POLITEXT 123

Fractura de materiales

POLITEXT

MJ Anglada, ed. - J Alcal

LM Llanes - AM Mateo - MN Saln

Fractura de materiales

EDICIONS UPC

La presente obra fue galardonada en el sptimo concurso

"Ajut a l'elaboraci de material docent" convocado por la UPC.

Primera edicin: febrero de 2002

Diseo de la cubierta: Manuel Andreu

Los autores, 2002

Edicions UPC, 2002

Edicions de la Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, SL
Jordi Girona Salgado 31, 08034 Barcelona
Tel.: 934 016 883 Fax: 934 015 885
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Depsito legal: B-7025-2002

ISBN: 84-8301-592-7
Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorizacin escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografa y el tratamiento informtico, y la distribucin de ejemplares de
ella mediante alquiler o prstamo pblicos.

Prlogo

Prlogo
La definicin comnmente aceptada de Mecnica de la fractura es la de aquella disciplina que
cuantifica las condiciones bajo las cuales un elemento estructural puede romperse debido a la
existencia y crecimiento de una grieta dominante en la estructura.
El rea de la fractura de los materiales y, concretamente, la mecnica de la fractura, se ha desarrollado
fundamentalmente en el siglo XX a partir de los trabajos pioneros de Griffith e Irwin, de manera que
se puede afirmar que en la dcada de los aos cincuenta la mecnica de la fractura elstica estaba ya
slidamente establecida. Su extensin a problemas no lineales se realiz fundamentalmente a finales
de los aos sesenta, a partir de los trabajos de Rice y Hutchinson.
Por consiguiente, sorprende que una disciplina con tanta aplicacin prctica a problemas de integridad
estructural no fuera incorporada a los programas de las asignaturas de ingeniera de las universidades
espaolas hasta los aos ochenta. Fue justamente en esta dcada, a raz del primer Encuentro del
Grupo Espaol de Fractura en 1984, cuando se estimul el intercambio de ideas y la investigacin en
este campo en Espaa, y, en definitiva, el inters por el estudio de la fractura de los materiales y su
incorporacin en las asignaturas relacionadas con propiedades mecnicas de diversas titulaciones
universitarias.
Una explicacin de esta brecha, que probablemente sera incomprensible en la actual sociedad de la
informacin, puede estar en la rigidez e inercia de los planes de estudios anteriores a esta fecha,
aunque tambin existen otras razones ligadas al hecho de que la fractura de los materiales es un tema
cuyo estudio requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar, en el que se incorporan aspectos mecnicos, fsicos
y de ciencia de materiales.
La motivacin inicial que nos llev a escribir este libro fue la constatacin de la existencia de escaso
material informativo acerca de la fractura de los materiales escrito en lengua castellana, junto a la
necesidad de suministrar apuntes para las clases de la asignatura Fractura de Materiales
correspondiente a la Titulacin Europea de Ingeniera de Materiales de la Universitat Politcnica de
Catalunya (UPC). Las dificultades lingsticas de los estudiantes extranjeros de la mencionada
titulacin en el seguimiento de las clases, hacan completamente necesario tener una gua escrita que,
con el tiempo, se ha convertido en este texto.
La finalidad de la obra es presentar solamente los aspectos ms bsicos de la fractura de materiales. El
lector es remitido a diversos textos especializados y a artculos en revistas internacionales para
estudios ms extensos y profundos del tema. Aqu se ha pretendido dar una visin general tanto del
aspecto mecnico, para lo cual a menudo es suficiente considerar a los materiales como slidos

Los autores, 2002; Edicions UPC, 2002.

Fractura de materiales

continuos, como del aspecto de la microestructura del material, lo cual condiciona su resistencia a la
fractura.

Los autores.

Los autores, 2002; Edicions UPC, 2002.

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229

Bibliografa

Bibliografa
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Los autores, 2002; Edicions UPC, 2002.



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