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=
t h t h t h
t h t h t h
t h t h t h
t H
t r r r
t
t
n n n n
n
n
, ....... , ,
.
.
.
.......
......
.....
.
.
.
.
.
.
, ....... , ,
, ....... , ,
) , (
, 2 , 1 ,
, 2 2 , 2 1 , 2
, 1 2 , 1 1 , 1
t t t
t t t
t t t
t
(2)
In frequency domain, the channel is made of a complex
matrix having the independent and identically distributed
entries with unit variance and zero mean. The generalized
capacity formula for a MIMO system is given by
Hz s b HH I er C
t
nr
/ / det log
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
n
p
(3)
In this equation, deter means the determinant, I is a
identity matrix and means conjugate transpose of the
matrix.
Hz s b C
n
k
k
t
/ / 1 log
1
2
2 2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ > v
n
p
(4)
The capacity formula for where the transmit and receive
antennas are the same i.e (n
r
= n
t
= n) is given as [5].
| | Hz s b C
n
/ / . 1 log
2
2 2
v p + =
(5)
Here we describes some of the very important properties
of channel matrix H for a MIMO system . We describe in
this section some statistical properties of the channel
matrix H. The channel matrix HH using eigen value
decomposition can be rewritten as follows
HH = E^E (6)
Where E is eigenvector matrix of orthonormal columns
and ^ is a diagonal matrix having the Eigen values on the
main diagonal. Using this notation above , the capacity of
MIMO channels can be written as below :
{ }
|
|
.
|
\
|
. + =
2
det log E E I E C
t
nr h
n
p
(7)
In general channel matrix rank is given by is given by
} {
t r
n n k H rank , min ) ( s =
(8)
Using the equation (6), with the fact known that the
determinant of a unitary matrix is 1, the capacity
expression can be written as:
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
t
t
k
i
H
n
E C
p
1 log
1
2
(9)
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
t
t
k
i
H
n
E o
p
1 log
1
2
(10)
Kuldeep Kumar* et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 7, Issue No. 1, 092 - 097
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 93
I
J
A
E
S
T
3
Here
A
is the diagonal matrix and
i
.
. When the channel matrix is known
at the transmitter, the maximum capacity of a MIMO
channel can be achieved by using the water-filling
algorithm [3] on the transmit covariance matrix. The
capacity is then given by:
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
t
t
i
k
i
H
n
E C
p
c 1 log
1
2
(11)
Where i is the i
th
channel and
i
c
is a scalar that shows
the portion of the available transmit power that is
available in the outgoing i
th
channel. So, by using the
water-filling algorithm we can meet the total power
constraint.
3. Water filling Power allocation algorithm
The adaptive modulation can be implemented in two
aspects , the adaptive power allocation technique is such
that the transmitted power maximize the number of the
transported bits. Here in this study we study the SNR and
the Capacity of a 4x4 MIMO system. We would find out
the mean capacity of the system with and without the
water filling algorithms .Here the power is distributed in
the orthogonal eigenmodes in order to maximize transmit
bits to get the maximum capacity of the MIMO
system.The transmit power required to send the c bits for
an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with
M-QAM modulation, is given by the following formula.
) 1 2 (
4 3
) (
2
1
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
e e
P
Q c P
o
(12)
Q is called the as complementary error function. Then,
for given total transmit power of the MIMO system is
given by , the number of bits transported by the AWGN
channel, can be derived by the Eq. 12, as shown in the
following formula
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
1
2
4
3
1 log
e
P
Q
P
f loor c
o
(13)
As we have to maximize the total number of bits to be
transported , The results shows that improved water-
filling power allocation scheme is given on the base of
classical water filling schemes. As per the scheme, the
adaptive power and bit allocation are conducted in two
steps. Firstly, the initial power allocation is given by
classical water-filling scheme, and then is, the first step is
is to allocate the power for all the orthogonal eigen
modes according to the classical water-filling scheme to
all the eigen values. Then, after finding the transported
bits at channel eigenmodes,we allocate the residual power
by reallocated among these eigenmodes to transport
additional bits.Here we see that the Mimo system with
water filling has a greater mean capacity as compared to a
MIMO system without water filling .Also as per the
results in Fig.1,2, 3 the mean capacity of a MIMO system
increases with the increase in the power budget at the
input of the transmitter. Following figures are the result
that we get for the capacity of a 4X4 MIMO system by
varying the power budget.
Fig. 1.Mean Capacity at Pt=0.2 with water filling
algorithm
The figure 1,2,3,4 shows the mean capacity of the system
when the power budget P
t
0.2,0.3,0,5 and 1 with and
without the water filling model ..Figure 4 shows the mean
capacity of a 4x4 MIMO system for all the water filling .
By observing the different figures we see that as the
power budget is increased the capacity of the system also
increases
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Mean Capacity vs SNR
SNR (dB) --->
M
e
a
n
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
b
p
s
/
H
z
-
-
-
>
4x4 MIMO at Pt=0.2
4x4WF MIMO at Pt=0.2
Kuldeep Kumar* et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 7, Issue No. 1, 092 - 097
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 94
I
J
A
E
S
T
4
Fig. 2.Mean Capacity at Pt=0.3 with water filling
algorithm
Fig. 3.Mean Capacity at Pt=0.5 with water filling
algorithm
Fig. 4.Mean Capacity at different P
t
with water filling
algorithm
4. OUTAGE PROBABLITY
The outage probability is defined as that an outage will
occur within a given time period. It can also be defined as
temporary suspension of the operation The signal outage
probability is calculated if one knows the probability
distribution of the fading either Rayleigh or Racian .The
outage will take place if the signal drops below the signal
of the noise power level.
Calculation of the outage probability involves that we find
the probability that the signal-to-interference ratio that
drops below a certain threshold. As all signals that are
fading have fluctuating signal powers, It mean that in
order to find the outage we must integrate the probability
density functions of all signals involved in fluctuating.
The Outage formula is given by
) / ; ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( p z f Laplace z SNR P out P = > =
(14)
Where SNR is Signal to noise ratio,
z
is the minimum
SNR required ,
f
is the probability distribution function
of the power,
p
is the mean power of the wanted signal.
In order to find the outage probability of a MIMO
network we take a 4x4 MIMO and would try to analyze
the variation of the outage probability with the variation
of power budget. It has been shown in the results that with
the increase in th power budget the outage probability
decreases. Also it is found from the graphs that the outage
of the waterfilling model is more in a MIMO than the
MIMO system.
The outage probability in a MIMO system is given by ,
+ =
HH
N
SNR
I P outage P
t
r r
det( log ) (
2
(15)
Where H is the channel matrix,I is the information
transmitted,
t
N
is the number of the transmit antennas
and
* 1
) * ( H H H H
=