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|| v || = [ a2 + b2 ]1/2 for v = <a,b> e.g. ||< 5,12 >|| = [ 5 2 + 12 2 ] 1/2 = [ 169 ] 1/2 = 13 Equivalent Vectors
Vectors with the same magnitude and direction
Scalar
A number ; from the Set of Real numbers
Equal Vectors
Equivalent vectors at the same location
Parallel Vectors
Vectors that have the same or opposite direction Cross Product = 0 because Sin 0 deg = 0 Vector b = Scalar x Vector a => b & a are parallel
Unit Vector
Vector with a magnitude = 1 [one] = v / || v || e.g. <3,4> ; It's unit vector = < 3,4 > / || < 3,4 > || = < 3,4 > / 5 = < 3 / 5 , 4 / 5 >
Orthogonal Vectors
Perpendicular Vectors Dot product = 0 because Cosine [ 90deg ] = 0
Resultant Vector
The vector which is the sum of the vectors involved Usually seen in Resultant Forces gravity problems or wind / water current influenced navigation problems
Specifying a vector
Cartesian Coordinates; < x , y y> e.g. < 3 , 4 > or 3 i + 4 j Polar Coordinates ; < length , angle > e.g. < 5 , / 4 >
Changing from Cartesian to Polar form; r = || <x,y> || = Arctan [ y / x ] VECTOR OPERATIONS Addition / Subtraction [Algebraic]
Add [ or subtract ] the x values and then the y values of the two vectors e.g. <2,5> + <3,1> = <5,6> <2,5> - <3,1> = < -1,4>
Multiplication .. Dot [ Scalar / Direct / Inner ] Product for u = <a,b> v = <c,d> e.g. <1,4> dot <2,3> = ( 1 x 2 ) + ( 4 x 3 ) = 14 2/ u . v = ||u|| ||v|| cos x x = angle between the vectors u & v T 3/ u . v = matrix multiplication of u x v uT is the transpose of vector u
Result is a scalar 1/ u . v = a c + b d a . b or a dot b
Cross
[ Vector / Skew ]
Product
uxv
Result is a vector perpendicular to both vectors a and b Geometric interpretation; = area of parallelogram formed by the two vectors u and v
1/ u x v = [ ||u|| ||v|| sin x ] n x = angle between the vectors u & v n is a unit vector perpendicular to u & v direction is determined by the Right Hand Rule 2/ a x b = the determinant of a Matrix of 3 row vectors Component of u in v direction [ a scaler ] n= < i j k > Comp v u is the length of the Projection of u on to v a = < a 1 a2 a3 > Comp v u = [ u . v / ||v|| ] = ||u|| ||v|| Cos x / ||v|| b = < b 1 b2 b3 > Comp v u = ||u|| Cos x x = angle between the vectors u & v | i j k | Comp v u = || Proj v u || a x b = Det | a 1 a2 a3 | | b 1 b2 b3 | Projection of u on to v [ a vector ] a x b is Perpendicular to both a & b Proj v u is the vector that results by dropping a perpendicular to vector v from vector u If vectors a & b are Parallel, then a x b = 0 If vectors a & b are Perpendicular, then a dot b = 0 Proj v u = [ u . v ] v / ||v||2 = ( [ u . v ] / ||v|| ) v / ||v|| Proj v u = [ Comp v u ] x [ Unit vector for v ] 22 Dec 2011
PFreda, Assumption College
axbxc
a.(bxc)
Cross product of a cross product To Find the Angle between two vectors u & v
1/ Find each of the angles [directions] of vectors u & v and then subtract to find the angle between them.
Result is a scalar Geometric interpretation; = volume of the parallelopiped formed by the three vectors a , b , and c This can be calculated by replacing the I , j , k of the cross product determinant with the components of the vector a.
2/ For u = < a,b > v = < c,d > x = ArcCos [ (ac + bd) / ||u|| ||v|| ] u . v = ||u|| ||v|| Cos x = ac + bd Work Problems
Work = Force times Distance
W= F . d
which is a scalar
Schwarz Inequality
The dot product of 2 vectors is less than or equal to the product of the magnitudes of the 2 vectors.
|u . v | Vector
|| u || || v ||
Bivector
Plane element oriented in some direction
Trivector
Volume element oriented in some direction
Scaler Field
Temperature at different points in a swimming pool
Vector Field
Flow rate & direction at different points in a swimming pool
Vector Properties u + ( v + w ) = ( u + v ) + w Associativity for Addition u+v = v+u Commutivity for Addition v+0=0+v= v Additive Identity v+(-v)= 0 Additive Inverse r ( u + v ) = ru + rv Distributivity ( r + s ) v = rv + sv Distributivity (rs)v = r(sv) = s(rv) Associativity for Multiplication 1v=v Multiplicitive Identity 0v=0 Multiplication by 0