MODULE:GISDATASETINTRODUCTION

I.OVERVIEW

ThislabwillintroduceyoutovariousGISdatasetsusedinArcGISandotherGISsoftware.Youwillexaminethedataframeandlayerpropertiesindepth.Youwill reviewArcMapDocuments.Youwillalsobeintroducedtothebasicsofmapmaking.

II.ARCMAPBASICS
A.)ArcGISMapDocument:
Diskbasedrepresentationofadigitalmap Fileextension=.mxd. StoresreferencestothelocationofallthedatasourceswithintheMapDocument.AnArcMapdocumentDOESNOTstorethespatialdatadisplayed within[e.g.thereferencetothelocationofthefivecountyspatialdatasetC:\GTCP_TRN\DATA\ATLANTA_SP\atl_cnty5.shpisstored,nottheactual spatialdata!].

ThingstoRemember: WhenyouopenanArcMapDocument,ArcMapchecksthelinkstoeachandeverydatasetusedinalltheDataFrameswithinthatMapDocument.Ifitcantfind somedataforinstance,ifthesourcedataforalayerhasbeendeletedorrenamedoranetworkdriveisnotaccessibleArcMapletsyou,theuser,locateit.If thedataiscurrentlyunavailable,youcanignorethebrokenlinkanddisplaythemapwithoutthelayer.Thelayerwillstillbepartofthemapandlistedinthe tableofcontents;itsimplywontdisplay.Ifyouplantodistributeyourmaptoothers,theywillneedaccesstoboththeArcMapDocumentandallthedatathe MapDocumentreferences.Thereforewheneveryouwork,sayonaprojectorhomeworkassignment,copyallthedatasetsthatyouneedforthetaskintoa separatefolder;anynewdatasetscreatedduringtheexecutionofthetaskshouldbecreatedwithinthisfolder;thesavedMapDocumentsshouldalsobewithin this folder that way, you can copy or distribute the entire folder and all the subfolders below it, with the "relative link" option available from the Main PulldownMenubarunderFileMapPropertiesDataSourceOptions.Ingeneral,itisalwaysagoodideatosaveyourmapperiodicallywhileworking.

B.)DataFrames,LayersandLayouts
TherearetwoprimarymapdisplaypanelsinArcMap:thedataframe(1)andthelayoutview(2).Thedataframeprovidesageographic"window",ormapframe, inwhichyoucandisplayandworkwithgeographicinformationasaseriesofmaplayers.Thelayoutviewprovidesapageviewwheremapelements(suchasthe dataframe,ascalebar,andamaptitle)arearrangedonapage.

B1.)Dataframes

groupsoflayersdisplayedtogether(organizedintodataframes) An ArcMap document can contain several data frames (inset maps, comparisonbetweenlayers) DefaultnameisLayers,displayedatthetopoftheDataFrame ActiveDataFramehasnameinboldintheTableofContents OnlyoneDataFramecanbeactiveatatime Inlayoutview,activeDataFrameishighlighted

Thedataframeviewprovidestheprincipaldisplayofgeographicinformationasaseriesofmaplayers.Adataframehasageographicextentandamap projectionfordisplayingandusinggeographicinformation. Thedataframehasasetofspatialpropertiesthatyouinteractwith.Adataframehasaname,adisplaycoordinatesystemormapprojectionthroughwhichthe layersaredisplayedinacommonview,asizeandpositionthatlocatesthedataframeontoamappage,textlabelingpropertiesforthemaplayersinthedata frame,aswellasotherpropertiesthataidyouruseofthedataframe.Rightclickthedataframenameordoubleclickthenametocreate,manage,anddisplay theseproperties. Note:AsingleArcMapDocumentcancontainmultipleDataFrames,tables,graphs,etc.butonlyonePageLayoutthePageLayoutwillshowallData FrameswithintheMapDocument.

