 7: Mé hn inh thé NaC Or «¢ 0 cu tric natriclorua, ede ion C- tao thanh mang lép phuong tam mat, cde ion ‘ing tao mang lap phuong tim mat éch mot na canh cia 6 mang CI”. Nghia 18 6 bon ion Cl” trong mét 6 mang co’ sé. Céc ion Na* chiém tat cd ede 15 tim mat trong mot 6 mang, hay 6 bén ion Na* thude vé mbt 6 mang. Vay s6 mit Z = 4, s6 phéi uf etia Na* va Cr déu a6. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 12/54Vi céc ion Na’ va Cl” tiép xe nhau doc theo canh cia hinh lip phuong nén thong sO mang a= 2(R +1) = 2(0,181 + 0,97) = 0,556 nm. ax Ea 3 D6 C= ual nna 0,556" Cu trie nay 1a edu trie eda ede halogenua MX kim logi kiém du tién (M = Li NY K), cia moi hidrua kiém (M = Li ...Cs) cing nhur cu tric cia nhiu oxit kim oC 7 hai MO (M = Mg ... Ba, Ti ...Ni, ...) hay edu tric 06 dién cia cacbua hay ci kg ciia cae ki loai chuyén tiép. IIL.4. Cau trie sphalerit (blende) nS Hinh 8: Mé hinh tink ‘Tinh the sphalerit ZnS ¢6 cau tric ‘cumg. Mae dit d6 i din gitia k8m va Iu huynh chénh nhau it nhumg vag d6 thé ding cdc ion Zn™* va S* dé mé ta. Céc ion S* (cé ban kinh 16n hon, R mang lép phuong tim mat, nghta 1a ¢6 bon ion S* thude vé mat 6 St,%ic ion Zn”* (c6 ban kinh nho hon, r= 0,74 nm) chiém bin trong 56 tém 15 prong’ ap trong 6 mang, hay c6 bén ion Zn™* trong mét 6 mang. Vay s6 mit Z = i tri cla Zn™* va S™ déu la 4, cau halerit thurdng la eda hop chét AB ma nguyén 1 electron np. Trong cae hop, mng cac electron héa tri cia A, B ludn bang &. Né dae trung cho rat a hop chat, nhu SiC ... SnSi, GaP ...InSb, ZnS ...CdTe, CuF ... Agl. Quan trong nhat yrundum hay cacbua silie SiC. Hinha Hinh b Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 13/54Hink 9: Mé hinh tinh thé CaP, Florin 14 canxi florua (CaF) tu nhién. 6 cu tric florin, cae ion Ca®* lap thank mang lp phuong tim mat, Cée ion F~ chiém tit ca tém 18 bn mat trong 6 mang. Vay 06 tt cd bén ion Ca®* va tam ion F~ thude vé m6t 6 mang co sé (hinh a). ‘Mét cach mé ta khdc cho cau tnic florin bang viée suy ra tir cu tric cla CsCl. Mét 6 mang cla florin tao thinh do su ghép tm hinh lp phuong don gidm ma dinh 1a ede i wr , cfic ion Ca* chiém mot nira s6 18 lap phuong (hinh b). Nhu vay, mét 6 mang éfgrin' tong cng bén ion Ca” va tim ion F™ . C6 Z=4 mit CaF) trong mot 6 mang. So phéi tri cita Ca™* 1a 8 vara I 4. Cu trie florin 18 edu tre eta nhigu florua hea tri hai dang Mf pMCa, Sr, Ba, Pb, Hg, Ca) va cia mét sé oxit MO véi cation lim héa tri bn (M: . U) TV. Cae dang bai t§p vé tinh thé ) DANG 1: XAC DINH CAU TRUC TINH TI * Tinh thé kim logi Cau trie ca tinh thé kim loai hod h ude s6 electron s va p déc thin trung binh trén mot nguyén tir kim loai 6 trai tigj kith thich (a) (Quy tie Engle - Brewer) a<15 > lip phuong sim Bapr L7 Ive ph at Khit 25 lip phuoiy tint mat 49 cl Ngoai ra c6 the di thong sé mang nhu d6 dic khit, sé don vi cau tric, ... duge tong ket t Cau tric is 86]S dv]S6 ]Sd [Sd [Dd dic | Kimloai m cu tric | phdi | hdeT | he O | Khit (%) (n) ti ok z rn a Kim Tosi tim kim, Ba, YF i ipuk) Fe,, V, Cr. all: Tap opapo0 |* ma [es [4 | Ku, Ag, Cu, phuomg tim | te Ni, Pb, Pé, ign (Iptd) Pu. Lue o-p-0 [2 m2 |4 (2 | Be, Mg, Za, Orr Ir Deel Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 14/54phuomg | ¥-190" TL. chit khit (tpek) acbee Bai 1. Dya vao quy te Engle - Brewer, hay cho biét cau tnic ctia cée tinh thé Na, Mg, Al. Xée dinh s6 phoi tr ciia mdi nguyén tit kim loai, Huréng dan gidi: Kim Toai | Cau hinh electron 6 trang thai Kich thich | a Na | [Ne}3s" 1 Mg — | [Ne]3s'3p" 2 Al | [Ne]3s'3p™ 3 canh ciia 6 mang cor sé 1a 3,32A. a, Trong méi 6 co s6 dé c6 bao nhiéu n; b. Tantan két tinh theo kigu mang i Roe Cho Mr, = 180,95 g/mol Hurting dan gidi a) Thé tich 6 co s@-ciia Tala: -V = (432.10°¥ = 366.10" em’ Khdi luong cita 6 co si 128 36,6.107.16,7 = 611,22.10 g mot 6 co's. Khéi lung mot nguyén tir Ta la Bai 2. Tantan (Ta) c6 khOi long rigng 1a 16,7 giem’, ee ‘mang lp phuong véi ? Ry Vin 2 nén Ta két tinh theo kigu mang tinh thé lap phuomg tm khéi. i théion Cée anion (X) thurimg ¢6 bin kinh R 1én hon cation (M) nén trong tinh thé, nguii ta thuong coi mang cia anion A mang chi. Cée anion nhu nhiing qua cdu xép Khit nhau theo cfc kiéu mang P, I hod F. Céc cation c6 ban kinh r nhé hon nim & céc hée tir dign hoe bat dién, Can chi ¥ 1d tinh thé trung hda dign, Diu nay duoc kiém chimg béi sir chiém khdng gian eda mot 16 tinh thé. Vi du trong tinh thé CaFs, m6t 6 mang 6 bén Ca”* (mang ‘Ghyend® DHEB20IS-Tahtké Trg TSAF) nén phai cé tim ion F va do dé F sé chiém todn bé héc tir dign; cdn trong tinh thé ZnS, ‘mot 6 mang cing cé bon ion $* (mang F) nén chi c6 bén ion Zn’* va do d6 Zn* chi chiém ‘mot nira s6 hoe tir dign. Do luc hit va lye diy ca cde ion nén mang chii luén bi bién dang, do d6 khong bao gic 1a mét tép hop compac. Dé dim bao ring mat ion khéng thé “trdi ndi” ty do trong mot co cau ion mang dign trai dau thi ban kinh r phai lén hon gid tri gidi han tim Ny cho céc 18. ® aR wb SO phi uf cia M a NY 0205-0414 | Ti diga q 0414-0732 | Bat dign 6 0732-1 | Lip phuong 8 Bai 3, Xét tinh the MgO: a) Thue nghiém cho biét khoing céch gita hai nguydm ‘Mg trong tinh thé MgO 1 2,05A . Mat khéc, ta lai bidt ty cia hai ion nay? b) Cho biét tinh the MgO thuée mang ao )? VE mang té bao co sé va tinh s6 ion Mg” va ion 0”, rdi suy ra sé phan wMgO? Cho Mg = 24,312; 0 = 15. “at a) Theo dé bai, ta 064 ban kinh ion F 180,49. Hay xée dinh ban kink ~*~ ithe Mit khée: MeN = 0.49, fps NES 0492 2). x > MgO c6 kigu- mang gidng voi tinh thé NaCl, tte la 2 6 mang lip phuong tam dign cha o ° S1376A Va tyr = O.674A. = 049 < 0.732. 