CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Web 3.0 is a phrase coined by John Markoff of the New York Times in 2006, which refers to a supposed third generation of Internet-based services that collectively comprise what might be called the intelligent Web'which use technologies like semantic web, natural language search, machine learning, and artificial intelligence technologieswhich emphasize machine-facilitated understanding of information in order to provide a more productive and intuitive user experience.

Web 1.0 started as a streaming publish-to-read medium; web 2.0 has established itself as a publishing platform for everyone. Now web 3.0 is said to be a technologically advanced Internet where the user executes and the machines do the thinking. But at this point its not the technology that needs to be improved. Its time that we finally get what we wanted at the beginning of Internet: An interactive, social and mainly - simple Internet.

A Web 3.0 which will be based on the idea of read-write-execute, would be having a web that gives people the tools to expertise their own tools, their own software, etc, rather than just uploading substance to other people's software. Why go to YouTube when you can set up your own MyTube, with the same functionality but customized to the specific purposes of your blog/community website etc. People will be able to create their own multifaceted online social media tools with a few clicks but remain linked to other tools and other people through classification, RSS and all that good stuff. The nextgeneration Web 3.0 will permit users not only to produce and share content in the real world but also to produce and share content that is confined in virtual worlds. It is referred as the Semantic Web: Overlays of machine-understandable information that will allow web to automate and perform interpretation on user's behalf.

To put it simply web, 3.0 is smarter version of web 2.0 which is called social web. Web 3.0 acts as assistant. It will understand users instructions in a far better manner based on the search pattern of user and information which is already present in the web. It uses artificial intelligence to provide extremely specialized and customized results. It is also called service web as it uses cloud computing technology to provide platform as a service (PAAS).Web 3.0 is a global "operating system" where all applications from personal productivity to enterprise applications are available on-line.

CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

The web also called as The World Wide Web ("WWW") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. Over the years web has gone through various modifications and improvements to become what it is today. In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models and also as a way to play with hypertext where each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page. In 1989,with the proposal of common database for scientists all over the world this hypertext database became widespread and got its name world wide web(www) or web.

STAGES OF WEB
We all hear the term web 3.0 being used hundreds of times a week. Its all over the Internet and it pervades modern technical conversation to the point of being clich. But what does 3.0 really mean? What came before it? And whats coming next? Here are some basics.

Fig 2.1: The evolution of web

1.

Web 1.0 A system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. Companies publish content that people consume (e.g. CNN) The early phase of the World Wide Web (WWW) was dominated by hyperlinked textual structures. It builds s the first stage of our model: Web 1.0. We refer to this aspect as a dynamic self-organizing system, where new websites emerge on the WWW. Pages appear, disappear, reappear in alternative forms or are mirrored on other servers etc. The detailed structure of the web cannot be known, predicted, and controlled to a full extent. Its complexity steadily increases with its growth. The number of websites and links in the WWW are a measure of this complexity. When a new website is

introduced, it is embedded into the existing web and ex tends the latter by creating links that lead from an d to this webpage. Hence each webpage is based on other websites, search engines, link lists, and so o n, but it cannot be reduced to them, because it has its own specific content and structure. Creating link s is the essential operation of networking in Web 1.0. It is a self referential system. When a new link is created the system refers to itself by actualizing its content. Each webpage refers to a number of other web pages that again refer to other sites etc. Self referentiality is the essential nature of the hypertext and is based on human activities, i.e. on the creation of new hypertexts that are embedded in to th e existing system. The interlinked structure of the WWW defines possible paths, which are discovered by active human beings that browse the web and create their own person al path. A hypertext reduces itself into self organizing category text. Web 1.0 is a web of cognition. It is mainly about the consumption of information that is presented in hypertext form. Browsing the web and relating oneself to its knowledge content represents such a social fact. Though web pages are individually consumed, the cognitive processes are conditioned by external social structures such as ideas produced by others that are presented on a website. The connitive form of sociality represents the general basic layer in our model. It builds the fundament of all three stages. But it changes its quality when it reappears in the subsequent stages. As it is reworked by the emerging higher levels Web 1.0 forms the evolutionary starting point. We name this layer hypertextual. In a short explication , comprehending the above stated, it can be said that this term covers the classic notion of the web as a decentralized platform of documents (text interspersed with multimedia objects like images) edited in HTML. These document based web resources are designed merely to be read only. The cognitive social power of this first stage largely derives from the power of the hypertext link. Every web content producer can link to any other document resource on the web creating and expressing an increasing conceptual space of thematic and social relatedness.
2. Web 2.0 A perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted

services such as social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies which facilitate collaboration and sharing between users. People publish content that other people can consume, companies build platforms that let people publish

content for other people (e.g. Flickr, YouTube, Adsense, Wikipedia, Blogger, MySpace, RSS, Digg). The term Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators (prosumers) of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites where users (consumers) are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them. Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted services, web applications. Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve information. By increasing what was already possible in Web 1.0, they provide the user with more userinterface, software and storage facilities, all through their browser. This has been called Network as a Platform computing Users can provide the data that is on a Web 2.0 site and exercise some control over that data. These sites may have an "Architecture of participation" that encourages users to add value to the application as they use it. The concept of Web-as-participation-platform captures many of these

characteristics. Bart Decrem, a founder and former CEO of WWW, calls Web 2.0 the "participatory Web and regards the Web-as-information-source as Web 1.0. The impossibility of excluding group members who dont contribute to the provision of goods from sharing profits gives rise to the possibility that rational members will prefer to withhold their contribution of effort and free-ride on the contribution of others. This requires what is sometimes called radical trust by the management of the website. According to Best, the characteristics of Web 2.0 are: rich user experience, user participation, dynamic content, metadata, web standards and scalability. Further characteristics, such as openness, freedom and collective intelligence by way of user participation, can also be viewed as essential attributes of Web 2.0. The client-side/web browser technologies used in Web 2.0 development are Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax), Adobe Flash and the Adobe Flex framework. Ajax programming uses JavaScript to upload and download new data from the web server without undergoing a full page reload. When this data is received via Ajax, the JavaScript

program then uses the Document Object Model (DOM) to dynamically update the web page based on the new data, allowing for a rapid and interactive user experience. Adobe Flex is another technology often used in Web 2.0 applications. Applications programmed in Flex, are compiled and displayed as Flash within the browser. On the server side, Web 2.0 uses many of the same technologies as Web 1.0. New languages such as PHP, Ruby, ColdFusion, Perl, Python, JSP and ASP are used by developers to dynamically output data using information from files and databases. After this phase with the introduction of cloud computing and semantic web, web 3.0 came into existence.

INNOVATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH "WEB

Fig.2. The Changing Intraweb-From 1.0 to 3.0

CHAPTER 3

ARCHITECTURE

Fig 3.1:Architecture of web 3.0 The Semantic Web is a "web of data" that enables machines to understand the semantics, or meaning, of information on the World Wide Web. It extends the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages by inserting machine-readable metadata about pages and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. Web 3.0 uses this technology. FOAF cloud is an Resource Description Schema (RDF) based cloud to describe persons and their social network in a semantic way. FOAF could get used within many wikis for annotating user pages, or describing articles about people. The following is a list of currently available elements in FOAF cloud:

Category:Person (representing Foaf:Person) Category:Organization (representing Foaf:Organization) Property:Foaf:knows Property:Foaf:member Property:Name (representing Foaf:name) Property:Homepage (representing Foaf:homepage; ) Property:Foaf:mbox Property:Foaf:mbox_sha1sum Property:Foaf:phone

FOAF+SSL is a authentication protocol that enables the building of distributed, open and secure social networks. FOAF+SSL is a simple protocol it authenticates the user in one connection, the same connection he makes when accessing the website by cleverly using SSL (secure socket layer) layer of browser. Using FOAF+SSL protocol and FOAF cloud authentication of the user is done in web 3.0. These protocol use public and private key for the perpose. After successful authentication another authorization layer come into picture. It makes use of ACL(Access Control List)layer and according to the list gives read, write and execute authorities to user. When the user places the request to the website it is decoded in http server. The get request is processed using AJAX. If request includes any queries it is handled by SPARQL server. SPARQL is query language for data used in RDF format. Since server in web 3.0 is represented as RDF, SPARQL is used to update, manipulate, retrieve and insert data into server. To dynamically change the contents of web page we use WebDav server (Webbased Distributed Authoring and Versioning). It has set of HTTP protocols that facilitates collaboration between user in editing and managing documents stored in web servers. WebDav protocol include Locking(overwrite prevention) Properties(creation, deletion ,modification date, information about author etc)

Web 3.0 is an open source. That means it supports many site specific APIs . Many websites which support web 3.0 can have its own APIs to support its operation EX: In service providing websites like www.pws.com many specific APIs like aws.credentials.privatekey.access A data file or webpage is modified by using request processed in servers like HTTP server, SPARQL server, WebDav server and website specific APIs.