B2.)Maplayers GeographicinformationdisplayedinanArcMapdocument Canrepresentaparticulartypeoffeaturesuchascensustracts,roadsorparklocations Foundinthetableofcontents Canbegroupedtoformgrouplayers Oftencalledthemesordatasets

Withinthedataframe,youdisplaygeographicdatasetsaslayers,whereeachlayerrepresentsaparticulardatasetoverlayedinthemap.Maplayershelpconvey informationthrough:

Discretefeatureclassessuchascollectionsofpoints,lines,andpolygons Continuoussurfaces,suchaselevation,whichcanberepresentedinanumberofwaysforexample,asacollectionofcontourlinesandelevation pointsorasshadedrelief Aerialphotographyorsatelliteimagerythatcoversthemapextent.

Examplemaplayersincludestreamsandlakes,terrain,roads,politicalboundaries,parcels,buildingfootprints,utilitylines,andorthophotoimagery. Inadditiontorepresentinggeographicinformation,eachlayer'smapsymbols,colors,andlabelshelpdescribetheobjectsinthemap.Youcaninteractwiththe layersdisplayedineachdataframetoqueryeachfeatureandseeitsattributes,performanalyticaloperations,andeditandaddnewfeaturestoeachdataset. Alayerdoesn'tstoretheactualgeographicdata.Instead,itreferencesadataset,suchasashapefile,animage,agrid,andsoon.Referencingdatainthisway allowsthelayersonamaptoautomaticallyreflectthemostuptodateinformationinyourGISdatabase. InArcMap,youspecifypropertiesforeachmaplayer,suchasitsmapsymbolsandlabelingrules,byrightclickingthelayerinthetableofcontentsandclicking Propertiesorbydoubleclickingonthelayername. B2.1)LayerProperties Layershaveanumberofpropertiesthatyoucansettocontroltheircharacteristics.Thelayerpropertiesdialogcanbeaccessedbyrightclicking alayerinthe tableofcontentsandselectingpropertiesorbydoubleclickingonthelayernameintheTOC.Eithermethodbringsupthelayerpropertydialog. Thelayerpropertydialogcomesupwiththefollowingtabs. General:controlstheLayerNamevalueandthescalerangefordrawingthelayerfeatures. Source:definesthesourceofthedatasetondisk,andiflinksarebrokeninmapdocuments,youcanfixthebrokenlinksusingthisproperty. Selection:allowsyoutoalterhowselectedfeatureswillbedisplayed

 Display: allows you to set a reference scale for labels, establish hyperlinks,controlfeatureexclusionandenableMapTips. Symbology: controls how layer features are drawn you will be working a lot with this property, because you will need to exercise control on howafeatureisdrawn,andtomakethematicmaps. Fields: lists the fields in the layer attribute table, including aliases and settingtheprimarydisplayfieldforMapTips. Definition Query: allows you to specify that only a subset of features definedbyaquerywillbedrawn Label:setsthe attributefieldthatwillbeusedtodrivethelabels,and includeslabelplacementoptionsalso. JoinsandRelates:listsallthedatatablesthatarejoinedorrelatedto thelayerattributetable HTMLPopup:allowsyoutosetparametersforHTMLpopups B3.)MapLayouts Amaplayoutisthearrangementofmapelementsandtheiroveralldesignonaprintedpageoradigitalmapdisplay.Examplemapelementsincludeatitle, legend,northarrow,scalebar,andoneormoregeographicdataframes(forexample,alocatororindexmapthatreferencesthelocationofasecondprimary mapwindow). InArcMap,thelayoutviewpresentsthevirtualpageuponwhichgeographicdataandmapelements,suchastitles,legends,andscalebars,areplacedand arrangedforprinting.Youcanworkwiththeindividualmapelementsandmaplayersinthelayoutview.UsetheInsertmenutoaddmapelementsortheDraw toolbaralongthebottomtoaddmapgraphics.Oncetheyareplacedonyourmaplayout,youcanedittheirappearance,rightclicktochangetheirproperties, andselecteachelementtorepositionitorscaleitssizeasneeded.