0” va Mg” léng vao nhau => c6 4 phiin tir MgO trong mt té bao co sé. * Cu trtic tinh thé phan tie Orne 7 Del Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 16/54Cu trie tinh thé phan tir thug kho xée dinh hon cée cdu true khde vi nguyén tir hay ion c6 tinh d6i ximg cao nén tir vi tri ctia cdc mat (nguyén tr, ion) hod tir cde théng sO mang cé thé quy két cau tric cua 6 mang co sé con phan tir (gdm tir hai nguyén tir tro Ién) khéng c6 tinh doi xing cdu nén thuong ton tai cdu tric gid ma chiing ta sé ban sau day. Bai 4, 1. Vi sao tinh thé cia céc khi quy thude loai tinh thé phan tir trong khi cde mat ‘SY nguyén tit. 2. Xée dinh edu true eda cde tinh thé sau: Khi quy, halogen (13), COs. ( \ Khi quy L Huebng dén gi: 1. Vi nguyén tit cfc khi qui ¢6 lap v6 ele aos ban viing nén tuong tac gia cde phan tir kh quy (chi co mét nguyén me ic Van Der Waals. Tinh thé cia cae khi uy thuge loai tinh thé phan ti. 2. Hinh vé edu triie 6 mang = 353 pm. ‘Trong 6 mang co ban ctia diiot, moi tam phin tir 1, déu 6 ede dinh va tim ee mat cia 6 mang truc thoi, Cé lap cfc mat 1; cdn Iai ta mé ta duge cau tric ciia diiot theo kiéu tim mat F. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 18/54Thue té, cde phan tir Ip dinh hudng song song nhau, (A véi C.B v6i D) theo hai huang trong khéng gian (hinh Ia), d6i ximg voi nhau qua mat phing xOz va tao ra voi ‘mat phing d6 mat géc khoang 32°, Két qua 1a chi e6 mét mat xOz 1a 6 mat 6 tim, Diiot két tinh trong hé truc thoi tim day S. Tuong tée gitta cic phan tir chi dya trén hién tuomg khuéch tan; gid tri mh6 ctia n6 gid thich tai sao di iot dé thang hoa, béc hoi tim Khi nhigt 46 méi gan 60°C. Khoang! cach dy, biéu thi Khoang céch t6i thiéu ma hai phan tir difot c6 thé lai gdn trong tinh thé, cho phép xii dinh ban kinh Van der Waals ci iot. ‘Theo dinh nghfa, bén kinh nay duge tinh trong mé hinh phi tir compac (chit xit) vva bang niia d>, tte 1a 176 pm (vi diclo 1a 167 pm va v6i dibrom I 177 pm). iu tric cia tuyét eacbonic COs Hinh 12: MO hinh tinh thé CO} Ca phan tir ba nguyén tir CO: dinh hudng song song vei duimg chéo cia hinh lip phuong (hinh!2). Céc mat nim & dinh 6 mang, vi dy mat 1, song song véi duong chéo 00’; cée mit 2 6 tam cée mat true VA sau thi song song véi dubng chéo BB’; eée mat 3 6 tm céc mat phai va trdi thi song song véi du’mg chéo CC’ va céc mat 4 lign quan dén tam cdc mat trén va dudi thi song song voi duong chéo AA’. ‘Trong cu tnic cla tuyét cacbonic, cdc nguyén tir cachon nim 6 céc dinh va 6 tam mat hinh lap phuong tgo thinh mang lip phwong tim mit F. Vi tri cia ching ciing 1A vi {tri cia tam cde mat CO; do dé cée nguyén tir C cting tao thanh mang F. Céc nguyén tir oxi i hai mat dinh vi 6 dinh va tim ciia mét mat ké nén khéng tong img voi phép tinh tién dic trung cia mang F. Céte nguyén tir oxi tao ra mét mang Ip phwong don gidn P. Néu mot mang tinh thé dugc tao ra tir nhiéu mang con, né phai thoa man cde diéu kign d6i ximg cia méi mang con. Ddi ximg tng cng cia né thudng 1a déi ximg ciia mang con kém d6i ximg nhit (kiéu P cia ede nguyén tir O chit khOng phai 1 kidu F ela cfc nguyén tC). Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 19/54Tuyét cacbonic két tinh trong kiéu lip phwong don gin P; cu tric nay cé thé coi la cau trie gid phwong tim mit. Khoang cach ndi phan tir gitta hai nguyén tir oxi cia cing mét mat la di = 212 pm, hign khong céch eacbon-oxi (deo = 106 pm) ngin hon 16 rét so véi trong phiin tir kh tuong nay lién quan véi sur dao dong yéu cua tuyét cacbonic. Phan tich nhimg khoang céch khée nhau gitta mot nguyén tir oxi va nhing King giéng cia né cho ta théy nhig lang ging gan nhét nim & khoang céch dy = 319 pm, suy ra bin kinh Van der Waals cia oxi 1a 159pm. Ciu tric gia Hip phumg nay ciing 1a edu tric cia dinito oxit (hay nite protoxit) N20 va cia hidro selenua H,Se. DANG 2: XAC DINH CAC THONG SO CUA TINH THE = Céc thng sO cia tinh thé thudng yéu cau HS phai tim QS tri, 50 15 trong tir dign, bat dién cdn trong hoac da bi chigp bai & compac/ chat khit ... Dé lam bai tip nay, HS can ¢4 va van dung that tt kién thie tinh thé hoe. Dak cu tric, s6 phoi nguyén tit khiéc, d6 Ot vé hinh hoc khéng gian /4 If thii voi nhing cdu trie hop chat ion ¢6 trén hai loai ion, cau tric khoan; -au tric hop kim, Bais. Phan tir CuCl két tinh con wong tim dién. Hay biéu din mang co si cia CuCl. Tinh s6 ion Cu" “© so. ra sO phan tir CuCl chira trong mang tinh thé co Hueiing dén gi: Cée ion 2 kiéu lap phuong tim mit, céc cation Cu* nhé hom chiém hét sé hie bat dig oN ‘CuCl gom hai mang lap phuong tam mat long vao nhau. So phoi wicla CN 6 mét6co sé: 8.1/8 + 6.1/2=4 ei 1214+ 11 =4; jphgn tir CuCl trong mot 6.00 sala 4, ai 6. ‘Trong mang tinh thé ciia Beri borua, nguyén tir Bo két tinh 6 mang ludi lip phuong tm mat va trong dé tat ca céc hoc tir dign di bi chiém boi nguyén tir beri. Khong cach ngin nhat gitta 2 nguyén tir Bo 1a 3,29A. 1. Bidu difn su chiém déng ciia nguyén tir Bo trong m6t 6 mang ca sé. Orne 7 Del Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 20/542. Cé6 thé tn tai bao nhiéu hoc nir dién, hoc bat dién trong mét 6 mang? Tir dé cho biét céng thire thye nghiém cua hgp chat nay (céng thire cho biét ti Ié nguyén tir cla céc nguyén t6). Trong mét 6 mang co si c6 bao nhigu don vi cong thite trén? 3. Cho biét sO phdi tri ctia Be va Bo trong tinh thé nay 1a bao nhiéu? 