Object 4

Academic Blog of Dr. Umesh Arya

Tuesday, September 23, 2008

My book on English newspaper words

Object 1 3 2

Newspap er Vocabula ry
Umesh Arya
Senior Lecturer, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar-125001 umesharya1973@gmail.co m www.umesharya.blogspot.c om

A
Aback (bak) - shocked, surprised Everybody was taken aback when the Babri Masjid was demolished. Abandon (abandn) - to leave permanently The young child was abandoned by the parents. Abdicate (abdikat) - to give up, renounce The government was accused by the opposition of abdicating its moral responsibility of protecting the minorities. Abduct (abdukt) - to kidnap The boy was abducted by the criminals at gunpoint. Abet (abatt) - to encourage in wrongdoing The media accused the neighbouring country of aiding and abetting terrorism. Abeyance (abeyunce) - a state of not being used for a period of time, stop temporarily, being suspended The decision to increase the foodgrain prices was kept in abeyance by the outgoing government. Abhor (abho) - to hate very much A civilized society should abhor cruelty and violence. Abide (abyde) - to accept without complaint, to obey A citizen is supposed to abide by the rules and regulations of the country. Abjure (ab-jur) - to promise publicly to give up something wrong The militants should abjure violence first and then come to the negotiations. Ablaze (ab-lez) - burning strongly The office of the Mayor was set ablaze by the mob. Abode (abod) - home, safe place of shelter Foreign countries prove to be safe abode for the criminals. Abolish (abolish) - to bring to end The racism should have been abolished long ago. Due to the heavy budget deficit, the finance ministry decided to abolish the posts and put a ban on the fresh recruitment. Abominate (a-bominut) - to hate very much Every citizen of the country should abominate the racial discrimination and untouchability. Abort (abot) - to make unsuccessful The assassination attempt on the minister's life was aborted by the security personnel.

Abreast (abresst) - to be familiar with the recent developments With the growth of media, it is very easy to keep abreast with the latest development. Abridge (abriz) - to make short by removing some part, make condense Due to shortage of time, the speaker presented an abridged version of his speech. Abrogate (abrogat) - to officially end (a law, agreement) The Parliament abrogated several century old laws. Abscond (ab-scond) - to run away from law The culprit in the murder case absconded to neighbouring state. The Police are trying hard to arrest the absconding criminals. Absolve (abjolv) - to declare innocent John was absolved of all charges by the lower court. Abstain (abstane) to remain away The youth should abstain from smoking. Absurd (ab-surd) - not logical and sensible The plan to arrest terrorists by bombing the building looked absurd to the army. Abundant (abndunt) - more than enough, plenty Although the country has abundant natural resources but they won't last forever. Abysmal (abizmul) - bottomless The country is being slowly engulfed by the whirlpool of abysmal corruption. Accelerate (axelrate) - to increase the speed The economic reforms in the country should be accelerated for speedy development. Access (akcess) - means of entering The only means of access to the building is along a muddy track. Common man finds it difficult to access the authorities for his grievances. Accomplice (akmplic) - partner in illegal work The thief was arrested along with his accomplice. Accomplish (akmplish) - successful completion of work The mission against the terrorists was accomplished by the army. Accord (akhod) - 1. a formal agreement between two organizations The Palestine and Israel signed a historic peace accord saying no to the war. 2. to give The government has accorded top priority to the infrastructure development. Accountable (akauntble) - answerable, responsible The commission recommended in its report that the bureaucracy should be made accountable.

Accrue (acru) - to increase over a period of time Big advantages accrued to the opposition parties form the infighting in the government. Accumulate (aqumulat) - to gather or collect in very large ammount The enquiry commission was surprised to see how the income tax officer could accumulate so much of property. Accuse (a-quz) - to charge with doing wrong The media accused the government of restricting the freedom of press. Accustom (acustum) - to make used to Every new coalition government gets accustomed to the repeated threats of withdrawal of support by its allies. Acquaint (akwaint) - to provide with information The person acquainted the police with vital clue of criminals. I acquainted myself with the latest developments in science. Acquit (a-quit) - to declare innocent The accused in murder case was acquitted by the court due to lack of evidence. Acrimony (acrimny) - bitterness, angry feelings The acrimony ended and a new phase started in the bilateral relations of the two countries. Actuate (a-kchuate) - to move or incite to action The death of the young man in custody actuated the violent protest in the city. Adage (adaje) wise saying of forefathers, proverb Adages are used to embellish the article in a newspaper. Adamant (adament) - who doesn't change his mind after much persuasion The victims accused the authorities of being adamant. Adhere (adhiea) - stick strongly to something The drivers must adhere to the traffic rules. Ad-hoc (adhok) - special arrangement which is not planned in advance The workers demanded that the ad hoc appointments should be regularised in the company. Adieu (adiya) - goodbye The communist countries are bidding adieu to communism and shifting to democracy. Adjourn (ajaan) - to put off, to postpone a meeting The house was adjourned after the shouting of slogans by parliamentarians. Admonish (admonesh) - to warn in a light way The teacher admonished the student for his mistake. Ad nauseam (adnojium) - to do or say something again and again so that it becomes very boring

The newsreader repeated the same news ad nauseam. Adore (ado) - to love very much Every common man adores the peaceful living atmosphere. Adroit (adroat) - skillful, clever The young adroit police officer dispersed the angry crowd. Advent (ad-vent) - arrival or coming With the advent of Internet, access to information has become easy. Adverse (ad-vers) - unfavourable A determined person does his job even in adverse circumstances. Adversary (advesry) - opponent The government was accused of harassing its adversaries. Advisable (adwizble) - good and sensible idea It would be advisable on the part of the government to cut its non-planned expenditure. Advocate (a-dvcat) - speak publicly in favour Social reformers have advocated for equal rights for men and women. Affinity (afiniti) - strong feeling of liking The emerging media have the affinity for new communication technologies. Affirm (a-ffm) - to state firmly and publicly Let us affirm our faith in democracy. Afflict (aflikt) - to harm or affect in an unpleasant way The tragedy of civil war has afflicted most of the African countries. Affluent (a-floount) - having a lot of money Some economists believe that liberalization has only served the interest of an affluent section of society. Afoot (a-foot) - being planned The plan is afoot to reduce the fiscal deficit by half in the next financial year. Aftermath (aa-ftma) - bad results after a situation Painful memories emerged as the aftermath of communal riots. Aggravate (agrawait) - to make worse The situation in the flood affected area aggravated after heavy rains. Aggrieve (agriv) - suffering from unfair treatment The aggrieved party filed an appeal in the court against the municipal corporation. Aggression (ag-reshun) - violent attack by one country against another country The Army should be prepared to answer any attempt of aggression by the enemies.

Agitate (ajitet) - to argue strongly in public for or against some social or political changes The trade unions agitated against the retrenchment of some of their colleagues. Agony (agny) - great pain of mind or body The poverty generated great agony among the social workers. The agony of the starving people in Orissa is unbearable. Akin (akhin) - having the same appearance or character The enquiry committee found that the new case of money mismanagement in the department was akin to the earlier one. Alacrity ele-kriti - great enthusiasm and zeal The rebels accepted the government's offer with alacrity. Alibi eleby - evidence that proves that a person was at other place at the time of crime, excuse All the suspects of murder had the alibi for the day of murder. Alienate eliyenate - to make somebody feel that they don't belong to a particular group The supporting parties alienated when the government didn't accept their demands. Allay alay - to make less strong, to calm After purchasing the government's share in the factory, the private company allayed the fears of the workers regarding cut in the jobs. Allege a-lej - to state without giving proof The opposition alleged that there is large scale corruption in the government. The newspaper published a news regarding a person who allegedly murdered his own child. Alleviate aliviate - to reduce pain or difficulties for a short time The company's financial problems alleviated after the rise in sale of its products.. Alliance ala-unce - an agreement or union The two parties forged alliance to fight the election together. Allocate eloket - to set apart for a particular purpose The animal department has been allocated 20 crores rupees for research and development for this year. Alter olte - to make changes The army altered its plan when it came to know that the enemy has got wind of its strategy. Altercation oltekeshun - a noisy argument or disagreement There was scene of altercation between the ruling members and the opposition parties in the parliament. Amass emes - to collect money, goods in great amount over a long period The relatively new investor amassed a good fortune in the stock market business with in a short time.

Amaze amez - to cause wonder, great surprise The loss of life was amazing when the earthquake struck the country. Ambience embiunce - atmosphere of a place The peaceful ambience of the hilly areas refreshes a burdened mind. Ambiguous embig-U.S. - having more than one meaning or interpretation This report has some ambiguous remarks. Ambit embit - range of authority, influence With the implementation of Information Technology act, the cyber crimes falls within the ambit of law. Ambush em-bush - to attack from a hidden place The terrorists ambushed the army personnel killing one officer and two soldiers. Ameliorate amiliorate - to make less bad, improve Donations from the International funding agencies ameliorated the economic condition of poor countries. Amend amend - to make changes in the law or document in order to correct mistakes, improve The constitution has been amended many times to suit the social change in the country. Amicable amekibul - done in a friendly way Some persons convinced the opponents to sit together and find an amicable solution of their dispute. Amid a-mid - in the middle of something The Governor read his opening speech of the session amid big noise. The resolution in the parliament was passed amid strong noise from the opposition benches. Amnesia em-nezia - loss of memory By not learning from the previous mistakes, the government is often accused of amnesia. Amnesty emnesti - pardon The government announced amnesty to hundreds of prisoners on the occasion of republic day. Ample emphul - enough, sufficient The police had ample evidences of the culprit's wrongdoings. Analogy e-nalaji - similarity in two things or processes by comparison The army draws an analogy between the large number of militants and increased violence. An analogy can be drawn between the Bombay blasts and attack on World Trade Centre. Anarchy eneki - state of disorder, lawlessness Violence and religious disputes spread anarchy in the country.

Anathema enethma - an idea you hate because you don't believe in it. The anathema of bloody riots poses a serious threat to the brotherhood and national unity of a country. Anchor enke - to fix something strongly so that it can not move Our constitution is anchored to the philosophy of democracy and secularism. Anguish engvish - pain, suffering The anguish of the rich people was unbearable who lost everything in the earthquake. Animosity enimositi - a strong feeling of anger, opposition Talks between the rival groups can bring to an end their animosity. Annals anaals - historical records In the annals of development, the newspapers have contributed a lot by bringing social change in the country. Annex enex - take control of a territory or country by force The neighbouring country deployed heavy forces along the border in order to annex the territory of the other country. Anomaly a-nomli - different from what is expected, abnormality The business community urged the government to rectify the anomalies in the tax structure. Anonymous anonmus - unknown, whose name is not known An anonymous person informed the police about the bomb in the plane. Ante enti - increase the level of demand for money The researcher didn't up his ante while submitting the financial requirements for the new project. Antecedent enticeedent - any past history The immigration officials found the suspected person of unknown antecedents. Anticipate entici-pate - to expect in advance The country is anticipating gold medal for Indian team in Olympics. Anticlimax enti-clymax - not as exciting as expected In an anticlimax, the government changed its stand in the court on the issue of banning the old vehicles . Antidote enti-dyot - which prevents the bad effect of poison or disease The self employment scheme is an antidote to the nation's unemployment problem. Antithesis entithsis - the opposite of something The result of the strike was antithesis of the worker's expectations. Anvil en-vil - about to happen or come The authorities said that a comprehensive strategy was on the anvil for improving the infrastructure in the country.

Anxiety en-ziatee - excessive worry for some bad expectation There is lot of anxiety among the employees about the possible job losses. Apathy e-pethi - lack of interest, indifference, unwillingness The government's apathy towards the Handicraft industry was criticized by the business community. Apex e-pex - highest part of something The apex court delivered the historic judgement on the disputed structure. Apparent aperent - 1. easily understood or evident The humiliation of the ruling party was apparent to everybody who lost on every seat. 2. seem to be real but not always necessarily. The victims were dissatisfied with the police's apparent lack of interest in arresting the dacoits. Appease a-peeze - to make somebody calmer or less angry by giving him or her what they want The police often find tough to appease the angry demonstrators. Applaud ap-load - to show approval for a person, performance, idea etc. by clapping The audience in the hall applauded the actor's performance. Apprehend eprhend - to take into police custody After much efforts the police apprehended the culprits. Apprise a-pryze - inform, tell The Prime Minister apprised the President of the financial condition of the country. Approbation aprebe-shun - approval or agreement The new financial reforms have won approbation form the economists. Appropriate apro-priyet - suitable, acceptable for a particular circumstance Words should be used appropriately while writing an article. Arbitrary rbitri - use of power without considering its effect on other people, not based on reasoning The arbitrary attitude of the company angered many of its loyal customers. Arbitrate r-bitrate - to act as a judge in an argument especially at the request of both sides A person was nominated by the government to arbitrate between the Management and employees. Archaic aake-ak - very old and no longer used Some sections of the law have become archaic and need immediate review. Archive aa-ky-v - collection of historical documents or records The government's archive can yield some very useful and secret information. Ardent aa-dent - showing strong desires

After many difficulties, the ardent women parliamentarians managed to present the bill on women reservation in elections. The democratic party found it difficult to deal with the ardent supporters of communism. Arduous aa-juas - requiring hard and continuous effort, difficult Arriving at a consensus is an arduous job. Arena areena - an area of activity, field of competition The availability of skilled professionals in the field of Information Technology has build India's image in the international arena. Ascertain ecertane - to discover the truth or fact, to make certain The investigative agency ascertained the truth behind the false story of murder within two days. Aspersion es-purr-zun - to express doubt about something Nobody can cast aspersions on Lal Bahadur Shashtri's honesty. The consumer rights forum cast aspersion on the ability of the new construction company. Asphyxiate suffocate, feel difficulty in breathing, to die or become unconscious Due to the high budget deficit, the country's economy is asphyxiating. Aspire to make effort for some important aim or goal The young doctor aspired to become famous in the city. Assail to attack violently (physically or by words) The miscreants assailed the shopkeepers and looted the cash. The government was assailed by the opposition over the issue of women's reservation bill. Assassinate to murder an important person (VIP) It is believed that Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by LTTE. Assent official agreement or approval The new bill on the terrorism got the Presidential assent. The President gave assent to the new bill on terrorism. Assert to state or declare forcefully He asserted that he would always work for the upliftment of the poor. Assiduous hardworking, requiring lot of work The police found it assiduous to keep an eye on such a large population of the capital. It is an assiduous job to lay underwater fibre optic cable between two countries. Assign to give some work or responsibility The government assigned the job of economic development to the eminent economists. Assimilate to digest the food, to understand and use properly The students assimilated the lecture on "new trends in advertising".