CHAPTER 4

TECHNOLOGY DETAILS

1. SEMANTIC WEB

Fig4.1: The Semantic Web run user-contributed code on them. The Semantic Web is a "web of data" that enables machines to understand the semantics, or meaning, of information on the World Wide Web. It extends the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages by inserting machine-readable metadata about

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pages and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. The main purpose of the Semantic Web is driving the evolution of the current Web by allowing users to use it to its full potential, thus allowing them to find, share, and combine information more easily. Humans are capable of using the Web to carry out tasks such as finding the Irish word for "folder," reserving a library book, and searching for a low price for a DVD. However, machines cannot accomplish all of these tasks without human direction, because web pages are designed to be read by people, not machines. The semantic web is a vision of information that can be interpreted by machines, so machines can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding, combining, and acting upon information on the web.

2. WEB-BASED APPLICATIONS AND DESKTOPS Web 3.0 technologies, such as intelligent software that utilize semantic data, have been implemented and used on a small scale by multiple companies for the purpose of more efficient data manipulation. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing focus on bringing semantic web technologies to the general public.

3. TRANSFORMING THE WEB INTO A DATABASE

The first step towards a "Web 3.0" is the emergence of "The Data Web" as structured data records are published to the Web in reusable and remotely queryable formats, such as XML, RDF and microformats. The recent growth of SPARQL technology provides a standardized query language and API for searching across distributed RDF databases on the Web. The Data Web enables a new level of data integration and application interoperability, making data as openly accessible and linkable as Web pages. The Data Web is the first step on the path towards the full Semantic Web.

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In the Data Web phase, the focus is principally on making structured data available using RDF. The full Semantic Web stage will widen the scope such that both structured data and even what is traditionally thought of as unstructured or semi-structured content (such as Web pages, documents, etc.) will be widely available in RDF and OWL semantic formats.

4. AN EVOLUTIONARY PATH TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Web 3.0 has also been used to describe an evolutionary path for the Web that leads to artificial intelligence that can reason about the Web in a quasi-human fashion.However, companies such as IBM and Google are implementing new technologies that are yielding surprising information such as making predictions of hit songs from mining information on college music Web sites. There is also debate over whether the driving force behind Web 3.0 will be intelligent systems, or whether intelligence will emerge in a more organic fashion, from systems of intelligent people, such as via collaborative filtering services like del.icio.us, Flickr and Digg that extract meaning and order from the existing Web and how people interact with it.

5. THE REALIZATION OF THE SEMANTIC WEB AND SOA

Related to the artificial intelligence direction, Web 3.0 could be the realization and extension of the Semantic web concept. Academic research is being conducted to develop software for reasoning, based on description logic and intelligent agents. Such applications can perform logical reasoning operations using sets of rules that express logical relationships between concepts and data on the Web. Sramana Mitra differs on the viewpoint that Semantic Web would be the essence of the next generation of the Internet and proposes a formula to encapsulate Web 3.0. Web 3.0 has also been linked to a possible convergence of Service-oriented architecture and the Semantic web.

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6.

EVOLUTION TOWARDS 3D Another possible path for Web 3.0 is towards the 3 dimensional vision championed by

the Web3D Consortium. This would involve the Web transforming into a series of 3D spaces, taking the concept realized by Second Life further. This could open up new ways to connect and collaborate using 3D shared spaces. Web 3.0 as an "Executable" Web Abstraction Layer Where Web 1.0 was a "read-only" web, with content being produced by in large by the organizations backing any given site, and Web 2.0 was an extension into the "read-write" web that engaged users in an active role, Web 3.0 could extend this one step further by allowing people to modify the site itself. With the still exponential growth of computer power, it is not inconceivable that the next generation of sites will be equipped with the resources to

Fig 4.2: Second Life

Nova Spivack defines Web 3.0 as the third decade of the Web (20102020) during which he suggests several major complementary technology trends will reach new levels of maturity because of improved quality of service provided by web 3.0. These include: 1. Transformation of the Web from a network of separately soiled applications and content repositories to a more seamless and interoperable whole. 13

2.

Ubiquitous connectivity, broadband adoption, mobile Internet access and mobile devices;

3.

Network computing, software-as-a-service business models, Web services interoperability, distributed computing, grid computing and cloud computing;

4.

Open technologies, open APIs and protocols, open data formats, opensource software platforms and open data (e.g. Creative Commons, Open Data License);

5.
6.