4, Tinh 6 dai canh ap ctia 6 mang co s@, 46 dai ign két Be-B va khOi lugng riéng cua beri borua theo don vj g/cm’, Biét Be: 10,81 ; Bo 9,01 \y Hising dein gi ay L LM 2 2. C68 hoc tir dign, va 4 hdc bat dién. ‘MGi nguyén tir Be chiém mét hoc tit dién nén Ng= 8°1/84 671/22 =4 Ng: Nge = 1:2 nén cng thie thuc nghiés 3. $6 phéi tri cia Be = 4: 96 4.any2 223.9 = = 1,90 gam/em? 6.022710" 3 thé nhém c6 dang lp phuong tim dién, KhOi luong riéng bing p = 2,70.10° ‘Tinh d6 dai canh 6 mang co sé va bain kinh nguyén tir mhdm (theo pm) MZ 2ig/molx 4 a’.Ny a°x6,02.10" mol™ 70.105 g/dm* Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 21/54Re 882 _ 405pmxs? - 143 pm 4 4 Bai 8. (Dé thi chon dgi tuyén quée té 2012) ‘Vat ligu sigu din A 1a oxit hdn hop cia Cu, Ba va Y (ytri, nguyén t6 thude phan nhém MIB, chu ki 5 trong bang hé thong tan hodn). Bang nhiéu xa tia X, ngudi ta xée dinh due cdu inde tinh thé ctia A. C6 thé coi 6 mang co sé cla ‘A (hinh bén) g6m hai hép chit nhat giéng nhau trong d6: Cu chiém vi ti cée dinh, Ba 6 tam hinh hop cdn O 6 trung diém ede canh nhung bi khuyét hai vi ti (oj rf hue ctia O va Ba hoi Igch so véi vj trf mé td). Hai hinh hop nay déi ximg véi nhau qua Y nam 6 tim cita 6 mang co sé. 1, Hay xae dinh cng thite héa hoe ct A. 2. Tinh thé A duoc digu ché bang céch nung Cu0 (theo tié thich hop) 6 1000°C trot phong. Hay viet phuong trinh phan ung die Hucing din gidi 1, 86 nguyén tiY 1a 1; Ba fiop bot min cia BaCOs, Y303 va i, ri am ngudi that chém dén nbiét d6 S6 nguyén tir Cu (gom 8 tir 6 dinh, 8 nguyén tir 6 canh) 1a 8.1/8 + 8.1/4 = 3 6 nguyén tir O (26 => Cong thtte 2 2BaCOs + 3CuO + 1/407 ——* YBaCusO; +2CO) Chi ¥: 1am 14 CO khong duge diém vi CO sé khir A \ ~ His 6 thé viét dui dang hdn hop oxit, hodc cén bang véi hé sb enNhode viet phan img qua nhieu giai doan. 9 ii 9. (De chon HSG QT 2007) Hay chimg minh ring phin thé tich bi chiém boi cdc don vi cdu tic (cde nguyén td) trong mang tinh thé kim loai thude cée hé lip phuong don gin, lip phuong tim khdi, nguyéff tira mat, 12 nguyén tir @ canh) la 8.1/2 + 12.1/4 =7 Jp phuong tam din ting theo tilé 1: 1,31 142. Hung din gi Phan thé tich bi chiém boi ede nguyén tir trong mang tinh thé cling chinh Ia phan h ma cée thé muyén tir chiém trong mot té bio don vi (6 mang co sé) el Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 22/54- Doi voi mang don gin: + SO nguyén tir trong | té bao: 8x18 =1 + Goi r la ban kinh cia nguyén tir kim logi, thé tich V; cita 1 nguyén tir kim Toai a: Vi=43xa0° (1) + Goi ala canh cia té bao, thé tich eta té bdo Rs Vp=a° (2) Trong té bao mang don gian, twong quan gitta r va a duoc thé hin tuén hinh sau: hay a=2r (3) Thay (3) vao (2) tao6 (a) Phan the tich bi chiém boi cde nguyén tir trong té bio 1a: ViNV2=4)3 ar: 8r' = 2/6 =0,5236 Va ~ Déi voi mang tim khdi: + SO nguyén tir trong 1 té bao: n=8 x 1/8 + 1 = gE 2x43) 0. + Trong té bao mang tim khOi quan hé gitar eS hign trén hin sau: Dods: d=ay3 = ar. V3 ‘Thé tich cia t bdo: V>= y3v3 Do dé phan thé ~ - Déivéi & ay én tir trong 1 té bao: n= 8x V8 + 6x 1/2 = 4, Do dé thé tich ca céc iém boi cdc nguyén tir trong té bao 1a: = 83 ar: 64r'/33 = 0.68 ti trong té bio Bi: V, =4x 43010 ‘Trong t@ bao mang tim dign quan hé gidta bin kinh 9g én tirr va canh a cia té bao duoc bigu dign trén hinh sau: Tir d6 ta 06: da v2 =4r, dodé a=4r/V2 Théticheiatébao: — Vp= a =64r'/22 Phan thé tich bi cdc nguyén tit chiém trong té bao 12: Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 23/54V2 = 163 ar: 64r/2V2 = 0,74 Nhu vay ti 16 phan thé tich bi chiém boi céc nguyén tir trong 1 té bao cua cde mang don gin, tim Khoi va tam dign t1@ v6i nhau nh 0,52 : 0,68 : 0,74 = 1: 1,31: 1,42. Bai 10. (Dé thi HSG QG 2007) Thue nghiém cho biét 6 pha rin, vang (Au) 06 khdi lung rigng 1a 19,4g/em’ va e6 mang lu6i lip phuong tim dign, BO dai canh cua 6 mang don vi 1A 4,070.10""'m. Khoi Iugng mol nguyén tir ciia Au Li 196,97g/mal. ve 1. Tinh phan trim thé tich khOng gian trong trong mang ludi tinh the “6 2. Xde dinh tri s6 ca s6 Avogadro. eS 9 Hurting dan gid: a) Canh hinh Ip phuromg =, Khong céch hai dinh ké nha a=4,070.10"%m Khodng céch tir dinh dén tim mat lap phuong 1a nira dugng ehéo cia mai mit wong: 1/2aV2=a/y2.10°cm? /m* ‘Ti khdi cia Au rin: d (Au) = 19,4 g/cm 19,4 g/cm? = 4 nguyén tirx => Na=6,02386.1 Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 24/54Bai 11. Canh cita té bio co ban trong tinh thé kim cuong 1 a=3,5A . Tinh khoang céch gitta 1 nguyén tir C va mét nguyén tir C lang giéng gin nhat? Mai nguyén tir C duce bao quanh bai bao nhiéu nguyén tir C a khoding each 46? sae > => BH’= = =>Bi =>BI= =152A Nhu vay, khong cfich 2 C gin nhat fi 1,5 ges hinh v@ ta thay, nguyén tir C nim trong hdc tir dign cia 4 nguyén tir C kha j Rguyén tir C durge bao quanh bai 4 C vai khodng céch 1,52 A. Bai 12. ‘Mang ludi tinh the cia rt iu mang ludi tinh thé ciia NaCl. G 18°C, khdi lugng, riéng cua KCI bang 1,95 16 dai canh 6 mang co’s6 (xac dinh bang thye nghiém) 126,29082 A. Di i tri ca nguyén tir Khdi dé xe dinh sé Avogadro. Cho biét K = Tacé: BG ‘Trong m6t 6 mang co sé c6 s6 ion K* (hode CI} la: 8X1/8 + 61/2 =4 Nhu vay, trong mét 6 mang co sé c6 4 phan tir KCL Xét 1 mol tinh thé KCI, khi d6: Kh6i luong KCI fa: 39,098 + 35,453 = 74,551 (g) ‘The tich tinh thé KCI 1a: 74,551 : 1,9893 = 37,476 (cm*) 29082.10°)' = 2,4896.107 (em’) Chuyén dé DHBB 2015 Tinh thé Trang 25/54 ‘Thé tich mét 6 mang co s6 a:37,476 : (2,4896.10) = 1,5053.10 => Séphin tir KCl c6 trong 1 mol tinh thé KCI la: 1,5053.10°%4 = 6,0212.10 Do dé, s6 Avogadro theo két qua thuc nghiém trén 1a 6,0212.10° DANG 3: MOI QUAN HE GIA CAC DAL LUQNG DAC TRUNG CUA TINH THE * Tinh bin kinh nguyen ti, bin kinh ion \y Bai 13 (Dé thi HQG 2008), y Silic ¢6 céu tre tinh thé giéng kim cuong. cS 1. Tinh ban kinh ciia nguyén tir silic. Cho khdi lugng riéng ca sific 2,33g.cm"; khdi lugng mol nguyén tir cia Si bing 28,1g.mol", 2. So sdnh bén kinh nguyén tir cia silie véi cacbon (r-=0. Huing dn gid 1. Trong céu tric kiéu kim cuong (Hinh bén) d6 dai ciia lign két C-C bing 1/8 dé dai dud a = Sédmangco sila bao don vi (unit cell) Mit khée, d= aV 3, véi a 1a d6 dai et 0. Goi p 12 khdi luong rigng cua Si. Tir nhiing dit kign cia dau ae nM 8.281 4 . ra NV = 6,02. 