Assuage to make an unpleasant feeling less severe The mediators assuaged the anger between the fighting groups and the peaceful atmosphere was restored. Astonish to cause great surprise, amaze Everybody is astonished at the magical effects and applications of computers. Atrocity atrociti - cruelty, excesses Feudal landlords have committed lot of atrocities on poor farmers. Attenuate a-ten-uat - to become weak or less effective The voice of protest from striking workers attenuated when the management announced more incentives for them. Attribute atribute - to say that something is a result of a particular thing The newspaper attributed its success to the its sensible readers. Attrition atrishun - processing of destroying slowly by continuous and repeated attacks The militants are accused of waging a war of attrition in Kashmir. Audacious odeshush - daring, bold to extreme degree It was an audacious attempt by the soldiers to chase and attack hardcore militants. Augment o-gment - increase The experiments have shown that newspaper reading can augment a student's vocabulary. Augur o-gaa - sign of something in the future, a pre indication The good rainfall augurs well for the agricultural production in the country. Auspicious o-spish-sh - showing a sign that something would be successful in future The Chief Minister announced several schemes for the poor on the auspicious occasion of Independence Day. New newspaper made an auspicious start. Austere o-stia - extremely simple, without comfort The monks lead an austere life in the mountains. Authentic o-thentik - genuine, true, deserving to be trusted The news that the culprit is nabbed is authentic. Avalanche evelanch - the fall or sliding of a mass of snow down a mountain-slope, something in very big numbers The new communication technologies are providing an avalanche of information to the audience. Avenue e-ven-u - way, opportunities The Information Technology has opened may jobs avenues. Avenge avenz - to take revenge The rebels took to arms and decided to avenge the injustice done to them.

Averse a-vs - opposed to something All the striking employees present in the meeting were averse to have confrontation with the government. Avert avaat - avoid, prevent Tactful handling by the government averted the oil crisis. Avow avaa-o - declare openly Every government avows itself as a greatest protector of the poor's interest. Awful o-ful - shocking, very bad, unpleasant The economic condition of the country is really awful.

B
Back bek - to support The opposition parties backed the government in projecting a unified view before the international community. Backdrop bek-drop - the general conditions in which an event takes place Riots started against the backdrop of the communal tension in the city. Backlash baklesh - strong negative reaction shown by people The administration had to face the backlash of destroying the temple. Baffle bffle - confuse to the limit of inaction The never ending list of problems baffled the government. Bag baag - to win a prize, contract etc. The newspaper bagged the award for the best story and editorial writing. Bail out bale - rescue somebody from a difficult situation The ailing public sector companies need to be bailed out by the government's funding. Bait bet - a thing which attracts but is very harmful A self reliant country should not fall prey to the bait of excessive foreign loans. Banal benaal - lacking new ideas and originality To ensure success, the banal ideas should be replaced with the creative ones. Bane ben - cause of problem/trouble The death of emotional feelings and sensitivity in people is the bane of the modern society. Banish bnish - to get rid of something, make something go away The young minister vowed to banish the poverty and drought from his state. Bank bnk - to rely on something, put hopes on something Since no single party could get majority in the elections so the largest seats winning party is

banking upon the support of small parties to form government. Bar baa - stop somebody from doing something The weaker sections of the society alleged that they were barred from casting their votes in the elections. Barely be-lii -only a short time before, hardly The stage is set for a biggest trade show for which barely a week is left. Barge baaj - enter a place rudely and without permission The protesting crowd barged into the Chief Minister's residence. Barter ba-ta - to exchange something with another thing While sharing the seats for the elections, political parties often resort to a barter system. Bash to beat severely The suspected thieves were bashed by the police to extract information about the stolen goods. Battered bsh - badly damaged, not in a very good condition After the renewed violence, the peace efforts look battered. Afghanistan was left battered by a decade long civil war. Beckon bekun - to give a signal to call somebody, to call and make somebody follow you Liberalisation and globalisation are the two factors which beckon foreign investors in a country. Bedevil bidevil - to cause a lot of problem for something over a period of time The main factor bedeviling the safety performance in railway accidents may be the manipulation of accident statistics. Bedlam bedlum - a scene of full disorder and noise The opposition created a bedlam in the house over the issue of reduction in subsidy. Beef up biif ap - increase, enhance After the threats, the security near the Prime Minister's residence was beefed up. Befit bifit - to be suitable and fit for something The entertainment material published in the newspapers should be befitting to the interest of the readers. Behest behest - command, order At the behest of some external powers, terrorists are waging proxy war against India. Behove bhoove - something necessary or right to do It behoves the journalist to report the events impartially and correctly. Beleaguer b-liga - to surround so as to prevent escape, to lay siege The terrorists were beleaguered inside the building.

The beleaguered Prime Minister resigned in the parliament. Belittle bilitul - to treat an achievement as unimportant, valueless The government accused the opposition of belittling its tremendous achievements. Belligerent bligirunt - aggressive, ready to fight The belligerent militant organisations gave sleepless nights to the government. Benchmark benchmaak - a standard against which other things can be compared The development in the western countries can be a benchmark for our development. Beneath Below, under something Every government seems to put the issues of national importance beneath the carpet and doesn't deal with them seriously. Benevolent bnevelunt - kind, gracious, helpful to others The victims of natural calamities have benefited and will continue to benefit from the benevolent acts of some people in the society. Benign be-nyn - kind and gentle, not causing any harm The social work has always enjoyed a benign image in every part of the world. Benumb binaam - to stun, take away feelings The father was benumbed by the tragic death of his son in the accident. Bereaved breeve - state of sorrow of family members on the death of their member The Prime Minister expressed sympathy to the bereaved family members of the victims who died in a bomb blast. Bereft deprived of, devoid of With the growth of telecommunications, no part of the world has remained bereft of the communication facilities. Besiege biseej - to surround The police besieged the dacoits inside the building. Bespeak bispeek - to speak The delay in the implementation of necessary reforms bespeaks lack of concern on the part of the government. Bestial besti-al -height of cruelty, inhuman Freedom fighters were meted out the bestial treatment in the jail. Bestow bistaao - to give as a mark of respect The government thought over the idea of taking away the awards bestowed upon the corrupt players. Bete noir bete-nova - person or thing which annoys and irritates The minister proved to be bete noir for the militants and they refused to talk to him.

Betray bitre - to be dishonest, disloyal The government was accused of betraying the trust of the people. Bicker bika - to argue over unimportant things Almost every political party is the victim of internal bickering among its leaders. Bid biid - attempt, an offer of price Many reputed private companies are bidding for the new contracts of bridge construction. The army officer escaped the bid on his life. Bigotry big-e-tre - religious blindness, unreasonable high thinking of one's religion, views, ideas etc. Bigotry doesn't find place in our secular social system. Bilateral by-lateral - between two groups only Kashmir problem is a bilateral issue, no other country should mediate. Bizarre bizaaa - strange, odd A bizarre situation was created when not even a single vote was cast in the terrorism affected area. Blare ble -ye - harsh, unpleasantly loud sound Earlier, the election campaigns used to blare the politician's speech but it has stopped now a days. Blasphemy blasphmy - criticism of God The fundamentalists termed the speaker's remark as blasphemy. Blatant bletnt - done without caring of people's objection The newspapers alleged that fresh appointments are blatant violation of the court orders. Bleak bleek - dull, cheerless, not hopeful The businessmen were worried that their future would be bleak as the earthquake destroyed all their business establishments. Blemish blemish - black spot, a thing which spoils reputation The outgoing government was congratulated for completing its term without blemish. Blitz plits - sudden heavy attack The companies are resorting to a heavy media blitz in order to capture the market. Blunt blunt - sharp The opposition was quite blunt in describing the misdeeds of the government. Boisterous boys-turus - noisily cheerful and rough The beautiful dance show was marred by some boisterous persons in the hall. Bolster bol-sta - to support or strengthen Large number of taxpayers will definitely bolster the public exchequer.

Bombard bom-baad - 1. to attack a place by firing continuously The continuous bombardment by the enemies completely destroyed the border villages. 2. to attack somebody with a lot of questions, criticism etc The complaint office was bombarded with the letters of complaints. Bombastic bombaastic - superfluous, important sounding (hi-fi) but with little meaning It is advisable not to use the bombastic language in public speech. Bonafides evidence of somebody's honesty The police doubted the bonafides of suspected Pakistani tourists. Bonhomie bonomii - state of cheerful friendship The bonhomie between India and America is a big jump in bilateral relations. Boomerang boomerang - to get hurt in the process of harming others Due to the faulty planning, the opposition's plan to embarrass the government boomeranged. Boost boost - to make something increase or better The world trade agreements have boosted the International export business. Booty booti - stolen valuable things The police tried to catch the thief but he escaped with the booty under the cover of darkness. Bother boda - to cause worry, trouble or annoyance to anybody The increasing crime rate is continuously bothering the law enforcement agencies. Bottleneck something which slows down or stops the growth Because of the bottleneck of high taxes, the small industry is not able to grow. Bow boov - bend the head before somebody The opposition accused the government of bowing to the pressure of market forces. Brew bru - something bad likely to happen soon Resentment was brewing among the party workers over expulsion of some senior members. Brace to prepare for something difficult or unpleasant During training, the rescue workers braced themselves for the troublesome rescue missions in the future. Brag brag - to say big things about oneself The student bragged about his minor success in the examination. Breach breech - to break an agreement, contract or rule Leakage of the President's speech by the press before the scheduled time was termed as a breach of trust by the government. Bridge briz - fill the gap There is lot of communication gap between teachers and students; we will have to bridge this gap.

Brigand brigund - thief with arms, usually a band of thieves living in jungles and mountains Special task force raided the hideout and killed the notorious brigand. Brink brink - on the edge of The defence analysts pointed out that the earth is on the brink of nuclear disaster. Brisk bris - quick and active There is a brisk demand in the market for electronic products. Brisk walk is good for health. Broker brroka - to act as a middleman The newspapers published a story on the misdeeds of power brokers who took money from the companies and got their work done by the minister. The United Nations brokered a peace plan in the countries affected by civil war. Brutal brootul - very cruel, lack of kindness or human feelings Animal lovers protested against the brutal treatment given to animals in the laboratories. Buckle bakul - to bend, to get crushed under something The government refused to buckle under the opposition's demand of reducing the oil prices. Bulwark bool-vk - anything that gives security or defence The heavy deployment of security forces along the border is a bulwark against the cross border terrorism. Bumpy bumpee - uncomfortable, having lots of bumps, filled with troubles With numerous problems before it, the new government will be walking on the bumpy road. Bungle bungul - which is done badly and causes problem, not done skillfully The inefficient candidate bungled his last opportunity of job. The lack of coordination between the security agencies bungled the rescue plan of the hostages. Buoyant bo-yunt -ability to recover quickly from disappointment, return to high level after temporary slump There is a buoyant market for small cars in India after the announcement of new automobile policy by the government. A buoyant attitude helps tide over difficult times. Burgeon ba-zun - to begin to grow rapidly There is a burgeoning demand for the computers in the market after reduction in the import duty on computer hardware. Bust bast - 1. to enter a place and arrest somebody The infamous interstate gang was busted by the police. 2. failed because of lack of money The sick company went bust because of faulty policies of the management. Buttress support, protect

The accused presented some more evidence to buttress his claim of innocence. Buzzword buzwaa - a word which has become popular and fashionable Convergence is the latest buzzword in the career in Information Technology.

C
Cadre caaa-daa - a small group of people chosen for a particular purpose The ruling party tried to maintain the harmony among its cadres. Caliber quality and ability of a person Journalism requires caliber. Callous k-lus - unsympathetic, unkind The callous officials refused to help the victims of train accident. Camaraderie kemeraa-d-ri - friendship and trust among colleagues Camaraderie in the army has to be maintained at every cost in order to protect the borders of the country. Camouflage keme-flaash - colour, shape similar to that of surrounding, so as to make detection difficult The soldiers camouflaged themselves with green leaves in order to befool the enemies. Canard k-naad - a false report, rumour The stock markets are highly sensitive to the canards about the companies and government's policies. Candid Ken-did - frank, truthful, honest The officer candidly admitted his mistake before the inquiry commission. Cap kh-p - limit There is no cap on the number of licenses to be issued for Internet services. Capitalize kepitalyze - to take advantage of something The opposition parties capitalized on the infighting in the ruling party and brought down the government. Capricious kprishus - changing suddenly and quickly , unstable The situation in the country is looking capricious, as a result foreign investment may fall this year. Captive keptive - kept as a prisoner Two foreigners were held captive by the terrorists who demanded the release of their fellow militants. Carnage kaa-nez - killing in very large numbers especially in war Mankind must decide not to repeat the carnage which took place in the two world wars.

Cascade kes-ked - to fall over something in large ammount The corruption is cascading on the Public like a monster. Cast khaast - 1. put Rise in the prices of essential commodities casts shadow on the poor man's life. Limited people cast their votes these days. Opposition parties often cast aspersions on the government's style of functioning. 2. to present somebody in a particular way The arrested persons cast themselves as innocent victims. Casualty k-jualti - loss of life in accident or battle The enemy suffered heavy casualties in the Kargil war. Catastrophe k-tes-truphi - sudden unexpected event which causes great suffering The famine was a major catastrophe which caused heavy loss of life. Categorical ketegorikul - made without any doubt in the mind, unconditional. The senior bureaucrat immediately issued a categorical denial of his involvement in the scam. Cease cees - to stop an activity The operation against the militants was ceased following the announcement of ceasefire by the government. Ceiling ceeling - highest limit The government raised the ceiling on the quota of newsprint import by the newspapers. Cement ciment - to make strong/firm The Prime Minister's visit has cemented our relations with the foreign countries. Censure senshia - to criticize somebody severely and publicly for his wrongdoing The court censured the administration for its failure to provide basic amenities to the public. Cessation cece-shun - stopping of something, pause The cessation of all subsidies by the finance minister reduced the budget deficit considerably. Chagrin shegrin - disappointment caused by unfulfilled desires or hopes Much to their chagrin, the result was a big zero. Chalk chok - to draw a plan for dealing with a difficult situation The administration chalked out a detailed plan to tackle the drought problem in the state. Chaos ke-yos - state of total confusion and disorder Because of the improper planning of the event, there was chaos all around. Chart chaat - to design a plan to deal with some problem The party charted out a strategy to win the support of the people who had been alienated in the past.