III.SOURCEFILESFORARCGISLAYERS:
ThefollowingtypesoffilescanbeaccessedanddisplayedinanArcMapDataFrame.Thislistisnotexhaustive;therearemanyothertypesoffilesthatcanbe usedinArcGIS.However,thefileslistedbelowarethemostcommonlyusedfilesinArcGIS.

A.)Shapefiles
MostcommonGISformatforspatialdata.

Storebothlocationandattributeinformationdescribinggeographicfeatures. Canbemadefromotherspatialdatasourcesorcreatedfromscratch. Typically,shapefilehavethefastestdisplayandregenerationcharacteristicsamongallspatialdatasetscompatiblewithArcGIS,makingthemeasyto manipulateand/oredittheirgeometryorattributes. Shapefiles,ataminimum,consistof: *.shp[shapegeometryfile] *.shx[spatialindexfile] *.dbf[attributeinformationfile]

Note When one speaks of shapefiles, one generally is talking about all of the files comprising the shapefile, not just the .shp file. This can be confusingtoaGISnewcomer.Ashapefileisactuallyacombinationofseveralfiles(shape,index,andtabular),notjustonefile.So,bewarewhen copyingshapefilesinMyComputerfromonelocationtoanother.YoumustcopyalloftheassociatedfilesinorderfortheshapefiletobeusedinaGIS softwarepackage.Tobeonthesafeside,alwayscopyand/ormoveGISdatausingArcCatalog.

B.)ArcINFOCoverages:
Coverages use a set of feature classes to represent geographic features. Each feature class stores a setof points, lines (arcs), polygons, or annotation (text). Featureclassescanhavetopology,whichdeterminestherelationshipsbetweenfeatures. To define the features, more than one feature class is often required. For example, line and polygon feature classes both exist in a coverage representing polygon features. Polygon features also have label points, which appear as a separate feature class. Every coverage has a feature class containing tic points, whichrepresentknownrealworldcoordinates. Feature attributes are stored in a separate INFO table for each feature class in the coverage. Other attributes can be stored in INFO tables or tables in a relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS),thenjoinedtothefeatureswitharelationshipclass. Somegeneralhighlights: Arelationalfilebasedvectordatastorageformatforstoringthelocation,shape,andattributesofgeographicfeatures. Usuallyrepresentsasinglethemesuchassoils,streams,roads,orlanduse Onecoveragecancontainseveraltypesoffeatureclasses(acitycoveragecanhaveapoint,annotation,lineandpolygonfeatureclass) NativefileformatforArc/INFO. Storesgeographicfeaturesasprimaryfeatures(arcs,routes,sections,nodes,regions,polygons,labelpoints,etc.)andsecondaryfeatures(suchastics, mapextent,links,andannotations). Associatedfeatureattributetablesdescribeandstoreattributesofthegeographicfeatures.

IMPORTANTArcNodeTopology(spatialrelationshipbetweenfeatures)ismaintainedbytheRelationalDatabaseManagementSystemINFO,asarethe associatedfeatureattributetablesinaseparatefolderintheCoverageWorkspacecalledINFO.

Todifferentiatebetweenasinglevectordatasetandadatasetthatcontainsseveraltypesoffeatures(FeatureDataset),ArcGISandArcCatalogtypically representcoveragesandcombinationdatasetswithacompositeicon. Whenyouclickonthe+signnexttocitiesorexpandtheselection,youseeallthefeatureclassescontainedinthecitiescoverage. AllattributesareheldintheINFOdirectoryascovername.pat[pointorpolygonattributetable],or covername.aat[arcattributetable],orcovername.nat[nodeattributetable],etc. InArcCatalog,Coveragescanbeseenasshownintheadjacentgraphic.NoticetheINFOdirectoryis notvisible A polygon coverage may thus contain polygon, line and point information! Now lets look at the same directory in Windows Explorer. Notice that the INFO file is now visible and the Coverages look like file folders.IfyouopenedtheCitiesfolderinwindowsexploreryouwouldseemanyfilesthatmadenosense. Therewouldbe.adf,.pat,.pax,andafewothers.Thesefilesformthebasisforthecoverageandcannotbe viewedormanipulatedexceptinArcGIS.IfyouopenedtheINFOfileyouwouldseemthesamemess.Now, ifyoudeletedtheINFOfileandtriedtoopenanyofthecoveragesinArcMap,youwouldgeterrorsandthe files would not open. The INFO file contains is the foundation for the relational database management system.AllcoveragesinonedirectorywillshareoneINFOfile.TheINFOfilemanagesthespatialrelationshipsbetweenandwithincoverages.