3 suy ra: a= [8, whe an om=5,43.10% em. d hk :8= 1.17.10" em =0,117om ts Ne > tc= 0,077 nm. Két qua nay hoan toan phir hop voi su bién doi 6 ban kit cée nguyén t6 trong bang he thong twin hoan, Bai i ban kinh nguyén tir gin diing ctia Ca 6 20°C, bidt tai nhigt d6 d6 khdi luong ia Ca bing 1,55 g/em’, Gia thiét trong tinh thé cde nguyén tir Ca c6 hinh cdu, c6 d6 x hit 1a 74%. ing dan gidi Thé tch cia | mol Ca = = = 25,858 em’, mét mol Ca chta Ns = 6,02 x10" nguyén tir Ca Orr nr Del Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 26/54858x0,74 Theo do dac khit, thé tich cita 1 nguyén tir Ca = =3,18x10- cm? THV= xm 3 => Ban kinh nguyén tirCa = r= & = [PER «965 x10%cm Ny Bai 13, es ‘Tinh bén kinh nguyén tr gin diing ca Fe & 20°C, biét tai nhiét dd ues riéng cia Fe bing 7,87 gicm’. Gi thiét trong tinh thé cde nguyén tt Fe < 6 a6 dic khit 1a 68%. Cho nguyén tir khOi ciia Fe = 55,85 X sett « 55,85 Thé tich ciia 1 mol Fe = —~— 097 em? 787 sm ‘mét mol Fe chira Na = 6.02 X10” nguyén tir Bai 16. Phan tir CuCl ket t wang lap phurong tim dign ging mang tinh thé NaCl Hay biéu dién mg ‘1 cia CuCl. Xée dinh bin kinh ion Cur. = 184A ;Cu=635;C1=355 * Vi CuCl két tinh duéi dang lap phuong kiéu giéng NaCl nén Ting ion Cl- Cra ih + Cr 66 mat 8x2 + 6x3 ion cr Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 27/54Tong ion Cu* = Cu’ 6 gitta 12 canh = 12x1/4=4 ion Cut S6 phan tir CuCl trong 1 6 mang co s6=4 V pin tp pbuong= @° (218 canh hinh lip phuong) Mj pain we cack Moucr / 6,023.10 biét Meyoi= 63,5435,5 = 99(gam) => Dz (4x99)/ (6,023x10"*xa") thay s6 vio => a=5,4171 A \y Ma a= 2teus+ 2c => tows = 0,86855 A ve * Tinh khOi lwgng riéng cita mang tinh thé Sy Bail’. ang (Cu) tinh thé co dang tinh thé lp phuong tim dign. Tint Son cia Cu theo g/cm’ biét Me.=64. Hing din gidi: QO Theo hinh vé ta thay: | mat cita khdi lap phuon; i a= A as0 a O S6 nguyén tir Cu trong mot té bao co’ AC zay2=40, x : +6x = 4 (nguyén ti) SS o cC Bai 18. 8 0: (Fea) két tinh trong mang lip phuong tim khdi, nguyén tit e6 ban kinh nti Khdi ciia Fe theo g/em?, Cho Fe = 56. - si 9 @Mlang té bao co sé cia Fe (hinh ve) Theo hinh vé, s6 nguyén tir Fe 1a m 4x4 3,96 gfem3, ~ Oi din ip phoong = 832 = 1 ~ O tm lip phuong = 1 Vay tng sé nguyén tir Fe chita trong té bao so ding = 1 + 1 = 2 (nguyén ti) Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 28/54Khéi luong riéng: 1 mol Fe = 56 gam + ThE tich ciia 1 18 bio co sé =a chira 2 nguyén tir Fe + 1 mol Fe c6 Na = 6,02 x10 nguyén tir may 56 _ V ~"6,02x10"x2,85x10")* Germani (Ge) két tinh theo kiéu kim cuong (nhu hinh dui) véi théng sé ay .95 (g/em*) Khdi luong rigng d= Bai 19, 566 pm 1. Cho biét edu née mang tinh thé ca Germani 2. Xie dinh bin kinh nguyén tit, 46 dic khit ca 6 mang va kh6i lu ms Sermani, (Me.=72.64) x Hucing dan gidi Cau tric mang Ge: cau ing lap phuong tam dign, Ngoai ra cé thém cic .dién, vi trf so le voi nhau. B= 8.18 + 6.1/2 +4=8 nguyén tir Ge di vao mét ntta %% $6 nguyén tivion KL trox Dudng chéo O man; ay3 = 8 r=122,54pm aa 3 7 a Ve 2M 872,64 Giese BO dic,p= = 0.34% =5,32(g/cm') wong riéng d yy ~ 6,023.10" (566.10) Bai 20. ‘Mudi LiCl két tinh theo mang tinh thé lap phurong tam dién. © mang co sé c6 d6 dai méi canh 1a 0,514nm. Gia thiét ion Li* nho dén mite c6 thé xay ra sy tiép xtic anion - anion va ion Li* duge xép khit vao khe gitta céc ion CI. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 29/541. Hay vé hinh m6t 0 mang co sé LiCl. 2. Tinh dé dai ban kinh cia mdi ion Li*, CF trong mang tinh the? 3. Xée dinh khdi luong riéng ciia tinh thé LiCl. Biét Li = 6,94; Cl = 35,45. Huebng dn gi: 1. V8 6 mang 2. Vied sy tiép xtic anion ~ anion nén (2, =1,82.10°(m) av Viion Li’ duge xép khit vo khe gita ede anion CI nén ( 2H, tH )=a> N= ists .53.10°""(m) «& 3. Moi 6 mang tinh thé chia 4 phan tir LiCl nén ta cé: & D, m_ 4,(6,94+35,45) . QO = 2, 0748 / V 6,02.107(5,14.10°)° UIA Le) ar, tén nguyén t6 kim loai Bai 21. (Bé thi chon HS HSG QT 2006) Kim logi M téc dung véi hidro cho bi feet = 1, 2...). 