Chauvinist shovinist - 1. unreasonable proud belief of one's own country Saddam Hussain was termed as a chauvinist by the American media. 2. person who believes that the gender (male) to which he belongs is better than the other (female) The latest attempt of the male members to block the women reservation bill in the parliament was termed by the women as "perfect example of male chauvinism". Checkmate chek-mate - control, defeat somebody completely The dismissal of the party's general secretary was seen as the move to checkmate the rebels' activities. Chequered che-kud - which contains both successful as well as unsuccessful periods Indian industry has gone through a chequered past before settling to a comfortable position. Chide chaa-id - to criticize severely for some wrongdoing The supreme court chided the state governments for not implementing the welfare schemes for the poor in their respective states. Christen kristun - to give a name to something The new employment scheme was christened as "Sab ke liye Rojgar" or "employment for everybody". Chronic kronic - of a disease, lasting for a long time Some victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy died after chronic illness. The chronic problems of sewer and waterlogging during the monsoon are giving sleepless nights to the authorities. Chronology kronolozi - the order in which a series of events happened The newspaper gave a chronology of violent attacks by the terrorists. Chunk chunk - large amount of something A big chunk of the population still lives below the poverty line even after fifty years of independence. Churn chhun - to produce something quickly in large amount Various institutes churn out thousands of Information Technology professionals every year still the country is facing the manpower shortage. Circumspect surcum-spect - think very carefully before doing The police should be circumspect before opening fire at the demonstrations. Citadel citedul - fort, stronghold, area of dominant influence West Bengal is regarded as the citadel of communists. Cite cyte - to mention something as a support for what you are saying The editor cited the heavy cost of newspaper production as the reason for high rates of advertising. Clamp klemp - Impose or inflict forcefully

The government clamped a heavy fine on the polluting industries. Clandestine klendestin - done secretly The rebels held a clandestine meeting to chalk out their offensive strategy against the army. Clash k'lash - fight Twelve people were hurt in the clash between police and the mob. Cleanse klens - to clean completely The removal of corruption can definitely cleanse our social system. Clinch klinch - to succeed in winning something Public sector companies have clinched many lucrative deals from the foreign countries in the today's era of liberalisation. Clout klaut - power and influence With the nuclear explosions and the Information Technology revolution, India's clout in the internationl fora has increased considerably. Club k'lub - 1. to hit a person with heavy object The dacoits clubbed two persons to death in the high security area. 2. to join so as to make one The court clubbed the two cases and decided to hear them together. Clumsy klumzi - without skill, awkward The inexperienced diplomat handled the sensitive diplomatic affair too clumsily. Clutches -- khluch - net, control The police rescued the young girls from the clutches of middleman who sell the girls as prostitutes. Coalition ko-lishun - two or more groups joined together The political analysts feel that the coalition government doesn't last long. Coerce ko-us - to force somebody to do something by using threats The police inspector was accused of coercing the man into giving confessional statement. Cognizance kogniznce - take into consideration, law to take notice of The Chief Justice took cognizance of misrepresentation of the case by authorities. Cohesion koheezun - the state of sticking together, unity The cohesion of joint family system is fast coming to an end in favour of nuclear family. Indian culture is proud to have remarkable cohesion of bonds among family members. Cohort kohot - group of people with common interest The militants discussed the government's proposal with their cohorts and surrendered before the army. Coincide koincidunce - to take place at the same time The budget session of the parliament coincided with the visit of neighbouring country's

President. Collapse k'leps - to fall down The economists warned that the economy of the country is on the verge of collapse. Collude kolude - to work secretly to harm somebody Pakistan's army colluded with militants in Kargil war against India. Colossal klosul - extremely large The company suffered colossal losses due to the cancellation of orders from the clients. Combat ko-mbet - fight, stop the unexpected things from happening The new government decided to combat the rising unemployment. Commemorate kmemrate - to remind an important person or special event from the past The nation commemorated the fifty years of Independence. Commendable k'mendebul - deserving praise The government has done a commendable job in spreading literacy programmes in tribal areas. Commensurate kemensuat - equal to, matching in size The army pointed out that the deployment of the forces would be commensurate with the operational requirements. The company mentioned in the advertisement that the salary of the candidate would be commensurate with his talent. Commission kmishun - to start function The power company declared that the electricity projects would be commissioned after five years from now. Commotion kmoshun - sudden noise and confusion The opposition raised commotion over the rising incidents of attacks on minorities. Compassion kumpeshun - sympathy for suffering of others in order to help them Social workers have great compassion for the downtrodden people. Compatible kumpetibul - able to exist together due to harmony The joint venture failed because the goals of both the companies were not compatible. Competent kompitunt - having enough knowledge and skill to do something very well The educated ministers are quite competent to do their job efficiently. Complacent kumplaycunt - self-satisfied, have no worry even though one should The educationist stressed that the students should not be complacent in acquiring knowledge. Comply kump-ly - to obey Everybody has to comply with the court's order. Comprehensive komperhensiv - detailed, elaborate, which includes almost everything concerned

The inquiry commission came out with a comprehensive report on the causes of train accidents. Compute kum-pyut - to calculate The delay in the construction of dams has escalated their earlier computed cost. Conceal kun-sil - to hide The raid on the premises of industrialists revealed that a huge income is concealed from the income tax department in order to avoid payment of tax. Concede kun-ceed - accept, admit something as true The government conceded to the demands of industrialists to reduce the excise duty on certain products. Conceive kun-ceev - to form an idea, imagine, think of The reputed political analyst said that an efficient government conceives the idea and implements it too. Concerted konsutd - planned and combined work done together The poverty eradication needs concerted efforts by the government. Conclave kon-klev - meeting to discuss something The government decided to organize a conclave of Non Resident Indians to promote investment. Concoct kunkokt - to make a false story, excuse The army officer blamed the investigative agency to concoct stories to prove him a spy. Concomitant kunkomitnt - happening at the same time with other thing as both are related to each other The liberalisation has taken place with the concomitant rise in the executive's income manifold. Concurrence kunka-runce - consent, agreement My business partner didn't seek my concurrence and sold off the factory. Condemn kundem - to express strong disapproval The educated people must condemn the dowry system. Conducive kundyuciv - helping to happen, favourable This rain is conducive for good yield of the crop. Conduit kondit - a person/organization which is used to pass things/information to other person/places. The police tried to trace the conduits through which the smugglers were operating in the area. Confer kun-faa - to give honour, bestow upon Noted presonalities in different fields were conferred upon the awards by the President. Confidant konfident - trusted friend

The young worker became confidant of the minister in a very short period of time. Confide kunfy-d - to trust somebody in telling secret information The person confided in the journalist by giving top secret proof of corruption in the income tax department. Confine konfyne - keep something inside some limit The web of communication technologies has removed the boundary confinements between countries. A student should not confine his knowledge upto the text books only. Confiscate konfisket - to seize, to officially take away something The police confiscated a big consignment of smuggled goods from a private godown. Conflict kon-flikt - 1. disagreement, fight Seven persons were injured in the conflict over the ownership of the land. 2. serious disagreement/argument There is conflict between Western culture and Indian culture. Confluence konfluance - two or more things becoming one Thousands of devotees took a dip in the holy water at the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati River. Conform kun-fom - to follow the generally accepted rules The psychologist predicted that non-conforming people are not respected by the society. Confound kun-faa-und - confuse and surprise The complicated issues relating to country's economy often confound the government. Confront kunfunt - to deal with and to be faced by The minister had to confront many embarrassing questions in the TV talk show. Confrontation konfunteshun - to confront Confrontation has to be avoided in dealing with the sensitive issues. Congenial kungeene-ul - pleasant, good The new education policy aims to provide the congenial study atmosphere in the schools and colleges. Congregate kong-gut - to come in a group Many people congregated at the temple to worship Lord Ganesh. Conjecture kunjekcha - forming opinion, guess or judgement based on incomplete information The politician said that the idea of his party's defeat in the coming elections is based on conjecture. Connive kny-v - conspire

The jail authorities connived with the VIP prisoners and helped them in escaping from the bars. Connotation knoteshun - an idea that is implied or suggested The World Bank's suggestions on budget to the central government bears a different connotation in light of its increasing interference in the country's internal affairs. Conquer konka - to defeat somebody in fight/contest The stronghold of the ruling party was conquered by the opposition party in the last elections. Conscience konshuns - inner sense that is conscious of the moral rightness or wrongness The deputy commissioner told his boss that his conscience didn't allow him to do injustice with the poor people. Consecutive kunseketiv - following one after another in a series The session of the parliament was adjourned for nine consecutive days. Consensus kunsensus - general agreement We will have to reach a consensus on the issue of subsidy. Consent kunsent - permission to do something The new bill on the right to information was presented before the parliament with the prior consent of speaker. Consequence konsequnce - bad result The decision to release the militants will have serious consequences. Consistency kunsistunci - having the same opinion, idea etc There is lack of consistency in the theories of origin of universe. Consolidate kunsolidet - to become solid/strong The new ministers consolidated their positions in the Government. Consortium kunso-ti-um - a group of people/companies who are working on the common project The high taxes were ciritized by the consortium of steel industry. Conspire kunspaaya - to secretly plan something bad Anti social elements have conspired to spread hatred in the country. Consternation konsteneshun - feeling of great shock, surprise and anxiety The decision of allowing the entry of foreign media created much consternation in Indian media. Constitute konstichyute - to form or make up It is believed by the people that the dishonest persons constitute a political party. Constrict kuns-trikt - to become narrow and tight The education should be aimed at broadening the constrict thinking. Construe kunstru - to understand the meaning of something in a particular way

The implementation of the law on every citizen should not be construed as the harassement tool for the minorities. Contagious kunte-zus - which spreads from person to person by touching each other The corruption is spreading like a contagious disease in our society. Contemplate kontumplet - think deeply and thoughtfully We contemplated on the issue and finally reached the solution. Contempt kuntempt - lack of respect for something A sensible citizen should not show contempt for minorities. Disobeying the court orders is a contempt of court. Contention kun-tenshun - arguing or struggling between people The issue of Ram Mandir is no longer a matter of contention. Contentment kuntentmnt - satisfaction, happiness The favourable judgement by the court filled everybody with contentment. Contingent kuntinjunt - dependent on something uncertain The doctors said that the survival of the soldier is contingent upon the recovery signals in next twenty four hours. The employee's job security is contingent upon the outcome of the departmental enquiry on the charges of bribe against him. Contradict kontrdikt - to say opposite of what has been said earlier The Prime Minister contradicted his minister's statement on tax concession. Controversy kuntrovsy - dispute, disagreement Much controversy was created over the nude scenes in the new film. Conundrum knondrum - a question or problem which is difficult to solve The religious disputes are proving to be a conundrum for the government. Convene kunveen - to arrange for people for coming together All party meeting was convened by the government to evolve a consensus on the issue of foreign policy. Converge kunvaaz - to move from different directions and meet at central point Thousands of people converged on the auditorium to listen to their favorite leader. Conviction kunvikshun - strong belief The United Nations has the conviction that the negotiations can solve any dispute on the earth. Copious ko-pius - in large ammount A theory must be supported by copious evidences. Cordial kodiul - friendly and pleasant The government enjoys the cordial relations with the neighbouring countries.

Core ko - central part , most important part of something The core issue eluded discussion during the debate in the parliament. Cornucopia konukopia - which contains large amount of something, storehouse The newspaper is the cornucopia of the general knowledge. Corroborate korob-ret - to give information in support of a statement, confirm The charges of corruption against the officer were corroborated in the raid at his house where large ammount of cash and property documents were found. Cosmopolitan kosmopolitun - 1. showing broadminded outlook, having experience of different places and world The educated youth must have a cosmopolitan outlook of life. 2. existing in most parts of the world Corruption seems to be a cosmopolitan disease. Coterie ko-t-ri - a group of people with shared interests (negative sense) The opposition alleged that the Prime Minister is often surrounded by the coterie who misguides him. Cough up khuff up - to forcibly accept an unpleasant thing The company had to cough up financial losses due to the slump in the export market. Counter kan-ta - response to somebody that opposes his idea The issue of appointment of two more election commissioners was seen as a counter to the chief election commissioner. Counterfeit kantefit - not genuine, fake The police seized a big haul of counterfeit currency notes from the foreign tourists. Coup kuu - sudden illegal change of government The democratically elected government was thrown out in a military coup. Coveted ka-vet - much desired by everybody India deserves the coveted post of permanent membership of United Nations. Crack down krak daun - severe action taken to restrict the activities of criminals and antisocial elements The police's crack down on the gangs of smugglers led to the fall in smuggling from across the border. Cradle kre-dul - place of origin China is the cradle of the art of acupuncture. Credentials kredenshi ul - qualities, experience which makes somebody suitable for something Despite doubts in the public's mind, the new government proved that it had all credentials to run the country successfully. Credible kredibul - which can be believed or trusted

The big claims made by the government sounded incredible to the public. Cripple kripul - weaken or damage seriously The rise in the price of crude oil has crippled economies of many developing countries. Crisis krysis - time of great trouble/difficulty By withdrawing the support, the allies put the government in crisis. Crisp krisp - fresh, firm, recently produced People like to read the crisp news in the morning newspapers. Crony kro-ni - friend (especially in the position of power) The politicians are fond of showing undue favour to their cronies. Crop krop - to occur unexpectedly The idea of starting a new course in computers cropped up in the meeting. Crow kro - to talk proudly what you have achieved, boast The opposition members termed the minor success of ruling party as nothing to crow about. Crucial kru-shul - extremely important because it can affect other things The investigative agency told the court that the investigation in hawala racket has reached a crucial stage. Crumble krumbul - break into small pieces The business of Internet companies finally began to crumble in absence of any sound business strategy. The hopes of the rescuce workers began to crumble when the entire building started burning furiously. Crunch krunch - acute shortage The country is facing foreign exchange crunch due to the heavy import bill of oil. Crusade kru-sade - a long and determined struggle The freedom is the result of long crusade carried out by our freedom fighters. Crux krukx - most difficult part of a problem Only after lengthy meetings, the organisers of the function reached the crux of the matter. Cue q - to copy what somebody else does as an example of how to behave Taking a cue from Prime Minister's speech, the opposition leader raised the issue of women reservation in the parliament. Culminate kul-minate - to rise up to the highest point The freedom movement ultimately culminated into the freedom of India. Culpable kulpbul - deserving blame It is a culpable act on the part of Intelligence agencies that they could not predict the attack on parliament. Cultivate kul-tivate - to develop/grow/prepare

One must cultivate the habit of reading newspaper daily. Curb kaab - control, check The government should curb the non plan expenditure in order to reduce the budget deficit. Curious q-rius - eager to know The panchtantra has said that curiousity is the most important quality of a student. Curtail ktale - to cut off or cut short The audit committee recommended that the excessive expenditure by the government should be curtailed. Cyber sybaa - Internet or networks related With the spread of use of Internet, cyber crimes are increasing day by day. Cynosure sinejiva - object of everybody's attention The Information Technology has become cynosure in modern society.