Open identity, OpenID, open reputation, roaming portable identity and personal data; The intelligent web, Semantic Web technologies such as RDF, OWL, SWRL, SPARQL, GRDDL, semantic application platforms, and statement-based datastores.

7. Distributed databases, the "World Wide Database" (enabled by Semantic

Web technologies);

8.

Intelligent applications, natural language processing, machine learning, machine reasoning, and autonomous agents.

In some respects, Web 3.0 is nothing more than a parlor game. Ideas tossed out here and there. But at the very least, these ideas have roots in current trends. Many companies, from HP and Yahoo! to Radar Networks, are adopting official Semantic Web standards. Polar Rose and Ojos are improving image search. Google and Microsoft are moving toward 3D. No one can predict what Web 3.0 will look like. But one thing's for sure: It'll happen.

CHAPTER 5

FUTURE INVASION

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1. The Semantic Web A Web where machines can read sites as easily as humans read them (almost). You ask your machine to check your schedule against the schedules of all the dentists and doctors within a 10-mile radiusand it obeys.

2.

The 3D Web

A Web you can walk through. Without leaving your desk, you can go house hunting across town or take a tour of Europe. Or you can walk through a Second Lifestyle virtual world, surfing for data and interacting with others in 3D.

3. The Media-Centric Web A Web where you can find media using other medianot just keywords. You supply, say, a photo of your favorite painting and your search engines turn up hundreds of similar paintings.

4. The Pervasive Web A Web that's everywhere. On your PC. On your cell phone. On your clothes and jewelry. Spread throughout your home and office. Even your bedroom windows are online, checking the weather, so they know when to open and close.

In the web 2.0 generation, web sites began to do amazing things to break through the limitations of their underlying protocol and markup language (http and HTML, respectively). In a way, this would be like Web 2.0 meets massively multiplayer online gaming. I dont like the word gaming here as it suggests something that is only for entertainment, and ultimately, inconsequential. Rather, I believe that true value and 15

immediate person-to-person interaction will be possible, be it on a commercial, scientific, entertainment, or personal level. Our own contribution to the growing number of new web 2.x - or shall we dare call it web 3.0 - applications is The Broth, The Global Mosaic. This is a web site where you can collaborate in real time with other users from around the world, dragging tiles to create mosaic-like artworks with other users in the room. It fulfills the paradigm described in this article, namely web 2.0 with all the trimmings, user generated content, blogs, a social networking system, chat, forum, sharing, rating, commenting, you name it but it adds another dimension by being LIVE (as seen )on the live player map, active rooms page, site map. Thing of the past, so much so that in the web 3.0 era, by means of evolution and the pressure to adapt, only quality sites that really are user-centric and user-friendly will prevail. One can only hope.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The web 3.0 is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which web content can be expressed not only in natural language, but also in a form that can be

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understood, interpreted and used by software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and integrate information more easily. It derives from W3C director Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as auniversal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange. At its core, the semantic web comprises a philosophy, a set of design principles, collaborative working groups, and a variety of enabling technologies. Some elements of the semantic web are expressed as prospective future possibilities that have yet to be implemented or realized. As more and more of the Web is becoming remixable, the entire system is turning into both a platform and the database. Yet, such transformations are never smooth. For one, scalability is a big issue. And of course legal aspects are never simple. It is not a question of if web sites become web services, but when and how. APIs are a more controlled, cleaner and altogether preferred way of becoming a web service. However, when APIs are not available or sufficient, scraping is bound to continue and expand.

We dont know yet whether there will be another noticeable paradigm shift that yet again will give a new moniker to a new type of web site. Maybe from now on the web will continue to develop in a rather fluid manner and we may not see another discrete change as seen with what we now, in hindsight, label web 2.0. What we do know is that more and more users come to the internet, and with ADSL2+ and cable more and more users have high speed internet access that is now fast enough to make online video a serious threat to TV ratings. New internet users that are now coming to the web, uninfluenced by the web-that-was, expect services to be timely, uninterrupted, error free, and above all, intuitive to use, with a friendly and inviting look that makes the term user friendly website a reality.

CHAPTER 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.pcmag.com/ article2/0,1759,2102852,00.asp

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 http://www.information-nline.com/Web+3.0.127.node http://www.thebroth.com/blog/194/web-20-massively-multiplayer-web-30 http://www.awadallah.com/blog/2007/08/25/define-web-30-web-20-web-10/ http://dmiessler.com/blog/the-difference-between-web-10-20-and-30

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web

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