1,000 gam MH, phin img voi nude 6 niet d6 25°C va dp suit cho 3,134 lit hidro, a) Xéc dinh kim loai M. b) Viét phuong tinh cia phan th thanh MH, va phan img phan huy MH, trong nue. wwOng tim mat. Tinh khoi lugng riéng cita MHy. inion Tan Iuot bang 0,68A va 1,36 A. cc) MH, ket tinh theo mar Ban kinh oii — MOH), + x PS.10° Nm 3,134.10" m* 314 m.K mol” x298,15K =O.12S8nel 125% = —> M= ro M (MH) M(M) (™) 1 7,949 g.mol™ 6,941 g.mol™ Liti 2 15,898 g.mol 13,882 mol 3 23,847 g.mol™ 20,823 g.mol™ 4 31,796 g:mol™ 27,764 g.mol" SS Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 30/54a) Kim loai M Ba Liti b) Wi + Hy 2LiH — LiH + H;0 —» LiOH + Hy c) LiH két tinh theo mang lp phuong tim mat tong tu nhu kiéu mang tinh thé NaCl, 6 mang lip phuong tam mat cia Li* léng vo 6 mang lap phuong tim mat cua H’ voi sur dich chuyén a/2, 0,68 Do “= 98 9,550,414 néna=2 1%" +10") ty 136 ( SM yy 9M fats exact) & r 4x7,95g.mol —=0.78 6,022.10" mot x{2(0,68+1,36).10° | em? Bai 22, Kim loai M két tinh theo cdu tric mang tinl p Phuong tim dign véi ban kinh nguyén tir R=143 pm, c6 khoi lugng riéng D=Q,7, ‘éc dinh tén kim loai M. Hhuctng din gidi: S6 nguyén tir M trong mét 6, man} Nebxt + ox = 4 (nguyén tit) Goi ala d6 dai canh cay 0's6. Khoang cdch ngin nhdt gita cde nguyén tir fa trén dudmg chéo cita mat ey AC =ay2 =n => e143 (04 pm. ‘Thay =f i 219 Kim loai M két tinh theo cau tric mang tinh ‘im khdi voi bai Cys tR=1,24 A°, c6 khoi Luong rigng D=7,95 g/ em’, Xe dinh tén kim loai M. g déin gidi S6 nguyén tir M trong mét 6 co so mang N=8x: ; + 1= 24 (nguyén tir) Goi a la d6 dai canh ctia 6 mang cir s6. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 31/54Khodng céch ngin nbit gitta cdc nguyén tr 1a trén dong chéo cia hinh lép phuwong nén AD=ay2 AC=ay3 =4na => a=4R/V3 = MaD= a (2:41)(6,023 x10? a?) Thay D=7,95; a= 2,864 4° 4 a0 My => Mz 26,79 g/mol. y Véy M lakkim logi Fe AS Bai 23. ‘Mot nguyén t6 A 6 ban kinh nguyén ti R= 136 pm va ft theo cau tric lap phuong tam dign, ty khdi d= 22.4. Xéc dinh A. ) Kim loai X dugc tim thay vao nf Ten ciia n6 cé ngun goc tieng Bite 1a ““kobold” ¢6 nghia 1a “inh hén o ‘mu kim loai X duge ngim trong nude cin ig khdi uong mau kim loai vo CCL, chi ning ning 13,315g, trong Kkhi dé dem 12,331g. Biét khéi Iuongeti ‘Clk fh 1.5842 glem*.DE xée dinh nguyén t6 X thi sutron. Phuong phap nhiéu xa nay chi dae trumg cho cau ngudi ta phai dung dén a tric lip phurong tim Wiat (fcc) va do duoc thong sé mang a= 353,02pm. Hsing din il im mét vat hodn vao trong mét chat long thi né sé cé kh6i Iuong biéu kiéngi nd ng yu Tue diy Acsimet. Néu coi kim loai X e6 khéi lwong m va thé tich V thi ta a Reo i Cy 6 mang fee gom 4 nguyén tir e6: =15,000g = 1,685em' m=deoV ee = = dy =8.90g/em* 13,315=m-=1,00007 7dr =890s/em m=dioV Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 32/543 6.02102 mar! §,02.10" (mol) _ 58,93(¢. mol”) Vay Xa Co. Bai 25, Kim logi X t6n tai trong tu nhién durfi dang khodng vat silicat va oxit. Oxit ci y 6 cau triic lap phutong véi hang s6 mang a = $07nm, trong dé cac ion kim ee mét mang lap phuong tim dién, cdn cde ion O” chiém tit cd cde 18 wor ign. Khi luong rigng ctia oxit bing 6,27 g/cm’ 1. Vé cau tnic té bao don vi cia mang tinh thé cia oxit. 2. Xée dinh thinh phan hop thite ca oxit va s6 oxi hod ctia oRit. Cho biét cong thite hod hoc cui silicat tuong tg (gid thiét X,(Si0,),). 3, Xéc dinh khoi lugng nguyén tir cia X va goi én ~ 1. Cu tnt eta té bio don vi: xs ‘Mang tinh thé ion: ion M™ (#) ion O* ~\ 2, Trong 1 té bao a loai X va 8 ion O* nén thinh phn hop thie cla oxit 1X0, -Tircong i sily ra s6 oxi hod cia X bang 4. = Céng thu he a silicat: XSiO,. 3. Dat d BaghOisluong riéng ciia oxit XOs, ta c6: 4(MK1+2MO) (AV NE M(X) = 44 (4.N(A).a° ~ 32 = 91,22. Nguyén 16 X 1a Ziconi (Zr) : TINH NANG LUONG CUA TINH THE, TINH CHAT CUA TINH THE 26, Giai thich tai sao? a, SiOp chat ran, nhiét d6 néng chay 1700°C. b. CO> riin (nude dé kh6) dé thing hoa, nhiét db néng chay -56°C (ding tao moi truong Janh va kh). ¢. H;O ran (aude da) dé chay nude, nhiét d6 néng chay 0°C. Ora Den rl Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 33/54Huing dan gigi a) SiO) c6 cau tric mang tinh thé nguyén tir, mdi nguyén tir ién ket CHT vai 4 nguyén tir Oxi, tao nén hinh tir dign = tinh thé Si bén c6 t'y. cao. b) CO, (£) ¢6 cau tric mang tinh thé phén tit, wong tée gitta cée phn tir CO» 1a lye Vandervan, mc khée phiin tir CO; phan ti khong phiin cue, nén tuong tée may rit yeu — tinh thé CO, khdng ben c6 t°,. rat thip c) HO (r) c6 céu tric mang tinh the phan tir, tuong téc gitta cdc phan tir H: Vandervan, mie khée phan tir H:O phin tir phan cue va gitta ede phan tit H, nén tuong tie may lon hon tuong téc trong tinh thé CO) > ty. m ude da kho. Bai 27. ‘Tinh ning yong mang ludi tinh thé ion BaCl, tir efe da Nhiét tao thanh tiéu chun BaCls tinh thé: -205,6 keal.mol Nhigt thing hoa ciia Ba (rn): + 46,0 keal.mol” QO ighim sau day: Nang luong lién két ciia Cly: + 57,0 keal.mol” Ai luc electron ciia Cl: - 87,0 keal.mol" Nang lugng ion héa lan thir nhat cia Ba: al.mol" ‘Nang luong ion héa in thir hai cia By: + 2300 keal. mol Haring dén gidi Ap dung Chu tinh Bom- Hate {nh Hiroe nang lugng mang lai BaCh, Balr) + cnt) ABH, pacutn a AHth Ek Balk) 2¢I (k) ial po 2a \ Ba*(k) + 2Cl-{k) “AHt- (AHht+ 1) +1; +E, +2...) -205,6 - (46 + 119,8 + 230.0 + 57 +2.(-87)) = - 484.4 (kcal.mol") Q DANG 5: BAI TAP TONG HOP VE TINH THE. Bai 28, (Bé thi HSG QG 2009) Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 34/541. Phan loai cde chat sau day theo ban chat ca Iue tuong tac gitta cae don vi edu tric trong ‘mang tinh thé cita ching: Cu, kim cuong, MgO, CsH, 25, Is, Pb, BN, NaH. 2, Mau trong co thé ngudi cé mau do vi chira hemoglobin (chat van chuyén oxi chita sit), Mau cia mét so déng vét nhuyén thé khéng od mau d6 ma e6 mau khde vi clita mt kim loai khic (X). TE bao don vi (6 mang co sd) lap phuong tim dién ciia tinh thé X (hinh bén), c6 canh bing 3,62.10° cm. Khdi luong riéng cia nguyén t6 nay 1a 8920 kg/m’. chiém boi cae nguyén ti. b. Xéc dinh nguyén t6 X. Hung dan gid & 1, Tuong tac kim loai - kim loai: Cu, Pb. QO - Tuong téc tinh dign gitta cdc ion tich dién trai dau: MgO, NaH. - Tuong tée bing lye lién két c6ng hod tri: kim c ~ Tuong téc bing lye gitta ede phan th: CgH):O sad 2a. Trong | té bao don vj cua tinh the X (1 ivong tim dién) c6 4 don vj cau tric, do d6 thé tich bi chiém boi 4 nguyén tt 2o4x(4/3) a0 a ‘Mat khac, trong 1@ bao < thy dién, bin kinh r cia nguyén tr X Hién quan voi dé dai a ca canh té bio ut: 4r=av2 hay r= v2 @ 4 ‘Thay (2) vaio (1) py tinh duge: Var = 3.48.10 em* Thé tich cia bio: 3,62.10°)* = 4,70.10° (em’) thé tich ciia té bao bi chiém béi cde nguyén ti Ia: Vg) x 100% = (3.48.10 : 4,70.107°) x 100% = 74% b. Th p= “ep agorx6.02 10 A = 63,1 (gimol) n Pe 18 X 1a dng (Cu), Bai 29. 