D
Dampen dampun - to frustrate the enthusiasm The repeated failures cannot dampen the spirit of a determined person. Damp squib total failure, disappointing The protest organised by the opposition parties proved to be a damp squib as it failed to get support of the public. Daunting donting - to make nervous and less confident about doing something To keep the information rate under check is a daunting task for the government. Dawn don - 1. to begin With the dawn of Information Technology age the world is witnessing tremendous job opportunities. 2. sunrise The construction on the site started at dawn. Dealt to deal The law enforcement agencies strictly dealt with the offenders. Dearth dath - shortage of something, not enough The new government reiterated that the dearth of money would not be a problem in the country's development. Debacle dibaakul - a sudden complete failure The debacle in elections forced the party to introspect and take remedial measures. Debilitate dbilitet - to make weak through hunger, illness etc. The mountaineer's group was debilitated by the steep height and hunger.

Debunk dibunk - to show an idea as false/less important Proposal for purchase of computers was debunked by the government. A new theory on the origin of universe debunked the old ones. Decadence dekedunce - fall in standards of moral values, attitudes etc The decadence of society is taking place in the modern era of technology. Decamp dekam - to leave suddenly and secretly The finance companies promised attractive returns on the deposit and finally decamped with the money. Deceive di-seev - to show dishonesty The property dealer deceived me into buying a disputed piece of land. Decipher di-syphaa - to succeed in finding the meaning of something that is difficult to read or understand The finance minister deciphered the complexity of the tax system and came out with simplified procedures. The historians have not been able to decipher the wall writing on the houses of indus valley civilization. Decimate decimet - 1. to kill in large numbers The earthquake decimated the entire population of the city. 2. severely damage or make something weaker It is feared by the economists that the cheaper imports will decimate the domestic industry. Decline dik-ly-n - 1. refuse politely to accept something The government declined the opposition's demand of resignation. 2. a continuous decrease in number, quality Due to recession, the country is facing a sharp economic decline. Decrepit dekrepit - weak condition from old age or hard use Most of the decrepit buildings were completely damaged by the earthquake. Decry di-kry - to criticize, to disapprove The peace efforts by the United Nations were decried by some of the militants group. Defer difaa- to postpone The car makers have deferred their plans of introducing new models. Deficit defisit - when less money is coming and more is going, loss The recent budget projected a heavy deficit, as a result extra taxes were imposed to fill the gap. Defray difray - to give somebody back (the money) they have spent on something The state governments asked the central government to defray the entire cost of education imparted to aged people. Defunct difunkt - no longer existing or used

The defunct state electricity boards should be reconstituted in order to streamline the power system. Defuse difyuz - to stop a dangerous situation from happening The police are trying to defuse the tension between the rival groups. The anti bomb squad of the army defused the bomb lying near the building. Defy di-fa-e - to disobey Defying the court's order is considered as a contempt of court and a punishable act. Degrade digrade - to treat as if it has no value, decline The education minister expressed concern over the degrading education system in the country. Deja vu deja voo - the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before The financial markets had a sense of deja vu during the last stock market crash. Delegate dlegate - to give one's power/right/authority to somebody else for a small period The President is going abroad that's why he has delegated his authority to the Vice President. Deliberate dlib-rut - 1. intentional The attacks on minorities were seen as a deliberate attempt by the antisocial elements to harm the country's reputation in the eyes of international community. 2. discuss thoughtfully Let us deliberate upon the positive and negative points of this project. Deliberation dlibreshun - discussion The solution of some problems is always the outcome of long deliberations. Delineate - describe in detail The action plan was delineated to smash the terrorists' hideouts. Deluge deluze - large numbers of things happening or coming simultaneously. The foreign minister was deluged with the questions from the journalists. Demolish dimo-lish - to break the building The unauthorised construction was demolished by the authorities. Denigrate deni-grate - criticize unfairly The chairman denigrated the idea of his subordinate. Denounce dinounc - criticize strongly The government's functioning was denounced by the opposition parties. Dent dent - hole The government's failure on the international front has made a dent in its image. Deplete dipleet - to disappear gradually The natural resources are depleting fast due to the increasing population. Deplore dip-lo - to show pity, criticize

The Chief Minister deplored the functioning of government departments. Deploy diploye - arrange for action The security forces were deployed in the terrorism dominated area. Deport dipot - to send back the illegal immigrant to his own country America deported the illegal immigrants to their own countries. Depose dipoz - 1. to appear before a court for some evidence, questioning etc, declare under oath The court ordered some renowned mediapersons to depose in Bofors scandal case. 2. to remove a ruler from power The democratically elected President of the country was deposed by the army officers. Depreciate dipreshi-et - to become less in value The rupee depreciation puts heavy burden on the government because it has to pay the higher cost of imports. Deprive di-pyv - prevent somebody from having something The children shouldn't be deprived of their basic right of education. Depute de-pyut - to give somebody else the authority to represent you The army chief was deputed to talk to the Kashmiri militant groups and persuade them to surrender. Dereliction dere-likshun - non seriousness, negligence The police are often accused of dereliction of duty. Deride di-ryd - ridicule, make a mockery of something Don't deride the performance which someone has shown after tremendous hard work. Desecrate dese-kret - to damage or treat a holy thing without respect The antisocial elements desecrated the holy shrine with meat and wine. Deserted dijatid - having no people around The markets remained deserted during the curfew. Designate dezignut - 1. to choose the name of somebody for a particular job The low profile worker of the political party was designated as its new President. 2. to mark something officially The area having communal tension was designated as "highly sensitive" by the military. Desist dizist - to stop doing something The government asked the opposition to desist from disinformation campaign against its ministers. Desolate desolut - very sad due to the loss of hope/friends/money The widows of the dead soldiers were left desolated by the war. Despair dispeye- utter hopelessness and despondency

The falling share prices of Information Technology companies was seen as despair in the stock market. Desperate des-purut - 1. suffering from anxiety or loss of hope The drug addict always feels desperate for the drugs. 2. full of danger It was a desperate attempt to save the victims of earthquake from the rubble. 3. very difficult and dangerous The economy seems to be in a very desperate state. Despondent dis-pondnt - sad, without much hope The humiliating defeat in the elections left the party workers despondent. Destitute destichyut - without food, money and shelter, lacking basic facilities of life The social workers aim to help the destitute people. Deteriorate ditirioret - to become worse The rust has deteriorated the condition of refrigerator. Living conditions of Afghanistan's people deteriorated further after the war. Devious divi-us - path which is not straight and has many changes in direction The devious bureaucratic policies have put hurdles in the progress of the country. Devastate devestet - to destroy completely The earthquakes have brought large-scale devastation on the earth. Deviate diivi-ut - to get off the path, to do something different from usual or expected The forward-looking government should not deviate from the path of liberalization. Devoid divoyd - completely lacking in something The Information Technology is devoid of moral and emotional values. Devolution divo-lyu-shun - to give power at the lower level The panchayati raj is a sincere attempt in the direction of devolution of power to the local bodies. Dialogue dayalog - spoken conversation The militant groups should stop violence and come forward for a dialogue with the government. Diaspora daa-usp-ra - people of a country scattered in other countries The Diaspora feels that there are not enough job opportunities in their native countries. Diatribe daya-tryb - long and angry criticism Imposition of heavy taxes by the government evoked a bitter diatribe from the industry representatives. Dictum diktum - order, an authoritative declaration The government has issued the dictum that tax evasion will be strictly taken note of.

Diffident diffidunt - lacking in confidence, hesitant, shy Keeping in mind the forthcoming elections, the government feels diffident in putting more taxes on the common man. Dilemma di-lema - state of not being able to arrive at any decision because of having two difficult choices The government is in dilemma over the removal of excess staff. Diligent diligunt - hardworking The successful people have a diligent track record. Diligent students never give up hope and succeed finally. Dilly dally dili dely - wastage of time because of indecisiveness The government's dilly-dally on the project is deplorable. Dilute dalyut - to weaken The leader's influence was further diluted when he lost the election. Diminish diminish - to become weak/less The number of tigers is diminishing day by day. Diminutive diminutiv - act of reduction in something The hostile neighbouring country couldn't gather much support form the international community thus it was reduced to a diminutive figure. Dint dint - by means of The leader won the election by dint of his good image and development work done in his constituency. Dire daya - extreme (needs and dangers) The cash strapped industry is in dire need of money. The country will have to face the dire consequences of neglecting education. Directive drektiv - official instructions The Supreme Court issued fresh directive on the contempt of court by the government. Disarmament disamamunt - principle of having no arms by countries India is pursuing the policy of disarmament. Disarray - - the state of confusion and lack of organisation The ruling party lost the election despite the opposition being in total disarray. Disband dis-bend - to terminate as organization The department of the border tax collection was disbanded and the employees were adjusted in other departments. Disburse disbaas - distribute or pay out The banks are disbursing the housing loans at small rate of interest.

Discern di-sun - to know, understand that thing which is not very clear The new government's hidden agenda gradually became discernible to everybody. Disclose dis-kloz - to give information which was previously secret The police didn't disclose the name of the culprit seeing threat to his life. Disconcerting diskunsating - to make feel confused, anxious and embarrassed The situation in the violence affected area is disconcerting. Discord dis-kord - disagreement, dispute Kashmir is a matter of discord between India and Pakistan. Discourse diskos - long and serious discussion on a subject The parliament witnessed a lively discourse on the issue of women reservation. Discriminate diskrminut - to unfairly treat a person, better or worse than other person The South African government used to discriminate between blacks and whites. Disdain dis-den - to disregard, show no respect The people from upper cast were accused of showing disdain for the lower section of the society. Disengage disingej - to free from The president urged the party workers to disengage themselves from infighting. Disgrace disgres - loss of people's respect and approval The supreme court's adverse remarks brought disgrace to the government. Disgruntle disgruntul - annoyed and disappointed because of not getting anything which one should have got Many of the politician's supporters were disgruntled as their expectations were not fulfilled. Disguise disgys - to change the appearance for hiding the truth The criminal escaped from the police custody by disguising as security guard. Disillusion disilyujun - disappointment caused because of the nonfulfillment of hopes The people were disillusioned with the new government very soon. Disinformation disinfomeshun - false information which is given deliberately The percentage of economic growth announced by the finance minister was termed as disinformation by the opposition party. Dismal dizmul - sad, miserable, unsuccessful The government is continuing with the policy of free grains to the poor despite its dismal success rate. The performance of the outgoing government remained dismal on every front. Dismantle dismentul - to gradually bring an end to something The government intends to dismantle the public sector units in phased manner.

Disparity dispereti - difference because of unfair treatment The disparity between rich and poor should be minimised to maintain the social harmony. Dispel dis-pel - to make a feeling go away, disappear The government convened the meeting of its ministers to dispel the doubts about unity in the party. Dispense dispens - to give to many people Following the customer's complaints, the telephone exchange opened the counter to dispense telephone bills on the spot. Displace disples - to remove somebody from his/her home to another place The dam construction has displaced many people form their ancestral land. Disposal dispo-zul - 1. on your own wish The court left it on the disposal of the administration to chalk out a relief plan for cyclone hit people. 2. act of getting rid of something The police called the bomb disposal squad to defuse the time bomb. Dispose dispos - to get rid of something The backlog of lacs of cases pending in the courts, needs to be disposed off as soon as possible. Disproportionate disprporshenut - too large or too small when compared with something else The government officials are often accused of accumulating wealth disproportionate to their known source of income. Dispute dispyut - argument, disagreement, quarrel Kashmir is still regarded as a disputed territory by some countries. The religious disputes need careful handling. Disrupt disrupt - disturb, to make something difficult to continue in a normal way The normal life remained disrupted due to the daylong strike by the city's transporters. Disseminate disseminet - to spread the news/ideas/thoughts The newspapers disseminate the information on variety of subjects. Dissent disent - dissatisfaction, to express disagreement The party workers expressed their strong dissent over the issue of unfair distribution of tickets in the elections. Dissipate disipet - to use foolishly, waste The finance department dissipated all the reserves of foreign exchange in the bad business deals. Dissuade disu-ed - to advice against something

The chief of investigative agency complained that the influential people are trying to dissuade him from conducting fair investigation. Distinct distinkt - separate, clearly different The rupee depreciation and heavy loan burden are not distinct issues but related to each other. Distort distot - to twist the true meaning The media are sometimes accused of presenting the facts in a distorted manner. Distraction distrekshun - a thing which disturbs the concentration The noise proved to be the distraction in the teaching. Distraught distrot - anxious and troubled up to the point of madness The distraught farmers committed suicide as they were not able to repay their debts. Distress distres - great suffering or worry The long traffic jam caused great distress among the passengers. Dither di-tha - state of indecisiveness A few members of parliament are dithering in extending their support to the newly elected government. Diversify dyversi-fy - to move into other areas The media companies are diversifying their business thus providing services in other fields also. The Cable TV culture and high income have diversified our social horizon. Divulge dyvul-z - to tell The police didn't divulge the identity of the suspect keeping in view, the threat to his life. Doctor dok-ta - to falsify, to change in order to mislead somebody The opposition members alleged the railway minister of producing doctored statistics of the train accidents before the parliament. Doctrine dok-trin - set of belief The non-ahimsa doctrine is the only way to peaceful life. Dogmatic dogmatik - uncompromising, who thinks that his ideas and beliefs are true and people should accept them without question The people started complaining about the dogmatic views of fundamentalists. Doldrums d-oldum - state of sadness, lack of activity Due to the financial crunch, the new development projects seem to be in doldrums. Doom dooom - unavoidable destruction, a terrible fate Many ambitious projects have doomed due to lack of finance. Draconian drconi-un - extremely harsh and severe, just like devil The newspapers argued heavily against the draconian foreign exchange act.