C.)CAD(ComputerAnimatedDrawing)Datasets:
Microstation *.dgn Windowsversiononly AutoCAD *.dwg Windowsversiononly *.dxf Anyversion

ACADDatasetisafeaturedatasetrepresentationofaCADdrawing.ACADfeaturedatasetiscomposedoffeatureclassesrepresentingall the points,lines, polygons,orannotationintheCADdrawing.Forexample,aCADdrawingmaycontaintwolinelayersrepresentingroadsandparcelboundaries,respectively. The CAD dataset's line feature class represents all features in both the road and parcel boundary layers. A CAD dataset can contain *.wld files to put CAD drawingsanddataingeographicunitsratherthanpageunits.

D.)RasterData:
Thesearecellbaseddata,whereeachcellorpixelhasacertainvalue(brightness,colororvalue).Examplesofrasterdataaresatelliteimages,airphotographs, grids,scannedmaps,etc.ImageorGRIDbaseddatacanbeaddedaslayersanddisplayed,usuallyasbackdrops,tohighlightandcaptureothervectorspatial datasets.RasterDatasetsincludeformsofGISgraphicdatastructuresthatquantizespaceintoaseriesofuniformlysizedcellsor"grids"or"rasters."Toanalyze rasterdatainArcGIS,theSpatialAnalystExtensionmustbeactivated.Noextensionsareneededtoviewrasterdata. RasterformatssupportedinArcGISincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing: TaggedImageFileFormat(.TIF) ERDASImagine(.IMG) LizardTechMrSID(.SID) JPEGFileInterchangeFormat(.JPG) ESRIGRID

E.)TabularData:
Theseincludeanykindofdescriptiveinformationaboutmapfeatures.Thisdescriptiveinformationisstoredinrowsandcolumnsandcanbelinkedtomap features.AttachingattributeinformationtoGISdatasetsextendsthetheme'sdisplayandqueryingproperties.Thereareseveraltypesoftabulardatasupported inArcMap.Thefollowingarejustafewexamples DatabaseFormat(.dbf)

MicrosoftExcel(.xls) TextFiles(.txt,.csv)

Data source Geodatabase (personal, file, and multiuser) Feature layer attribute tables (.dbf)

Notes Create, delete, read, write. ArcInfo or ArcEditor is required to create or edit tables in ArcSDE geodatabases. Attribute tables are automatically created when the feature class is created. Assuming the feature class is writeable, its attribute table is also writeable.

dBASE INFO Microsoft Excel (.xls) Microsoft Access (when not a geodatabase) Other data sources accessed through OLE DB Text files (.txt)

Create, delete, read, write. Some field types, such as Raster or BLOB, are not supported in dBASE tables or shapefile attribute tables. Create (requires ArcInfo or ArcEditor), delete, read. INFO tables and coverage feature class attribute tables cannot be edited in ArcGIS Desktop. Read when accessed directly in ArcGIS or through OLE DB. Read when accessed through OLE DB Read Read