9 Cacbon dioxit CO; va dinite oxit NO két tinh theo cing cau tric lap phuong voi cée thing sé tuomg img ciia mang Ia 557 va 565 pm. Dudi dp suat | bar, Nz néng chay & 182 K vA CO) 6 216K. 1) Tinh sé mat ma 6 mang eo bin cua ching. 2) Xéc dinh khoi lugng thé tich ciia hai hop chat nay 6 trang thai ran. 3) Ban kinh cng héa tri ciia cacbon, nito va oxi tuong tmg la 77, 75 va 73 pm. Chuyén dé DHBB 2015 Tinh thé Trang 35/54a) Tinh ty 1é Khong gian cua 6 mang bi chiém boi tip hop cée nguyén tir gid thiét c6 hinh clu. b) Giai thich sy sai khéc vé nhiét d6 néng chay cia hai chat rn. Hing dén gidi: Hz=4 1,69.10°kgn™ yy VoiN.O:p= a2 =1,62.10° kan. O Z. aera «& + + =0,120 3) a) Vai COz : C= E 2) Vai CO, Zi a fp 4 eR sian] 3 Voi N,0: Cs +=, = 0,115 a . b) Tuong tée gitta ee phn wr NO yéu yeu nén N20 e6 nbiét 46 néng chay thap hon, Bai 30, Titan dioxit (TiO,) duge sie rOn rli wong céc loai kem chng ning boi kh in dioxit c6 céu tric tinh the hé bon phuong (hinh hinh bén. nang chong lai tia UV c6 hai cho hop dimg déy vudng), CS ion O* duge phan bé trong mét 6 mang co sé nhur va cho biét s6 phdi tf cia ion O” va cita ion Ti*. b, Xéc din khéi luong rigng (g/cm’) cita TiO). ¢. Biét géc lién két trong TiO; 1a 90°. ‘Tim d6 dai lién ket Ti-O. Orne 7 ry Den l Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 36/54Hing dan gidi a. $6 ion O trong mot 6 mang = 4.1/2 + 2.1 =4 S6 ion Ti* trong mét 6 mang = 8.1/8 + 1.1=2 S6 ion O bao quanh ion Ti** 1a 6 => s6 phOi tri cua Ti* 1a 6. 6 ion Ti** bao quanh ion O* la 3 => s6 phdi tri cua O 1a 3. b. Thé tich 6 mang co sis =2,96.10°. 2,96.10°.4,59.10° = 4,022.10 cm* yy Kh6i luong rigng, € p= 24788 + 418955 mal ~ 2 c. Jon Ti"* fa tam ciia bat dién déu tao béi 6 ion O”. & 6 dai lign két Ti-O lax => 2 Bai 31. ‘Mu6i florua ciia kim loai a lap phuong véi hang so mang a = 0,62 nm, trong d6 cfc ion kim loai (R") ie vi tri mit mang cia hinh Kip phuong tim dign, cin céc ion florua (F*) chigm Yat ca\gic hoc tir dign, Khoi lugng riéng cia mudi florua ki bio Yn Vi (6 mang co s6) cia mang tinh thé florua? 2,96)\ =3 ig thire phan tir tong quét cla mudi? Jogi R? Cho Ny = 6,023.10"; Mp= 19 g/mol. ‘Trong mt 6 mang: Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 37/54- Sb ion R™: Sxl 6x4 4 - Soion F: 8x1 =8 => De dim bao vé mat trung hoa dign tich thi: 4xn = 8x1 > n=2 = ion kim loai la R* Vay trong 1 6 mang co si ¢6 4 phiin ti oxit ¢6 dang RE: Khai luong riéng florua tinh theo céng thite: wy 6. 102 Dxa°x6,023.10" _ 4,89%(0,620.107)x6,023.1 4 4 =>M, =175,48-19x2=137,48 (g/mol) Vay kim loai R 1a bari. Ss Muéi florua la BaF. QO 32. Ban kinh ion cia Ba" va O° Ta 3°43 pm va 140 pm. Gia sit khi tao thank, tinh thé, kh6ng ¢6 su bién di bain ki => Mp = Bai cde 1. BaO 6 mang tinh thé kiéu iy tinh khOi luong rigng ciia BuO (g/em’) theo lf thuyét. Cho nguyén tir khdi 137,327 va cia oxi fa 15,999, 2, BaO> ciing c6 mang tinh thé twong ty BaO nhung mot canh cia 6 lép phuong bi kéo dai Nas . so vi 2 canh edn lai. Hay vé mt 6 mang co sé eiia BaOn va tinh gn dling bain kinh cua moi nguyén tie oxi woe ion 02 biét rng 46 dai lién két O-O trong Os" 1a 149 pm va khoi luong viéng ca BaQz thuc té 1a 5,68 gicm’, Hung dn gidi wate mang gidng véi tinh thé NaCl, tic Ia 2.6 mang Kip phuong tam dign cia va? a Ba’ long vio nhau — c6 4 phan tir BaO trong mét té bao co 86. 2 fe tich cia m6 té bao co sé: ? = (2x134.10"4 2x140.10"°) = 1,64567.10 (em), 137,327 + 15,999 6,023. Khdi Iuong cia mét phin tir BaO: m = .54567.10°%g). Nhu vay, kh6i lugng riéng cia tinh thé BaO la : 4 * = 6,1875( g.cm'). (Thue nghiém la 5.72 elem’) 's Orr nr Deel Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 38/542, Mot cam ctia khéi lap phuong bi kéo dai + do céu tao 03” 06 dang so 8. Vi chi mot canh bj kéo dai so véi 2 canh cin lai — cic ion Os* dinh hug song song véi nhau. ‘Trong mdi 6 co sé 06 4 phan tit BaOz = the tich cua mdi 6: =4m/D 0 Véim= 137, BUND 813.1022, 6,023.11 > V= 1,9798.107 (cm’) = 197979342 (pm*) QO 2x34 + 2a)%( 2x134 + 2a4149) = 197979342 (134 + a)'(134 + a+74,5) = 24747418 (134 +a)'+ (1344 ay 74,5 - 24747418 =0 a= 268,6-134 = 135 pm Bai 33. Niken (II) oxit c6 cau wed oe mang tinh thé natri clorua, Cac ion O tao thanh mang lap phuong tam gt, gc hc bat dign c6 cde ion Ni*. Khoi lugng riéng cua Niken (11) oxit 8 6,67 gi Niken (I) oxit tic dung véi Liti oxit va oxi thi duoe cc tinh thé tring c6, oe. 140: x . ExbNio + 0) > LisNii0 4 r ay 2 dujtri@upafig tinh thé cua Li,? lwoc thay thé bing céc ion Liti va mét sb ion Ni* bi oxi héa dé dim bio 1.0 gidng cau tric mang tinh thé ciia NiO, hung tiffeadyng hoa dign eta phan tt. Khdi luong rigng cia tinh thé LigNi,«O 1a 6,21 glen? Ninh x (chap nhan thé tich ciia 6 mang co sé khong thay d6i khi chuyén tir NiO i,Nis.0). Cho N= 6,023.10" mol; Ni = 58,71; Li= 945 =16 Hung din gia Trong mot tinh thé, su sap xép ca cdc anion va céc cation theo cau tric mang lap phuong tim mit, Cée cation va anion nim xen ké nau, MOt 6 mang co sir chita 4 cation va 4 anion. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 39/544x([6,94x + (1— x) 58,714 16] S 6,023.10" x(4,206.10°) Bai 34. (Dé thi chon d6i tuyén quéc té 2013) ( Hien tung cdc ion khich xm nhap vio mang ludi tinh thé chit au hoc trong trong mang ludi tinh thé chi xay ra kha phd bién, Qué ti cham va 6 nhiét d6 cao. Tuy nhién, qué tinh xim nhdp cia eat thé ReOs lai dic biét boi chiing xay ra khé nhanh ngay 6 nhii jong. Trong tinh the Vay: 6.21= x=0,1 ReOs, mdi nguyén tir Re duoc bao quanh boi 6 nguyén,tir bi tao nen nhimg bat dién déu gidng nhau. Biét ring tinh thé ReOs thudc hé lap pl ‘dai mdi canh 1a 0,374 nm) trong 46 nguyén tit Re chiém cdc vi tf dinh cia big 1. Hay chimg minh rang, nguyén tir oxi chi ita 6 mang va vé mét 6 mang co sé6 cia Ei 2. Giti sit tinh thé ReOs e6 ban chat idp. Cho a) Tinh ban kinh cia ion Re™. ) Cation khéich e6 kich tinh thé ReOs khong Fam ley) i kich thuée ciia 6 mang tinh thé ? (bé qua moi tuomg tie gia ion nay va tinh R&ReO). iét ban kinh ciia ion O* 14 0,126 nm. at bing bao nhiéu dé khi xim nhap vio mang ludi inh vé ciia mét 6 mang co sit ReOs ~ Do sé phi trf eta Re =6 va ti Ie Re:O = 1:3 nén sé phdi tri eta O = 6/3 = 2. - Nhu vay mét O phdi tri véi 2 Re, va cach déu hai Re vi céc nguyén tir Re 1a tuong duong. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé ‘Trang 40/54~ Gi sit nguyén tir O1 (khong niim trén canh a) phdi trf voi 2 Re thudc canh a thi trong 6 mang phia trén (hoc phia dudi) ciing sé c6 nguyén tir O1” tuong duong véi Ol cing phoi tii voi nguyén tir Re chung nay. Géc lién két O1ReO!” # 180 0, va #90 0 (= 900 thi OL phai 6 tim ela hinh lip phuong, SPT = 8) nhu vay khong tha man digu kién phdi uf bét dign déu cia Re. Vay O1 phai nam tén canh a. Va duong nhién phai nm & trung diém vi 1né cach déu hai Re @ hai dinh, Két lun: Cac nguyén tir O nim 6 trung diém cla méi canh. Kiém tra ti gy trong mét 6 mang = (8.1/8): (12.144) =1:3 Cy 2. Tinh ban kin Re, ti am Dr oo + Wp == 0,374 nm vay ra.4 = (0,374 ~2.0,126)/2 BON ‘Tinh ban kinh eye dai cia ion lg: Jon la xm nhdp s@ chiém vi tf trung tam cua 6 mang Ay vay khoaing ech ti 1374 / 1,41= 0,265 nm, tim dén trung diém moi canh tuong ting bing F,.. + tion vay ban kinh cue dai cita ion la = 0,265 - 0,126 = y Bai 38. Bac, bin kfnh nguyén tir R= 144pmetinh dang 6 mang efe. Tay theo kich thuréie ma cac nguyén tit la E 66 the di vao, tron, bac tao ra mét dung dich ran c6 tén goi Khdc nbau : dung dich rin xen 1g cach chiém cdc 16 xen ké), hodc dung dich rin thay thé (bing céch thay thé én ir bac) 1) Tinh khoi long thé ti 2) Xée dinh s6 phoi tri 3) Xen ke Gti é. a) Cho biet, sO mat cia moi chat chira trong mot 6 mang. cye dai 1; ctia mét nguyén tir la E hinh cau nam trong mang & méi kiéu{]6 ma RhOng lam bién dang mang. bin kinh nguyen ti R’ = 147pm, tao dung dich rin a véi bac Bi ra ban chat cita dung dich a nay. 9 iu thi cdu tric héa hoc cita a theo phin mol x cua vang 5) Mot hop kim bae-vang tuong Ung voi mot than phiin dic biét cua dung dich rin a dic trumg béi phan khdi lugng vang w = 0,1. a) Tinh gid tricia x b) Xéc dinh khdi Luong thé tich cia hop kim nay (Theo ENSIETA, Ban Vat ly,1992) Orr nr Den Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 41/54Hung déin gii: 1) So do 6 mang cfe S6 nguyén tir bac trong mét 6 mang : Z=(.3)+@5)=4 Voi nhing nguyén tir tiep xtc trén dudng chéo cita mat thi thdng s gg= 2RV2 = 2.144V2 = 407pm Khoi Iuong thé tich = cise - 110810" 1.06.10 kgm @AgNa (407.10-22)°.6,02.1023 2) S86 phoi trf xc dinh theo kiéu ... ABCABC...: Ag/Ag=[12] 3) D6 compac : aes 50, 3.a) Cac 16 O vai s6 phoi tri 6 chiém tim 6 mang ) ede canh No= (1.1) +(12.5 Cée 16 T véi sé phéi tri 4 nim 6 phéin %. b) Dé mang khéng bi bien ky) thude cuc dai (r.) ciia mét nguyén tir E 06 kha ming xen ké vao m6t 16 c6baa By: eee Cane => te SR(v2- 1) =59,6pm a 4 duimg chéo chinh : Ny = (8.1) = 8 = + lott ER Sagy => tis R(fE-1)=324pm 4.a) Digu Hén R 9pf, cam moi xen ké ving vao mang F cia bac. Dung dich ran tuong ting voi gr the tirbac bing vang. Vay né la dung dich rin kiéu thay thé. ig trinh cfin hing cia phéin img thé : Yeo AuAgis +xAg y Phan khoi lugng c6 dang : map 2Myy That Mag, Mag® (L)Mag, 19744 108(1 Chi thich : Voi w = 0.1 thi x = 0,057 b) Voi thanh phain & tn Aug o57A8o 043 ¢ a0 Khoi luong mol la: Mx = XMay + (I-x)Mag = 108 + 89x 13g.mol! Orme Tory Tannen rl Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 42/54‘Thong s6 6 man; 407 + 8,5x = 408 pm. ‘Tir d6 khoi lurgng thé tich py 1a: 2M sarna03 SEN, (oad0-=)-S60210" .11.10* kgm? Ps Bai 36. Jotdua kali va thali c6 eée cdu nic Kap phuong, trong d6 s6 phéi tr ciia ede ion Nv va TI" (ban kinh tuomg img la 1333 va 147pm) la 6 va 8 dBi voi cing mot thu thé, 1) Xéc dinh va m6 ta cdc kigu edu trie ca cdc iondua trén © 2) Tinh gid ti gn diing ban kinh ion I” tong iodua ka li (ayi = 706 A ya ‘mang céc anion ¢6 18 compae hay khong. X 3) Xie dinh gid tri gin ding cia thong s6 anycua iodua thali 4) Khao sét bing tinh thé hoc phéng xa eéc don tinh thé i a) biét khoang céch ‘mang ludi tuong ting vei mat phing nguyén tir chia doi cia 6 mang la 297pm. ‘Tinh gid tri chinh xéc cia théng s6 an. 5) Tinh khdi luong thé tich va d6 compac ei Huwéng dan gigi 1) Cau tric két tinh ede halogen ki éu CsCl hay kigu NaCl. $6 phoi tri cation M*/M" 1a 6 as Ta 12 trong NaCl va sé phoi tri M'/X" a 8 trong CSCI va 6 trong NaCl. Do, daca gia) da cho 12 6 va 8 1a cua trumg hop KA va TH, Tir dé cau tric kiéu CsCl e ‘yj cau tric kiéu NaCI cho KI. 2.a) Trong KI, cdg.ioh Wigp xtc trén cdc canh : a ag = amg tid: I R(K" ~ 133 = 220 pm ing sO Iy thuyét cia m6t mang F c6: a, = 2 R(T)V2 = 2.220V2 = 622 pm ‘ar agi, cde ion I tao ra m6t mang lip phuong tim mat khéng compac. 