Drag - draag - to pull with great force Don't drag your feet once you have decided to fight with the enemy. Drastic drestik - complete and severe Some drastic changes are required in the century old laws. Dreaded dre-did - which causes great fear The health programme of the government aims to eradicate all dreaded diseases. Drubbing drubing - easy defeat, disgrace Because of the careless attitude towards country's security, the government's image has received a severe drubbing. Dub dub - to give something a particular name in a humorous or critical way The reports of split in the party were dubbed as media speculation by the party president. Dubious dyu-bi-us - doubtful The police's role seems dubious in this case of murder. Duo dyu-o - two (persons) The duo reached a point of agreement after long discussion. Dupe dyup - to make a fool or deceive somebody Fake finance companies duped the investors to the ammount of several crore rupees. Duress dyu-ress - compulsion, threat The person told the judge that he was made to sign the property documents under duress. Dwell dual - to speak or right a lot on something The speaker dwelt at length on the topic of Information Technology. Dwindle dwindul - to become few/small The tiger population in the country has dwindled in the past few years. Dynamic dy-namic - full of activity, motivated, forceful The country needs dynamic leaders who can do well for the nation.

E
Eager eega - very excited and interested The employees waited eagerly for some tax concessions in the annual budget. Earnest aa-nest - serious and sincere The poor countries requested the donor countries earnestly for funds. Echelon eshelon - rank, position in an organization The vigilance department found that there is widespread corruption at the higher echelons of the government.

Echo e-ko - to reflect The speech of the environment minister echoed the government's concern to reduce pollution. Ecstasy ekstsi - feeling of great happiness The winning party was invited to form the government, as a result there was widespread ecstasy in the party workers. Efficacy efiksi - ability to produce the desired results The judge of Supreme Court commented that the efficacy of the law should not be doubted. Egalitarian egeliterian - a belief that everybody is equal, having equal rights For decades, social reformers have fought for the egalitarian society. Elated ilet - extremely happy Business community was elated over several tax benefits in the new budget. Elegant elegunt - attractive and graceful The premiere of the movie was quite elegant. Elicit elisit - to get reaction/information The speaker elicited good response form the audience. Eliminate eliminet - to remove/finish The computer has eliminated the need of typewriter in the offices. Elude elyud - to avoid or escape from something The police department's records say that some notorious criminals elude the police for years. Elusive elyusiv - difficult to find or achieve The solution of the Kashmir problem is still elusive. Emanate emenate - to come from Hippie culture emanated from America. Emancipate emensipet - to free somebody from social and political restrictions Fifty years of efforts to emancipate the superstitious section of the society have not been fully successful. Emasculate imes-q-lut - to make somebody less powerful/effective The poor countries are left emasculated by the heavy debt burden. Embargo embaago - ban, sanctions The Indian exports were hit hard due to the embargo put by the developed nations. Embark embaak - to engage in something new and different For the past one or two decades, the least developed countries have also embarked on the path of development. Embed imbed - fixed deeply inside something

Spiritual values are embedded in our social system. Embellish embelish - to make beautiful by decoration The writing gets embellished with the use of quotations between the sentences. Embezzle embezzul - to steal or misuse the money of the employer The accountant was convicted on the charges of embezzlement of the government's money. Embitter em-bitaa - to make somebody feel angry or disappointed over a period of time A long battle for the disputed area has left both the countries embittered. Embody im-bodi - to include or contain Indian constitution embodies the right to free speech and expression. Embrace imbres - to accept with interest The society must embrace Information Technology for speedy growth. Emerge ee-muj - 1. to come out By winning over the rebel ministers, the Prime Minister has emerged stronger. 2. to become known The clear picture of the murder didn't emerge as there was absence of any concrete evidence. Eminent eminunt - famous and respected Many eminent journalists were present at the conference on the topic of "Media Ethics". Empathy em-pthi - ability to see other person's feelings/thoughts by putting yourself in his situation Empathy is the most important element in effective communication. Emphasis emfesis - stress, force The curriculum in the schools should lay emphasis on moral values in the students. Emphasize emfesize - to stress, to give special importance to something The eminent mediapersons emphasized the importance of accountability of media. Emphatic imfatik - strong and forceful The opposition party claimed an emphatic victory in the coming elections. Emulate em-u-late - to try to do the same as other person whom you admire Computer engineers seem to emulate Bill Gates in achieving big heights in their career. En route on the way The plane crashed en route from Canada to America. Enact in-act - to pass a law The cyber laws have been enacted by the parliament and implemented too. Encompass in-cumpus - to include, surround

The Guru Jambheshwar university encompasses great talent in the form of students. Encounter in-kowntaa - 1. mutual violent attack The police killed nine militants in the encounter. 2. to meet and share experiences The women delegation of social workers had a brief encounter with the President. Endeavour in-devaa - effort, attempt The success of the function is the result of endeavour of its organizers. Endorse in-doss - confirm, support The opposition parties endorsed the employee's demand for higher salaries. Endure to bear unpleasant things without complaint The government can't endure such a huge budget deficit. Enforce in-fos - to make sure that people obey rules/law The Supreme Court reprimanded the police for its failure to enforce the law. Engulf ingulf - to surround or cover something completely The building was engulfed in flames which took seven hours to extinguish. The monster of excessive debt is engulfing many poor countries as they have to pay a big amount as interest. Enhance inhans - to increase or improve The availability of skilled computer engineers has enhanced our country's image abroad. Enigma enig-ma - mysterious, difficult to understand The source of the cricketer's wealth was an enigma for the investigative agencies. Enjoin en-joy-n - prohibit The professional ethics enjoin the media not to report anything which can cause religious hatred. Enlighten enlytun - to give somebody information so that they understand something better, to give knowledge The newspaper enlightened its readers by publishing a comprehensive article on vedic mathematics. Enlist enlist - to persuade somebody to help you in doing something The rebel leader enlisted the support of some more dissatisfied leaders. Enormous e-nomus - very large, huge The environmentalists have warned quite often that the earth can't feed the enormous population. Ensconce inskons - comfortable and safe in the place or position The fundamental rights of a citizen are ensconced in the constitution. Enshrine in-shry-n - included in written form

The fundamental rights are enshrined in our constitution. Ensue en-syuu - to follow, to happen after as a result of another event The economists feared that the economic reforms would lose their track in the ensuing years. Entail intale - to involve something which cannot be avoided The job of eradication of poverty entails a great hardwork and determination by the government. Entice in-ty-s - to tempt, attract The offer of the salary in five figures is quite enticing for a young MBA graduate. Entity en-titi - something having its separate identity India got freedom in 1947 and after that it became a separate entity. Entrench intrench - so firmly fixed that it can't be replaced Interpersonal bonding is deeply entrenched in our social system and culture. Entrust intrust - to make somebody responsible for taking care of something or doing something The court entrusted the investigation to the crime branch. Enumerate en-u-murate - to count The government the took services of several enumerators in the last census. Enunciate enunsi-et - to express clearly The role of computers in our daily life is enunciated in my research paper. The communication ministry enunciated the Information Technology policy in November 98. Envisage inveezez - imagine the happening of the future After signing the WTO, The government envisaged 500% growth in the exports. Ephemeral efemerul - lasting for a short time The jubilations over the newly constructed bridge proved to be ephemeral as it collapsed within a month. Epitome epitmi - a perfect example of something The new agriculture minister being a farmer is an epitome of modern farmer. Equation ikve-zun - a situation in which several important things are considered The joining of the hands by two superpowers definitely changes the equation in the international arena. Equilibrium ikvilibri-um - state of balance between opposing forces The violence and religious hatred upset the equilibrium in the society. Era eera - a period of time in history which is different from other periods because of some important events The newspaper's responsibility has increased even in the modern era of Information Technology.

Erode erod - to gradually destroy something, decline The moral values are eroding very fast in this highly materialistic world. Err aa -to make mistake The erring students should be guided carefully by the teachers. Erratic erretik - irregular, unpredictable The soldiers were complaining of erratic supply of ration. Erroneous erroni-us - incorrect The audit team objected to erroneous entries of the cash in the company's accounts. Erupt eerupt - to start happening suddenly and violently The communal violence erupted in the state after the demolition of disputed structure. Escalate es-kalet - to become greater, worse The violence escalated in the town after the clashes between Hindu and Muslims. The dam projects are suffering form cost escalations. Eschew eschyu - to avoid intentionally The militants should eschew violence and join the mainstream. Espionage espionaash - to get information about other country's political/military information The police charged seven people of espionage. Espousal is-paozul - to support a belief/policy etc. The philosophy of democracy is gradually winning espousal from many communist countries. Essence esens - gist, most important quality of a thing The brotherhood is the essence of every religion. Estrange is-trenz - (of wife) not living with the husband anymore The estranged wife of the diplomate filed a criminal case against her husband. Eternal ete-nul - continuing forever, without an end The eternal clashes between minority groups are giving sleepless nights to the government. Ethnic ethnik - of racial or tribal groups Thousands of people were killed in ethnic violence in Rwanda. Ethos ethos - set of ideas or beliefs Divorce is against our social ethos. Modernity must keep pace with the social ethos. Evacuate e-ve-q-et - to take persons/things away from one place to another, vacate The village was evacuated after heavy floods.

Evade ee-ved - to avoid while using deception The culprits tried to evade the police but in vain. The Prime Minister evaded the controversial questions. Evanescent evenesunt - short lived, disappearing quickly The agreement to stop violence was evanescent as militants again started killing innocent people. Eventuality even-chu-ye-leti - a possible unpleasant event or result There is little chance of war but the government is well prepared for any eventuality. Evident evidunt - clear/obvious/easily seen It was evident from the results that opposition party is going to get absolute majority. Evince evins -to show clearly (a feeling) The newspapers have evinced keen interest in the adoption of new communication and printing technologies. Evolve evolv - to develop gradually by a long process Despite a long discussion, no solution to the problem was evolved. Human beings have evolved from apes in a long period of evolution. Exacerbate igjese-bet - to aggravate, make worse The recent rains have exacerbated the flood situation. Exaggerate igje-jrate - to make larger than it really is The outgoing government exaggerated its achievement in the last five years. Exasperate igjes-prate - to make somebody extremely annoyed by testing his patience The industry department's delay in granting permission exasperated the company. Excavate xkevet - to uncover by digging The remnants of Indus Valley civilization were excavated in different parts of India. Exchequer x-cheka - treasury of public money The opposition blamed the government for cheating the public exchequer. Execute xeequte - to do practically, perform Task of rescuing the people from the flood needs to be executed immediately. Exemplary igjem-plri - suitable to be copied as an example India has done exemplary work in social development in the past ten years. Exempt igjempt - to free from duty, service The election commission exempted the disabled from the election duty. Exercise xe-sa-iz - to use your power and rights in order to achieve something The government was urged to exercise control over the overpricing by drug manufacturing companies.

Exhaustive eg-jostiv - looking at every detail, comprehensive/ thorough The newspapers give an exhaustive description of the country's political and economic situation. Exhibit igjibit - to show The people showed the exhibits of the violence to the police. The Industry is exhibiting signs of improvement after the new industrial policy of the government. Exhilarate igjil-rate - to make cheerful and excited The aeroplane's joyride exhilarated all of us. Exhort igjot - to motivate The teacher exhorted the students to work hard. Exigency xi-junci - an urgent need or situation to deal with Every prudent government must keep in mind the economic exigencies. Exodus xodus - leaving in large numbers, migration India is witnessing exodus of IT engineers to western countries. The civil war resulted in exodus of refugees to neighbouring countries. Exonerate igjonrate - to free a person from blame, acquit The enquiry committee on aeroplane's crash exonerated the pilot. Exorbitant igjobitunt - of (prices, costs), unreasonably high, more than what is expected The luxury cars come for a exorbitant price. Expatriate x-petri-yut - - a person living in country that is not his own The investigation revealed that rebels receive huge funding from expatriates based in foreign countries. Expedite x-pe-dy-t - to make fast ( a proposal/plan) Economic reforms should be expedited for the economic growth of a country. Explicable iks-pli-ke-bul - which can be explained Every point in the annual budget was simplified and explicable to the common man. Explicit x-plisit - clearly expressed (of statement/rule/instructions) There are explicit orders from the government to maintain law and order in the district at any cost. Exponential x-p-nen-shi-ul - becoming faster and faster with the time The Prime Minister praised the scientists for the exponential growth in their research on missile technology. Exterminate x-tur-mi-net - to kill in large numbers The fumigation exterminated all the pests in the agriculture field. Extinct x-tinkt - no longer existing

Many rare species of plants and animals are fast becoming extinct. Extol x-tol - to praise very much The United Nation's chief was extolled for his serious peace efforts. Extort x-tot - to ask for money while using threat The underworld is often accused of extorting money from the businessmen and film stars. Extract x-trekt - to obtain information from somebody who is unwilling to give it Petrol and diesel are extracted from the crude oil. The police couldn't extract anything substantial from the hardcore criminal. Extraneous x-treni-us - irrelevant The extraneous arguments disrupted the discussion on national security in the parliament. Extravagant xtra-vacant - wasteful The government should not be extravagant in spending the public money. Extricate x-tri-ket - to free oneself from a situation that is difficult to escape. The body of the driver was extricated from the vehicle after much efforts. The suspect of the murder told a lie to the police and extricated himself from the criminal case. Exude eg-jyu-d - to flow out slowly and spread The supporters of the party were exuding confidence. Eyewash i-vosh - an action done only to deceive people The public alleged that the police's effort to arrest the corrupt minister is only an eyewash.

F
Fabricate feb-i-ket - to invent false information to deceive people The opposition party alleged a large-scale fabrication of criminal cases against its workers. Facilitate f-sili-tet - to make a process easier The computer professionals feel that the cyber laws will facilitate the identification and arrest of cyber criminals. Faction fak-shun - a group within a large group Different factions emerged in the political party over the issue of expulsion of corrupt minister. Fighting is continuing between different factions in Afghanistan for the last thirty years. Fait accompli fet-akump-li - something already done which you cannot change The separation of India and Pakistan is a fait accompli and harmony should prevail between them. Fallacy fele-si - false idea that people think is true The Prime Minister said that it is a fallacy that subsidy on the fertilizers would be increased.