F.)Geodatabases: Geodatabasesareobjectorientedgeographicdatabasesthatcontaingeographicinformationandprovideservicesfor managing geographic data. These services include validation rules, relationships, and topological associations. A geodatabasecontainsfeaturedatasetsandishostedinsideofarelationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS). Geodatabases contain feature classes and tables. Feature classes can be organized into a feature dataset. In Geodatabases, a feature dataset is a collection of feature classes that share the same spatial reference. Feature classes store geographic features represented as points, lines, or polygons, and their attributes; they can also store annotationanddimensions. Tables may contain additional attributes for a feature class or geographic information such as addresses or x,y,z coordinates. Manyobjectsinageodatabasecanberelatedtoeachother.Forexample,tablescontainingcustomer addressesand billinginformationarerelated,justasstateandcountyfeatureclassesarerelated.Toexplicitlydefinetherelationships betweenobjectsinageodatabase,youmustcreatearelationshipclass.Relationshipsletyouuseattributesstoredina relatedobjecttosymbolize,label,orqueryafeatureclass.

Inthiscourse,wewillbeworkingonlywithPersonalGeoDatabases.APersonalGeoDatabaseisatypeofGeoDatabase,usuallyonthesamenetworkastheclient application(e.g.ArcMap),thatsupportsoneeditoratatime.PersonalGeoDatabasesaremanagedinaMicrosoftJetEnginedatabase,thesameenginethat drivesMSAccess.

G.)WebServices(ArcIMS,WMS,etc):
You can use GIS data available on the Internet directly in your maps. Any data being served on the Internet using ArcIMS or ArcGIS Server can be added to ArcMap as a layer. The ability to work with Internet data is built into ArcMap and doesn't require any additional software. You can also connect to ArcIMS InternetServersandArcGISServersinArcCatalogandbrowsethroughthedatathat'savailableonthem. WhenyouworkwithdatabeingservedfromArcIMSoranArcGISserver,youdon'tdownloadthedatatoyourcomputer;youworkwithaliveserviceoverthe Internet.WheneveryoudrawalayerbasedonanArcIMSservice,ArcMapwillautomaticallyretrievethedatafortheserviceovertheInternet.Thissavesyou havingtostoreandmanagethedatayourself,butalsomeansthatthelayerwillbecomeunavailableifyougooffline.EditingofInternetServeddatasetsisnot possibleeither.

LABEXERCISE:INTROTOVARIOUSGISDATASETS
A.LABSETUP
From the Resources tab of our TSquared site, download and extract the Intro2Data.zip file to c:\temp. After extraction, you should have 1 directory called Intro2Dataandthe4subdirectorieslistedbelow.Thislabdeliveryformatwillbeidenticalforeverylab(i.e.,everylabwillbedownloadedlikethisandwill containthesamedirectorystructure;onlythefileswillvary). Datacontainsdatasetsusedinthelabexercise LabExercisetextdocumentdescribingthesubjectofthelabexercise,which,inthiscaseisanoverviewofGISdatasetsandhowtoaddthemtoArcMap MapDocscontainsmapdocumentsusedinthelabexercise Workspacedirectoryforstoringanyoutputsgeneratedinthelabexercise

B.ADDINGSPATIALANDTABULARDATATOARCMAP

Inthispartoftheexercise,youwillsimplybeaddingvariousGISdatasetstoArcMap. 1. OpenArcMapopenanew,emptymap