3) Céc ion TI" va I tiép xite én dudmg chéo chinh cia hinh kip phuong amu =, (ROT) + Ry] =, (147 + 220) = 424 pm 2 4. a) Khoang cach mang ludi la khong cach gia géc vi mat phing DEFG Chuyén dé DHBB 2015 - Tinh théKhong cdch mang Ia: d=a2 2 Ti dé :a=d. V2 = 297, V2 = 297. V2 = 420 pm 5.a) Voi KI Dé compac : \y 4CEReK+)! +27RO-)? em 133% +207 = AERO HERO" ost Khéi long thé tich : ~ . P= Ea” TossoT 5ong97 110 ke & b) Voi TI = D6 compac : 2 Cy = BESRMS RO _ =e) & ZMyy 1 _ __4[30,14127]10°° ca ae . Khoi long thé tich : xs pm =Bi sa = 2Mg 1 {204 +127).10-? 3 2M 204 +127) em? ak (420.10-17)* 6,02 10% Bai 37. S Dui 184°C clorua anfbgi NH,CI két tinh theo cau triic kigu CsCl, thong s6 a = 387 +i Oo 1) Tinh khdi Itong thé tich nay. 2) Xac dinl mia NH; , gia thiét 1a c6 dang cau, biet ring ion CT cé s6 phoi tri 7 pm. ic clia amoni clorua, a Y BM inet 155.10 git) @ 2)r=R(NH;) =a.93/2 -R= 148 pm. aR) 3)c=3____ =0,708 a Orr Ir 7 Den Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 44/54Bai 38, Cae oxit magie va coban (MgO va CoO) co céu tric tinh thé ion, 6 mang c6 doi ximng lap phuong, 1) Xac dinh va mé ta tom tat kieu cau true cia ching biét ring sO phoi tri cua cdc ion Mg* va Co” déu bing 6, 2) Thing s6 6 mang cit oxit magie ka a; = 420 pm. Tinh gid tri gin ding cia ban Ki Ny oxit O* , biét ban kinh ion ciia Mg” xp xi 70 pm. Suy ra mang anion 1a cor khong. 3) Du doan gid tri gin ding cia théng sé a2 cia 6 mang tinh thé oxit copy Sha kinh ion Co™ 1a 78 pm. Hueéng dn gidi ¥ 1) MgO va CoO déu c6 ciu tric gém hai mang Kip phuong ing vao nhau nén ‘mdi 6 mang co sé c6 4 mat MO. 2)R(O”) = 1/2.a; - R(Mg™) = 140 pm. Mang ion oxit compac néu: a, = 2R(O™)/2 = Vi a, >a, => mang khéng compae 2IR(Co™ + R(O”) 436 pm, 6 mang ciia m6t hop'epat Top chia cée ion kali, niken va florua néu 6 hinh bén Cu tnie duve dae ty Abie, 41) Tinh nhting ion og m3 trong 6 mang nay va kiém tra tinh trung hoa din cia n6. ~ 2) Tu d6 si & ire héa hoc cla hop chat K,NiyF, va s6 mat ciia 6 mang. nm Ni** va K* theo hudng of céch t6i thigu (phan ech theo hung Or) Y ia 4c vi rica K* va Nia gitta hai ion F” . b) Tird6 suy ra gid tithing s6 c cia 6 mang. 4) Trong nhiing mat phing vudng géc véi Oz, ede ion F~ chi tiép xtic véi céc ion Ni. a) Xéc dinh cfc thong s6.a va b ciia 6 mang . Chuyén dé DHBB 2015 - Tinh théb) Dya vao hing 6 mang hay chi rd kiéu hé trong d6 két tinh hop chit K,Ni,O, va kiu ciia mang chia ede ion Ni?*. 5) Xée dinh khoi lung thé tich cia hop chat nay. Ban kinh ion (theo pm): F7: 136; K*: 133; Ni*: 69 ‘Huwdns dan siai. 2(8.1/8)+(1.1)=2 K*:(8.1/4)42.D=4 1d F°:(16.1/4)+(4.12)+2.)=8>) =8 2)2 mit : K)NiF, & 3a) dxai= R(NT")+R(K)+2R(F) QO =474pm dep= 2R(F-)+2R(Ni*) =410 pm Ss b) c= 2dkai + dex= 1358pm xs 4)a)a=b= 2R(Ni")+2R(F-)=410pr ) Hé bn phuong: kiéu 1 © 5)p= Bai 40, Diigro k én ligu hao hang ding cho tén lita vi tru. Thudng tich tr n6 dudi dang 1g nhigu vat ligu khiée nhau (kim loai, hop kim), 1) Bain; tiép cla hidro, zirconi tao ra ZrH, . trong dé kim loai chiém moi nuit rman§ lip phitong tam mat theo bin kinh R= 160 pm cita zireini, cfc bn kinh ro va rt cla qua cdu cue dai 9 "c6 thé thim nhdp vaio céc 16 bat dién O va tr dién T cla mang ma khéng lam bién ng. ) Ban kinh gén cho nguyén tr hidro 1a r = 37 pm. Suy ra kiéu 18 wong thich voi swt lap day. c) Trong thuc té cdc nguyén tir hidro nam trong moi 16 kiéu khdc, hiy kip céng thire nguyén cia hidrua va néu mét vi du vé tinh the ion dang cau tric. Orie 7 ry Den Chuy6n d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 46/542) Hop kim cia titan va sit thanh phan TiFe 1a hop chat ma cde nguyén ti titan chiém cée 18 mang lip phuong don gian ciia sit, théng s6 @ = 298 pm. a) Néu ra hgp chat ion kiéu tuong img cau tric may. b) Trong hgp chat TiFe, céc nguyén tir hidro chiém moi 16 tao ra tir bon nguyén tir titan va hai nguyén tir sit (vem hinh vé) Xée dinh hinh hoc eit m@t 16 nu. vay. Xdc din! thy cua hidrua thu duge khi bio hoa cdc 18 nay. 3) Kha nang trit hidro cia mét vat ligu Mppiéwyp bang dung luong thé tich hap phy Cys ( ‘M;) duoc dinh nghia 1a ty sb mac 'bj hip phu wén thé tich don vi cia vat liu nguyén chat. ciia 6 mang va theo long hidro n, bi hap phy. a) Bieu thi Cyy (M;) th b) So sanh dung lugng the phu ly thuyét cia hai vat ligu xét 6 muc 1 va2 eu ciia vat ligu ran can dé tao ra cling lugng hidro ma binh chira 16a'Y6ng. Két lan. mo R+r a2 => ry =66,2 pm. Jerr => r1=36 pm. ia ¢) Ld chiém tong thich duce du kién 1a 0. ) Ld chiém thyc té IT => 4 mit ZH, : cd nc kigu CaP. 2a) Cu unde ion kiéu CsCl. b) Ld bat dién O => sé 16 bing 3. Chuyén d8 DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé Trang 47/541 mit FeTiH. 3) Voi hidrua MH, c6 Z mat cho mdi 6 mang : Meat Mat Mia _ Zt Mi O.= =, fs vv Na V'Na b) Voi ZtHl : a2 1.008.107 4 = = 145 kg. Gy (160v5.107223 ™ 6,02,2022 em Véi FeTitly: Cy,=-— x SOOO (saa 6023088 ¢) Vat ligu tot : FeTiHs => thé tich can thiét : V = 3,68 m’. Véi 3g hidro cho méi mol (.M = 104,8 mol"), khdi Luong tuon, Ss m=245.10'°kg. ws Chuyén dé DHBB 2015 - Tinh thé = 190 kgm" yy eC Trang 48/54