Fanatic f-natic - who shows unreasonable support/keenness for a religion/political party etc The report said that the temple was demolished by the religious fanatics. Fantabulous fente-byu-lus - fantastic + fabulous The glossy editions of the newspapers are quite fantabulous. Farce faas - absurdly futile proceedings, pretence The security arrangements along the border were a farce. Fastidious festidi-us - difficult to please He is a very fastidious about the facilities at his place of work. Fathom faa-dum - 1. to measure The applications of Information Technology to solve the problems are unfathomable. 2. to understand It is hard to fathom the agony of the mother whose child has died an unnatural death. Faux pas fo-pa - a remark or action which causes embarrassment because it is not socially correct By expressing disgust over rituals, the visiting foreign delegate committed a faux pas. Feign fe-en - to pretend that you are tired/ill The student feigned illness to avoid the school. Fend fend - to look after oneself The children whose parents died in the earthquake, were left by the relatives to fend for themselves. Ferocious furo-shi-us - fierce, extremely violent The army carried out a ferocious attack on the enemy. Ferry ferry - to carry The transport department decided to provide more buses to ferry the employees to the offices. Fetch fech - to bring The sale of the government owned companies is not likely to fetch good price in the market. Feud few-d - angry and bitter argument for a long time Family feuds are more common in joint family system. Feudal few-dul - giving land to the people and demand work/fight in return The feudal mentality is the root of every social problem in some of the most backward states of our country. Fiasco fi-us-co - complete failure Because of the worldwide recession, the company's plans ended in fiasco. Fickle fikul - changing suddenly without any reason

The government was accused of fickle mindedness on the issue of internal security. Weather at hills is quite fickle natured. Fictitious fik-ti-shus - portrayed as true but not actually true The director of the controversial film clarified that all the characters used in the film were fictitious. Fidelity fi-dele-ti - loyalty, faithfulness Army's fidelity for the nation is beyond all doubts. Fierce fi-us - highly violent and powerful A fierce attack by the militants killed five army personnel. Finesse fi-ness - delicate skill The police handled the mob by using great finesse. Fillip filip - boost, sudden improvement or increase in something, encouragement The liberalization has given fillip to the country's export industry. Filth filth - dirt or waste matter The municipal corporation launched a special drive to remove filth. The consumer forum expressed its anger over the filthy songs in the films. Finale fi-na-li - last part of a show/situation, an end of something The splendid function ended with the superb finale. Fiscal fis-kul - related to government's money The increasing fiscal deficit is proving to be worrisome for the government. Fizzle fi-zul - to fail or end after a good start The hot issue of hike in price of oil fizzled out soon. Flabbergast fle-be-gaast - to surprise shockingly, amaze Such a heavy toll of life in the flood left the rescue workers flabbergasted. Flair fle-ya - natural ability to do something special A journalist must have a flair for writing. Flank flenk - to be on the side of somebody The Prime Minister flanked the President in the meeting . Flaunt flont - to show as proud to the people The newspapers criticized the government for flaunting the minor achievements. Flaw flo - mistake/deficiency which hampers growth There are serious flaws in century old laws of our country. Fledgling flej-ling - a young bird The eminent journalist shared his experiences with the fledgling reporters in the seminar. Flee fli - to run away

The police shot dead the fleeing robber. Fleece flees - to charge too much The consumers alleged that they were fleeced by the shopkeepers. Flimsy flim-zi - thin and weak The license issuing authority was accused by the export firm of cancelling its license on flimsy grounds. Flock flok - to get together in large numbers The press reporters flocked the press conference of the new Prime Minister. Flounder fla-u-ndaa - to lose control on doing something The speaker floundered the speech thus resulting in hooting from the audience. Flux flax - continuously moving and changing The country's economy is in the state of flux . A little stability is required for growth. Flush flush - to remove the dirt and bad things The militancy should be flushed out from the society for peaceful atmosphere. Foil fo-yul - to prevent form succeeding Attempt to take over the company was foiled by the board of directors. Folly foli - stupidity, lack of good judgement Many people fell prey to the folly of administration which made no wise action plan against the floods. Foray fo-re - a short attempt to be active in a field which is not related to one's usual activity His foray into the export business proved to be unsuccessful. The software engineer made a foray into the philosophical side of the internet. Forfeit fo-fit - to take back what has been given to you The freedom of speech and expression is a fundamental right which cannot be forfeited. Forge fo-oj - 1. to make an illegal document in order to deceive somebody The police impounded the vehicle having forged documents. 2. to make/form The alliances are forged by the political parties to win more seats in the elections. Formative fo-m-tiv - the time at which formation of something can start The education ministry decided to spend more money on the primary education because this is the formative stage of the children. Formidable fo-mid-bul - difficult to accomplish, fearful The militants carried out a formidable attack on the army. Fortify foti-fy - to strengthen a place against attack by making walls In light of the militant's threat, the police fortified the VIP area.

Fortuitous fo-chyu-a-sus - happening by chance The kidnapped businessman had a fortuitous escape from the kidnapper's custody. Foster fostaa - to help to grow and develop (feeling, idea) The teacher must try his best to foster the humanity in his students. Fraudulent fo-ju-lunt - relating to fraud The police must take strong action against the fraudulent practices. Fragile fa-jy-il - weak, easily broken His fragile health proved a big hurdle in the way of going abroad. Fragment fe-ge-munt - to break into small pieces The leaders alleged that the rival political parties are trying to fragment their party. Frame - frem - create and develop The court found enough evidences to frame the charges against the corrupt official. Framework frem-wak - structure of a particular system India has said time and again that the solution of the Kashmir problem has to be under the framework of shimla agreement. Frantic fentik - uncontrollably anxious/afraid/excited The police heard the frantic cries of hostages from a deserted building. Fraternity fre-tur-niti - association of people in the same work/ business trade etc. The doctor fraternity protested on receiving the threat to one of their colleagues. Fraught fro-ot - full of unpleasant things The road to success is fraught with difficulties. Fray contest, fight, competition Two candidates are in the fray for the President's post. Frenzy fren-zi - uncontrollable state of great violent activities The killing of the minister plunged the country into frenzy of violence. Frequency fri-qun-si - the rate at which something is repeated The frequency of intrusion attempts on the border has increased in the past few months. Frivolous fri-vul-us - unnecessary, not to the point The judge got angered on listening to the frivolous arguments of the advocate. Frown fra-un - to get very much angry, offend The employees frowned at the management's decision of job cuts. Fructify fruc-ti-fy - to succeed, bear fruit The dream of separatists to divide the country won't fructify. Fruition fru-a-shun - successful result of a plan With the successful launch of the space satellite, the scientists' plans came to fruition.

Fuel few-l - to increase, to make something stronger The terrorism fuelled by religious extremism is threatening the fabric of democratic societies. Furious few-ri-us - 1. very angry The dogs became furious when they saw the stranger entering the house. 2. with great energy Furious battle is going on between the companies to sell their products. Furnish faa-nish - to provide/supply The intelligence network furnished important details regarding the militant's activities to the committee on national security. Furore few-rori - great anger and disapproval shown by people The controversial law passed by the parliament created a furore among the minority community. Futile few-ty-l - in vain, unsuccessful The ruling party members made futile attempts to save the government which fell ultimately.

G
Gag geg - to put cloth in the mouth to stop somebody from speaking The government is often accused of gagging the press. Galaxy gele-k-si - gathering of eminent and clever people Galaxy of mediapersons was present at the inauguration ceremony of the seminar. Gallant gall-ent - brave, valorous, courageous The country won the two wars because of its gallant soldiers. Galore g-lo - in plenty/large numbers The Non Resident Indians send money galore to their country which helps increase the foreign exchange reserves. The police found the evidences galore to pursue the case against the mafia don. Gambit gem-bit - a thing done at the beginning of the situation to take some advantage The ruling party's promise to cut the taxes was criticized by the opposition as a pre election gambit. Gamut ge-mut - complete range of something The advances in Information Technology will provide gamut of computer services to the public. Garble gaa-bul - to tell in a confused way thus giving false idea of the subject The company's executive garbled his presentation and spoiled the opportunity of getting the contract.

Garner gaa-naa - to obtain, collect The newly launched political party was trying its best to garner the support of dissatisfied voters. Garrulous gere-lus - extremely talkative Some garrulous people waste their time as well as others'. Gauge ge-e-j - to calculate, to make a judgement on something The newspapers helped the government to gauge the effects of violence against the minorities. Gear up gi-aa - to prepare yourself for action in advance The Municipal Corporations are gearing up for the danger of flood in the monsoon. Generous jene-rus - kind in treating people Social workers have to be generous by nature in order to help the needy people in a better way. The business community proved to be a generous donator to the relief fund for the cyclone victims. Genesis jene-sis - origin The West Bengal is the place of genesis of naxalite problem. Gesture jes-chaa - expression/action done to show feelings American government asserted that Pakistan should show some friendly gestures towards India. Ghastly gaas-tli - terrible, causing great fear Ghastly crimes have rocked the capital these days thus giving sleepless nights to the police. Giant jaa-unt - very large and powerful The growing economies of the Asian countries have earned the name of Asian giants. Gibberish jibrish - meaningless sound/talk/writing The speaker of the state assembly commented that the quality of debate is reduced because of the gibberish speeches by the members. Gigantic jy-gen-tik - extremely big, stupendous The problems before the mankind are becoming gigantic day by day. Gimmick gee-mik - dishonest tricks to catch people's attention are often accused of employing gimmicks to get the votes. Gist jist - the main point or main idea of the subject The newspaper published the gist of the Prime Minister's speech on the occasion of Independence day. Glance glaa-ns - have a quick look at something Because of the shortage of time, the minister had a glance at the report. The political parties

Glaring gle-ring - very easily noticeable (of bad things) The election commission wanted an explanation for the glaring mistakes in the voter's list. Glimpse glimps - a look for a very short time The audience caught a glimpse of their favourite star at the function. Glitter gli-taa - to sparkle/shine All that glitters is not gold. Gloom - glooom - dark, sadness It was a gloomy day for the investors as the stock markets worldwide fell sharply. weather is so gloomy today. Gory go-ri - full of extreme violence The TV documentary presented a gory description of the massacre. Grace gre-s - 1. kindness With the grace of God, the mountaineers completed their everest mission successfully. 2. splendor The Prime Minister's oath taking ceremony was quite graceful. Graft graa-ft - use unfair method (bribery) to gain advantage The vigilance department held the clerk for taking the graft. Grandiose gren-di-os - very big (of claims/ideas/thoughts) (negative sense) The district administration's grandiose claims on compensation to the victims were pleasant to ears but the fact was something else. Grapevine grep-vy-n - rumour A grapevine transpired about the bad health of Prime Minister. Grapple gre-pul - to take a firm hold and struggle with it, to try hard to find solution to a problem The nation builders must grapple with the difficult situations on national as well as international front. Gratitude greti-chude- feeling of being grateful towards somebody The visiting foreign dignitaries expressed their gratitude for the courtesy extended to them by the host country. Grave grev - needing urgent attention, very serious With the enemy crossing borders, the situation turned grave. Gravitate - gre-vi-tet - to be attracted and move gradually towards something The new journalist joined print media first but eventually gravitated towards electronic media. Grievance gri-vun-s - complaint The electricity board has set up a counter for customer's grievances. Grieve gree-v - to feel sorrow The war widows are grieving for their dead husbands.

Grill gril - to question somebody heavily Interview is a friendly discussion not grilling. The police officer grilled the suspect. Grim grim - causing great fear or anxiety The finance minister projected a grim picture of the economy. Grimace grimes - to make the face unnatural to show anger/ annoyance/pain The officer grimaced when he noticed the mistakes in the file. Grip grip - to hold tightly The present government has a firm grip over the economic affairs. Grope grop - to try to find something by hands in a place where one can't see The police are groping in the dark to nab the criminals. Gross gross - obvious and unacceptable The accident happened because of the driver's gross negligence. The High Court took note of gross injustice done to the employees by the government. Grudge graj - to have ill feelings for somebody Some newspapers are believed of having grudge against some political parties. Gruelling groo-ling - very difficult and tiring The eradication of poverty is proving to be a gruelling task for the U.N.O. Gruesome groo-sum - highly shocking (normally related to suffering or death) Everybody in the office was terrified after the gruesome murder of their colleague. Grumble grum-bul - to complain, to express dissatisfaction in a quiet but ill mannered way The teachers grumbled about the non payments of the revised pay scales before the principal. Guise gaa-is - outer appearance intended to deceive The criminal escaped from the police's eye under the guise of coolie. Gullible gali-bul - easily fooled or persuaded in believing something The people termed the government as gullible as it allowed the multinational companies to sell their products at cheaper rates. Gusto gusto - eager enjoyment in doing something The new journalist joined the job with gusto. Guts gats - courage Very few people have the guts to face difficulties in life and still keep smiling.