2. Adddatatothemapusingtheadddatatool AlldataisinyourIntro2DatafolderIntro2Data\Data Afteraddingdata,pleaseexaminetheattributetableofeachdataset. Holdingctrlkeydownallowsyoutoselectmultiple,individualdatasetsatonetime Ifadatasetisaddedtoadataframethatalreadycontainsadatasetwithadefinedcoordinatesystem,aGeographicCoordinateSystemWarning messagemayappearalertingyoutothedifferenceincoordinatesystemsbetweendatasets.Pleasereadthewarningandthendisregard. AddShapefilesIntro2Data\Data\highways.shpandmetrocty.shp AddCoveragesIntro2Data\Data\cities(addtheregion.cityfeatureclass) Sincecoveragescancontainmultiplefeatureclasses,youmustdoubleclickonacoveragetoseeallavailablefeatureclasses AddCoveragesIntro2Data\Data\water(addtheregion.lakesandroute.riverfeatureclasses) AddPersonalGeodatabasefeatureclassIntro2Data\Data\atlanta_BG5.mdb(addtheatl5_blockgroups,marta_lines,andmarta_stationsfeature classes). SincePersonalGeodatabasescancontainmultiplefeatureclasses,youmustdoubleclickonapersonalgeodatabasetoseeallavailablefeatureclasses AddaTableIntro2Data\Data\sexrace5.dbf NoticethechangeintheTOCafteraddingtheTabletheSourcetabisnowactiveasopposedtotheDisplaytab.LayersintheTOCcannotbe movedupordownwhiletheSourcetabisactive. NotethedefaultsymbologyofalllayersonceaddedtoArcMap 3.RenametheDataFrame NotethattheDataFrameiscurrentlycaptionedasLayersbydefault. TorenametheDataFrame,rightclickonLayersandselectProperties IntheGeneralTaboftheDataFrameProperties,changethenameoftheDataFrametoanythingyoudlike. NoteintheGeneralTabthattheMapUnitsaresettoDecimalDegreesandcannotbechanged.Thisisbecausethefirstdatasetaddedtothemapwasin DecimalDegrees 4.InsertanewDataFrame FromtheMainPulldownMenubarInsertDataFrame notethataNewDataFramehasbeenaddedtotheTableofContents notethatithasbeenactivated[anyoperationswillaffectonlythecurrentoractivatedDataFrame,whichiswritteninBoldface]

10

SetthenameoftheDataFrametoMapleville SettheMapUnitstofeet SettheDisplayUnitstofeet DismisstheDataFramePropertiesdialog 5. 6. SourceIntro2Data\Data\maple2.dxf ZoomandpanaroundthedisplaytoseehowtheCADvectordataoverlayswiththeimage 7. SavetheMapDocument SaveyourmapdocumenttoIntro2Data\MapDocs.Callitlab2.mxdCloseArcMap. 8. LoadtheSavedMapDocument StartArcMapopenanexistingmapnavigatetowhereyousavedyourLab2.mxdandloaditintoArcMap. IfyouhadtodistributethisMapDocument[lab2.mxd],youwouldhavetogiveotherusersallthespatialdatasetsfromthevariousfoldersaswellasthismap document[lab2.mxd].Theusermustthenloadallthespatialdatasetsinthesamefolderstructure.Afterthis,theMapDocumentcanbeopenedwithouterror. Ifyougivetheuserallthedata,andshecopiesthemtosay,asinglefolderonhercomputerathome,thentheSourcereferencesarebroken,andthelayers won'tdisplaycorrectlywhenthisMapDocumentisopenedinArcMap.However,ArcMapallowsyoutorepairthelinkswhenyouopentheMapDocument,with aDialogthatallowsyoutosettheSourceforeachdatasetusedintheMap.YoucanalsoopentheMapDocumentignoringthefilereferences[nolayerwillbe drawn]andthensetthevariousSourcesbymanipulatingtheSourceTaboftheLayerProperties. Therefore,fordistribution,makesurethatyoufirstcopyalltherelevantspatialandotherdatathatyouneedintoaseparatefolderusingArcCatalog[copyand paste].InArcMap,fromtheMainPulldownMenubarFileMapPropertiesDataSourceOptions,youcansettheMapto"storerelativepathnames".Then youcreateyourMapDocumentandsaveitthesamefolder.Youcannowdistributethisfoldertoanybody,andtheMapDocumentwillopencorrectlywithout problems. 9. CloseArcMapDontsavechanges 10. PLEASECOMPLETETHECHAPTER1TUTORIALANDEXERCISEINMASTERINGARCGIS,PG3551. AddRasterdatatothemap SourceIntro2Data\Data\maple.bil Examinetheimagezoomaround.AddtheEffectstoolbarandexperimentwithsomeofitsfeatures AddCADdatatothemap

11