Hail he-ul - 1. to appreciate and describe as (something good) The actor was hailed as the legend of the century. 2. to belong to Most of the Prime Ministers hail from the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Hallmark hol-maak - most important and typical quality of something The speedy result is the hallmark of Information Technology. Hammer out hemma- to discuss a plan untill everybody agrees The striking employees and the management hammered out a solution. Hamper hem-pa - to put hurdles in the way The increasing population is hampering the development process. Haphazard hep-he-zed -happening in an unplanned and disorderly manner haphazard growth of our metropolitan cities has created many problems. Hapless hep-les - unlucky, pitiable The hapless victims of the flood were compelled to live in shelters. Harbour haa-baa - to give protection by providing food and shelter The local people refused to harbour the militants. The law took strict action against the people who harboured the terrorists. Hardcore haad-ko - highly active and committed for some mission (often used in negative sense) The army gunned down seven hardcore militants in the encounter. Harness haa-ness - to put in use to make productive things The sources of non-conventional energy should be harnessed to the maximum. Harp haap - to keep talking about something in a boring way The advocate harped on the issue of securing bail for the accused in the court. Harsh haash - showing cruelty, lack of sympathy be given harsh punishment in order to reduce the crime rate. Hassle hassul - complicated situation needing lot of efforts There is no hassle in getting the foreign currency for going abroad these days. Haste he-st - great hurry In haste, the passenger forgot his luggage in the train. Hatch hetch - to make (a secret plan or idea) It was not immediately known who hatched the conspiracy to loot the bank. Haughty ho-ti - arrogant, egotist The talkative person bragged his success in a haughty manner before the people. Haunt ho-nt - to continue to cause problem for a long time The dreaded criminals should The

Memories of communal riots still haunt the city even after 10 years. Havoc he-vak - a situation in which there is a lot of destruction, disorder etc The killer virus wrecked havoc in all the computer networks around the world damaging invaluable data. Haywire he-vaaya - to go out of control The previous government didn't let the things go haywire. Hazard he-zud - something likely to cause extreme danger or damage Working on computers for a long time may result in health hazards. Hazy he-zi - cloudy, not fully seen, unclear The solution of most of the problems in the country looks hazy a political will can definitely solve them. Hectic hek-tik - highly busy, full of activities A newspaper passes through a hectic exercise before getting published. Life has become hectic today than ever before. Heed heed- to give attention to One should pay heed to the advice of elders. Hefty hef-ti - very large The government has to pay hefty interest on the loans which takes away a big chunk of the total revenue collection. Hegemony heje-mni - dominance Jews suffered a lot because of the Hitler's hegemony in Germany. Heinous he-nus - extremely bad and shameful Rape is a treated as heinous crime by the court of law. Heir he-yaa - successor, who carries on the work started by their elder ones Even after such a long time since its president expired, the political party is yet to choose its heir. Helm halm - steering a boat or ship, control The persons sitting at the helm of the affairs should be sensitive to the needs of a common man. Herald he-ruld - a sign of something about to happen The Cuckoo's singing heralds spring. Heresy here-si - criticism of God The man was hanged at the religious gathering on the charges of heresy. The religious court ordered that the culprit be hanged till death on the charges of heresy. Hiatus hy-e-tus - pause in the activity, gap The government resumed the peace talks with the naxalites after a short hiatus.

Hibernate hy-be-net - to undergo long sleep in winter, to remain inactive for a long time The report published by the newspaper forced the hibernating district administration to enquire into the misuse of the public money by municipal corporation. Hideous hidi-us - very shocking, ugly Everyone was shocked at the minister's hideous remarks. Hinder hyn-daa - to make a situation difficult to happen, put hurdles in the way The shortage of funds often hinders the implementation of development projects in the rural areas. Hitch hi-ch - obstruction The cultural programme went on for five hours without hitch. Hitherto hida-to - until this time The recent movie describes certain sensitive points on sexuality hitherto untouched. Holocaust holo-cost - great destruction of lives (especially by burning) With the invention of nuclear bombs, the earth is sitting on the verge of nuclear holocaust. Horrendous horren-dus - extremely fearful, terrible The accident site bore a horrendous look. The end result of the war is always horrendous Hostile hos-tyl - having strong disliking, enmity The hostile nature of the neighbouring country is often a deterrent in the good relations. Hue hyu - take on colour or become coloured The rape charges against the politician gave a different hue to the election campaign. Huge hyu-j - extremely large in size The poverty eradication programme launched by the government was a huge succes. The country has to spend huge ammount of money in elections. Humiliate hyu-mil-yet - to feel ashamed, lower the respect Pakistan suffered a humiliating defeat in Kargil war. Hurl haal - to throw The mob hurled stones on the police injuring many policemen. Hustings hustings - elections The ruling party suffered a humiliating defeat at hustings. Hype to try to get public attention more than what it deserves The multinational companies are resorting to media hype to promote their products. Hypothetical hype-theti-kul - ideas based on imagination rather than truth and reality The both sides occupying the disputed area seems to be a hypothetical question.

I
In Toto in-toto - in total, in entirety The recommendations of the fifth pay commission were accepted in toto by the central government. Ideology i-di-o-loji - set of ideas on which political or economic system is based The American economy is based on the capitalist ideology. The ideology of communism is on the decline. Idle i-dul - waste time, doing nothing Thousands of employees of public sector companies have to sit idle because of lack of orders from the customers. Ignominious ign-mini-us - shameful/humiliating/disgraceful The enemy suffered a ignominious defeat in the Kargil war few years back. Illusion elyu-zun - something seen wrongly than what it really is The wallpapers of natural scenes gave an illusion of green hills inside the room. Imbibe im-by-b - to take inside Moral preaching was soon imbibed by the listners. A student should imbibe as much knowledge as he/she can. Imbroglio im-bro-li-o - complicated political situation which causes confusion No single party got the absolute majority in the elections hence the country is going to face imbroglio. Imbue im-bue - to fill something with strong feelings The minister asserted that all the policies of the government were imbued with the welfare spirit of the common man. Imitate imi-tet - to copy Imitators try to imitate the voices of different famous singers. Immaculate immacu-lut - without fault An immaculate planning is required to complete the highly expensive infrastructure projects. Immaterial ime-ti-ri-ul - unimportant, of little value, irrelevant Money is immaterial while donating for the victims of earthquake, it is the sense of devotion which matters. Immense ee-mens - extremely large, big The mass media have immense social responsibility on them. Immunity immu-niti - the state of being protected from something Even the Prime Minister has not been given the immunity from wrongdoing.

Impart im-paat - 1. to give a particular quality to something The regular meetings between the warring factions can impart momentum to the peace talks. 2. to pass information/knowledge to other person The modern teaching methods have changed the way the teaching is imparted by traditional methods. Impeccable im-peke-bul - flawless, without fault A good leader must have an impeccable style of speaking. Impediment im-pedi-munt - something which delays or stops the progress The low literacy level is proving to be an impediment in the large circulation of the newspapers. Impel im-pel - to force, do things forcibly rather than willingly The extremely poor condition of foreign exchange reserves impelled the government to invite multinational companies. Impending im-pen-ding - imminent, about to happen soon The administration should be prepared to tackle impending flood situation. Imperative im-pere-tiv - very important and needing great attention The national security is imperative of all other matters. Imperial impiri-ul - related to empire The 19th century witnessed an era of British imperialism in our country. Impetus impitus - something that encourages and stimulates action The appreciation by teacher has given impetus to the next project of the students. Implicate impli-cut - to put charges showing that somebody is involved in crime The police implicated three men in a robbery incident. Implication impli-ke-shun - a possible effect or result of an action The commercialization of education can have serious implications for the poor section of the society. Implicit im-pli-sit - without any doubt The idea of raising the living standard of the poor was accepted implicitly in the parliament. Imply im-ply - to show/express indirectly The World Bank's dissatisfaction implied the suspension of next installment of loan for the educational project in the country. Impose im-po-os - to force somebody to accept unpleasant things The newspapers criticized the government for imposing rules which could restrict the freedom of press. The state government accused the central government of behaving in an imposing manner. Impound im-pao-und - to confiscate, to take away a thing so that one cannot use

The police impounded the vehicles having bogus registration numbers. Impoverish im-pov-rish - to make somebody poor The drought and poverty have impoverished many developing countries. Impromptu without prior preparation, extempore A student should learn to give an impromptu speech. Improvised im-pro-vy-zd - improved version of something The army demanded the improvised weapons to fight the militancy in the country. Impugn im-pune - to raise doubts about Nobody can impugn the sincerity of the selfless social workers. Impulse impuls - a sudden urge or wish to do something The doctor found it difficult to treat the patients who have an irresistible impulse to drink. Impunity impunity - no danger of being punished The court treats the culprit turned witness with impunity. The constitution doesn't give the privilege of impunity even to the Prime Minister. Inadvertent inadvaa-tunt - unintentional and inattentive, done by negligence The employee pleaded that he had committed the mistake inadvertently. Incarcerate inka-surut - to put in prison The court ordered to incarcerate the accused for 3 years. Incentive in-sen-tiv - something which encourages one to greater activity The appreciation is the greatest incentive for a student's hardwork. Inception in-sep-shun - beginning The spokesman of the government owned company said that the company is making profit since its inception. Inch inch - to move slowly and cautiously in a direction With the successful completion of all the steps, the team of space scientists is inching towards success. Incite in-sy-t - to abet/encourage someone to do wrong things, provoke Fundamentalists are inciting the terrorism in the country. Incognito in-cog-neeto - hiding your identity The investigative officers entered the area of crime incognito. Incongruous in-congru-us - not suitable for a particular situation, strange The cast based politics looks incongruous in the modern society. Incorporate in-copo-rut - to include something so that it becomes a part of it The cyber laws have incorporated various crimes related to computer networks. Incredible in-cre-di-bul - difficult to believe

The daring stunts in the movies are really incredible. Incubation in-q-be-shun - the time between getting infected with the disease and the appearance of symptoms The economists predicted that ill effects of liberalization have a long incubation period. Inculcate in-cul-ket - to cause somebody to learn discipline/ideas etc The Prime Minister stressed for inculcating the discipline in the party workers. Incumbent in-kum-bunt - 1. official position, government in charge Very often, the voters fell prey to their anti incumbency mood while voting for a new government. 2. necessary because it is part of duty It was incumbent upon the crew of the airline to take care of the passengers. Incur in-kaa - to bring upon oneself The government is incurring heavy cost due to the delay in the completion of developmental projects. Indemnity in-dem-niti - protection against loss, promise to pay in case of loss The government has given indemnity to some of the foreign investors. Indict in-dy-t - to charge with an offence The police have indicted seven influential persons in the urea scam. Indigenous in-dij-nus - something which belongs to a particular country The ayurveda is indigenous to India. The car production has become totally indigenous . Indignant in-dig-nunt - angered at something unjust/wrong The indignant tribal people demonstrated before the office of deputy commissioner in support of their demands. Indignation indig-ne-shun - surprised anger The union expressed strong indignation over the unreasonable dismissal of the employee. Indiscriminate indiskriminut - action done without thought and careful judgement. The innocent persons were killed in the indiscriminate firing by the militants. Indolent - Ind-lunt - lazy The social activists criticized the government for its indolent attitude towards various welfare schemes. Induce in-dyu-s - to cause something The booming stock market has induced the investors to invest more and earn more. Induct in-dukt - to officially introduce in a group The four hundred cadets were inducted in the army.

Indulge in-daal-j - to do something that gives enjoyment (used negatively) The unemployed youth is indulging in the antisocial activities. Inept ine-t - done without skill The court ordered the government to strictly deal with the inept employees. Inertia inaa-sha - state of being too powerless to move After making some progress, the economy came to the state of inertia again. Inevitable in-evite-bul - which cannot be avoided The rise in the prices of the essential commodities is inevitable in the era of liberalization. Inexorable innex-o-re-bul - unstoppable Economists are inexorable supporters of liberalization. Society worldwide is witnessing inexorable rise in the crime rate. Infect in-fect - to make a disease spread to somebody The social system of many countries is infected with corruption. Infest in-fest - something harmful/dangerous which is present in large numbers We should not choose the terrorism infested area as picnic spot. Infiltrate in-fil-tret - to enter a place secretly without permission The army feared that a large-scale infiltration of militants could take place on the border. Inflate in-flet - to increase the price The prices of essential commodities in the country have inflated manifold due to the worst ever drought throughout the country. Inflict in-flikt - to impose harmfully The civil wars have inflicted trouble on many countries thus retarding economic and social development. Infotainment info-ten-munt - information + entertainment The infotainment is the most important function of the mass media. Learning through infotainment is the most effective method. Infringe in-frinz - to illegally take over the right of another person or nation The order to keep quiet is an infringement of my fundamental right to speech. Infuse in-fyu-s - to fill The speech of the minister infused confidence among the party workers. Inherent in-hea-rent - present naturally as a part of something Some problems are inherent in our social system. Inherit in-herit - to receive from the previous generation The finance minister inherited the toughest job of streamlining the financial reforms. Inimical inimi-kul - harmful

The acceptance of the terrorists' demands can prove inimical to the country. Injunction in-junk-shun - order from the court/government that something must or must not be done The court passed the injunction against media for not publishing anything against the accused under trial. Inkling ink-ling - a hint The finance ministry didn't have a slight inkling that the privatization of the industrial units will result in indefinite strike by the workers. Innocuous inno-q-us - harmless, not intended to upset anyone The minister termed his remark on the religion as innocuous. Innovate ina-vet - to invent new ideas Innovative ideas help to solve the problem in a different way. The teachers should not shy of innovation in their teaching methods. Inordinate in-odi-nut - excessive The progress of dam construction is suffering from inordinate delay due to the agitation. Insane in-sen - mad, serious ill mentally The TV channel's charges of corruption were termed as insane by the minister. The constitution says that an insane person cannot become the President. Insidious in-si-di-us - spreading secretly and gradually while causing serious harm The Cable TV culture is an insidious trend towards degradation of moral values. Insist in-sist - to demand firmly, to say strongly The opposition parties insisted that the bill on financial reforms should be brought immediately by the government. Insolvent insol-v-nt - bankrupt, not having money to pay up debts The constitution doesn't permit an insolvent person to fight the election of President. Instance in-stuns - case, example The enquiry commission noticed several instances of injustice and excesses against the tribal people. Instigate insti-get - to incite to action The agitating workers instigated the strike. Insular narrow in viewpoint The liberalization is the new mantra for insular economies of the world. Insulate in-syu-laa - to protect somebody from unpleasant experiences, dangers etc The country's economy should be insulated from the International financial fluctuations.

Insurgency in-saa-junci - an attempt to take control of a country by force The opposition blamed the government for tackling the insurgency ineffectively . Intact in-tect - complete, not damaged, secure The president ruled out the split in the party and said that the party is still intact. Integrate inti-grut - to combine two or more things so that they can work together The government urged the integration of efforts by the public to ensure development. Indian culture integrates different cultures and religions. Integrity inte-griti - 1. trustworthiness, strength of character The enquiry commission cast no doubt over the integrity of army. 2. undivided, completeness (of a nation) Social harmony is very important for unity and integrity of the country. Intend in-ten-d - a purpose in one's mind The editor clarified that the published story didn't intend to put the country's security in danger. Intensify inten-si-fy - to increase in strength and degree The striking workers decided to intensify their agitation as the management refused to accept their demands. Intent in-tent - intention, willingness The two countries signed a trade agreement with intent to promote and protect mutual investments. Interact in-tur-akt - exchange of information between two persons The reporter decided to interact with the people at the accident's site to get factual information. The new upcoming communication technologies are interactive. Inter alia inter-eli-ya - among other things The profits in the shares depends upon inter alia, the favourable policies of the government which directly influence the stock market. Intercept int-sept - to catch something in between The new law allowed the police to intercept the telephonic communication. Interim in-t-rim - a less part of something which is to be given full later This is an interim relief, you will get full benefit later on. Intermediate inter-midi-yut - between two places/states The Journey for the betterment hasn't stopped, the country is only in the intermediate stage. Interpolate intaa-po-lut - to add few lines The editor interpolated few lines on democracy in his speech. Intervene inta-veen - to interrupt to prevent bad result

The teacher intervened when the students started fighting physically. Intimate inti-mut - 1. let somebody know what you know The Prime Minister intimated the President about recent developments at International level. 2. close, friendly India has always shared intimate relationship with its neighbouring countries. Intimidate in-timi-det - to threaten The terrorists intimidated the local people who helped them out of fear. Intransigent intran-ji-junt - extreme ideas which can't be changed by anybody The officer was requested to approve the proposal but he remained intransigent. Intrepid in-tre-pid - fearless and bold Today's freedom is the result of endless efforts of the intrepid freedom fighters. Intricacy in-tri-kesi - complicated network and details The intricacies of law are beyond the comprehension of a common man. Intrigue intri-g - plot, secret plan (bad) The serial bomb blasts in the city were the result of terrorist's intrigue. Introspection intro-spek-shun - looking into one's inside (thoughts, ideas) Introspection is the greatest way of personality development. Intrude in-tru-d - to enter illegally, The intelligence agency guessed that large number of terrorists have intruded into Indian territory. Invade in-ved - to come, attack and take control of something The cultural department said that satellite channels from west are invading our culture. Invincible in-vin-ci-bul - too strong to be defeated The minister stayed invincible for long despite serious allegations of financial bungling against him. Invoke in-vo-ok - to call or bring into use (right, law) The government has invoked the ESMA (Essential Services Maintenance Act) against striking workers. Ire aaya - anger The protestors directed their ire towards public property while damaging it badly. Irk aak - to annoy or irritate The judiciary was irked by the publication of controversial news item relating to the corruption among judges.

Jeopardy j-pa-di - trouble, danger With the fall of the government, the new development projects were put into jeopardy. Jackpot jeck-pot - biggest amount of money to be won in a game by chance The young man hit jackpot of one crore in the television money game show. Jingoism jingo-i-zum - a belief that one's own country is better than other (used threateningly) The army officers are of the view that the neighbouring country believes in the ideology of jingoism. Jinx zink-s - the cause of bad luck The mediapersons argue that growth in the electronic media won't be a jinx on print media. Jolt to shake severely The murder of the minister jolted the government who claims to provide security to the common man. Jostle jo-sul - to push forcibly and roughly The minister's involvement in the scam jostled the government. Jugglery jug-lury - playing with something The government was accused of making a jugglery of figures while presenting the budget. Juncture junk-chaa - a particular point in a series of events The battle for supremacy reached a crucial juncture in the corridors of power. Junta chun-ta - government (military) which has come to power by force rather than through elections The junta refused to hold fresh elections in the country. Jurisdiction juris-dik-shun - the area in which the right of the official body can be used The developments in the parliament don't fall under the court's jurisdiction. Juxtapose just-a-pos - to place close for comparison The old pieces of art were juxtaposed with the modern ones.

K
Kickback kik-back - portion of an income given, often secretly, to someone who made the income possible The investigative agency started the investigations into the alleged kickback of 64 crore rupees paid to the middleman. Knack naak - a special natural skill or ability The government should have a knack of foreseeing the future challenges before the country. Knowhow no-haa-o - skill, knowledge to perform a particular thing India has the technical know how of the software development.

Kudos q-dos - credit The kudos goes to the soldiers who are defending the borders.

L
Labyrinth lab-rinth - complicated network, path The labyrinth of legal procedures sometimes proves a hurdle in the justice delivery of justice. Lackadaisical la-ke-deye-skul - lacking determination and seriousness The teacher's union criticized the lackadaisical approach of the government towards the important matters like education. Lackluster leck-lustaa - lacking shining, dull The Indian team gave a lackluster performance at Olympics. Lacuna le-q-na - state of missing, lacking of something Your selection can be easily cancelled on a slight lacuna in the selection process. Laden le-dun - heavily loaded with burden The government is laden with the backlog of incomplete work. Laggard le-gud - falling behind The speaker said that the communist countries were laggard in granting freedom to the press. Lambaste lem-baste - to criticize severely The opposition lambasted the government's move to increase the price of petrol. Lament la-ment - to express sorrow or regret The parents lamented the bad effects of cable television on their children. Languish lang-vish - to be forced to stay somewhere and suffer something unpleasant Many prisoners of war continue to languish in the enemy's jail for years. Lapse laps - negligence The murder inside the university campus is a serious lapse on the part of security personnel. pass slowly Long time lapsed between the making of the law and its actual implementation. Largesse la-jess - the act of giving money in big amount The central government dispensed the largesse to the state governments to help them tide over the financial problems. Lash lash - criticize severely and angrily The opposition lashed out at the government's faulty economic policy. Laud lo-od - to praise very much

The newspapers must laud the positive developments in the society by giving more coverage to development stories. Laurel lo-rul - honour and praise Our computer professionals have brought laurels for the country at International level. Legacy le-ge-si - anything bequeathed The successive governments should carry forward the legacy of social welfare. Legendary lejend-ri - very famous and widely known The legendary figures of Indian literature have contributed a lot to the development of journalism. Legislate legis-let - to make laws The job of the parliament is to legislate and it is upto the enforcement agencies to implement the same in a proper way. Legitimate legiti-mut - 1. reasonable The right to speech and freedom is regarded as a legitimate fundamental right of a citizen. 2. child of parents who are legally married The parents said before the judge that the boy was their legitimate son. Lenient li-ni-unt - not strict in punishment The principal took a lenient view of the student's costly mistakes. Lethal lee-thul - causing or able to cause death The lethal disease claimed several lives in the affected area. Lethargy lethe-ji - state of laziness, lacking in enthusiasm The industry criticized the government for its lethargy in implementing tax reforms. Level le-vul - to charge somebody for a wrongdoing The members of parliament levelled serious allegations of corruption against the finance minister. Levy le-vi - an extra amount of money paid to the government The finance minister decided to put levy on the imports. The finance minister levied more taxes on the public as a result the outgoing government lost the election. Lewd lood - referring to sex in a rude way The supreme court has strictly dealt with the case of lewd remarks against the women. Liability la-ye-bil-ti - 1. which causes a lot of problems The industries which used to be the backbone of the country are now proving to be a liability on the government. 2. state of being responsible for something The harassed employee lodged a legal case against his senior officer in the court.

Liaison li-ye-jun - relationship between two organisations The role of the public relations departments is to establish liaison between organisation and its public. Linger lin-ga - to continue to exist for longer time than expected The poverty and malnutrition have lingered on for decades although every effort is being made to eradicate them. Liquidate lik-vi-det - to destroy or remove an element which causes problem The government liquidated the rebel movement in the affected area. The sick companies should be liquidated and the employees should be absorbed somewhere else. Loath lo-oth - not willing to do something The accused loathed to accept his fault. Lodge lo-oj - to make a formal statement to authorities The harassed employee lodged a legal case against his senior officer in the court. Loggerhead logga-head - in strong disagreement The government and the militants are at loggerheads over the ownership of disputed territory. Loner lo-ona - a person who is alone The rebel minister seemed to be a loner in the process of resigning from the government. Long lo-ong - to want something very much The print media is longing to receive concessions on newsprint imports. Loom loom - something threatening which is likely to happen soon The army predicted that the danger of war is looming large over the country. Loophole lyu-phol - mistake or deficiency in law, system, contract etc The citizen's forum urged the government to plug the loopholes in the criminal law. Lucid lu-sid - clearly expressed, easy to understand The speaker in the parliament presented lucid arguments in support of his observation. Lucrative lu-k-tiv - profitable Agriculture is no longer a lucrative business for the farmers. Ludicrous ludi-krus - ridiculous The leader made a ludicrous statement before the audience. Lukewarm look-wom - not enthusiastic, lacking warm The audience showed a lukewarm response towards the fashion show. Luminary lu-min-ri - leading person in any field Film industry luminaries gathered to choose the best film of the year. Lurch laa-ch - 1. sudden uncontrollable movement

The continued subsidy has put the country's economy in lurch. 2. to fail to help somebody when they are relying on you The students were left in lurch when the board refused to recognise their degrees. Lure lyu-aa - to attract The modern youth is lured by the glamour and materialism. Lurk lak - to stay back in one's mind The anxiety of war is lurking in the government's mind following the large scale deployment of forces by the enemy. Lynch linch - to put to death without legal authority The angry crowd lynched the thief.

M
Machination meki-ne-shun - a secret and complicated plan (negatively used) The government charged the opposition of resorting to political machinations. Magnitude meg-ni-chude - great size and importance of something Despite the government's tall claims, the magnitude of crime has not decreased. Maiden me-e-dun - being first of its kind In his maiden press conference, the chief minister expressed serious concern over the state of law and order. Maim me-em - to injure somebody seriously Two soldiers were maimed in the landmine blast. Malice me-lis - desire to harm Every religion tells that we should not bear the malice towards anybody. Malaise me-les - a problem affecting a particular situation The sociologists asserted that the cable TV is spreading social malaise in the country. Malfunction mel-funk-shun - to fail to work correctly The government departments are often accused of malfunctioning. Malign me-ly-n - to tell lie and unpleasant things about somebody The newspaper was accused of maligning the honest minister. Malpractice mel-prek-tis - illegal or unacceptable conduct The recruitment officer was charged with several malpractices in recruitment. Mammoth me-muth - huge, very big Building the underground metro rail project is a mammoth project. Mandarin men-de-rin - powerful official of high rank

The newspapers suggested that the media policy made by the mandarins of ministry needs to be amended. Mandate men-date - authority given to government by the people of country The government was advised by the opposition to take fresh mandate from the public. Mandatory men-de-tri - compulsory The government made it mandatory that the persons from outside India should not be allowed to hold the key posts. Manoeuvre ma-nu-vaa - clever and skillful behavior often involving deception The businessmen maneuvered the accounts in order to avail tax exemptions. Mania menia - madness The mania of becoming crorepati (millionaire)is spreading like anything after the telecast of money game shows on TV. Manifest meni-fest - clearly visible, demonstrable After the creation of new states, the demands of many more states manifested. Manifold meni-fold - many, of many different types The opposition argued that the unemployment problem has increased manifold after liberalization. Mantra men-tra - object of success The career in Information Technology is the new mantra for the students. Mar maa - to destroy or damage The bad reputation marred the politician's chances of winning the elections. Marathon mera-thun - activity which lasts for a long time and requires great effort The politicians addressed the marathon public meetings as the election date to come nearer. Maraud ma-rod - go on looting and plunder The marauding dacoits had spread terror in the region. The history is witness that the dictators have marauded their own countries. Masquerade mas-q-rade - make a false outward appearance The militants masqueraded as policeman entered the airport and started firing. Massacre mess-e-ka - killing of large number of people Lacs of people were massacred in the communal violence in the African country Rwanda. Massive mess-iv - on large scale The new leader got massive support of the public. Mayhem mey-hem - confusion and fear caused by violent disorder The booth capturers were creating mayhem at the polling station. Meddle me-dul - to interfere

No country should meddle in other country's internal affairs. Mediate mi-di-yut - to try to make agreement between two or more people India is ready to mediate between the Sri lankan government and LTTE. Melee me-ley -stampede, crowd of people rushing in a confusing way Several devotees were injured in the melee at the site of carnival. Menace me-nus - a thing which threatens to harm The polythene bags are proving to be a menace for the soil. Mend mend - to improve The accused was warned by the court to mend his ways. Mere mi-aa - only, emphasis on unimportance of something The social problems won't be solved by mere soft talks of the government. Mesmerize mes-m-ryz - to hypnotize/hold attention completely The audience was mesmerized by the professor's speech. Mess mess - state of disorder The functioning of the company is in total mess. Mete to give Justice should be meted to the complainants in time. Mete out meet - to give somebody punishment, to give bad treatment to somebody The human rights commission took a strict note of inhuman treatment meted out to the labourer by the police. Meticulous meti-q-lus - giving or showing great care to details The new government decided to follow the path of liberalization meticulously. Mid-term mid-tum - in the middle of the period The country headed for another mid-term poll when the President dissolved the Lok Sabha. Midst mid-st - middle part of something The government suffered a severe setback in the midst of peace talks with the rebels. Miff miff - to get angry or upset slightly The employees were miffed at the decision of finance minister to cut their travelling allowance. Mileage my-lez - a benefit or advantage Every opposition party seems eager to draw a political mileage out of the government's failure. Mindful my-nd-full - careful or conscious The new minister is minister is quite mindful of his functioning. Mingle min-gul - 1. to combine

The success of peace effort was mingled with the blood of innocent people. 2. to meet and mix with people The visiting President of foreign country mingled freely with all the guests who were present in the party. Minority my-no-riti - less in numbers as compared to others The government was reduced to minority when the supporting parties withdrew support. Minuscule mini-s-q-l - extremely small Several big political parties have minuscule vote bank these days. Minute mi-nut - 1. very detailed, careful and thorough The journalists have to study a problem minutely in order to suggest some solution to the newspaper's readers. 2. extremely small Even a minute disagreement can spoil the success of peace talks. Miracle mi-ra-kul - like magic, lucky thing which happens without expectation The new government did a miracle by presenting a surplus budget for the first time in the country's history. Mirage mi-rash - an optical effect looking like a sheet of water in the desert, something unachievable Wealthy life in underworld is a mirage for unemployed youth. Miscellaneous misa-le-ni-us - of various types, from various sources He has a miscellaneous collection of books on physics. Mischief mis-chif - tendency to behave in a way that causes trouble Somebody played a mischief by giving wrong information to the police regarding the bomb inside the airport. Miscreant mis-kri-unt - wrongdoer, person doing illegal things The crime branch arrested the miscreants in connection with the murder case. Misgiving mis-gi-ving - feeling of doubt and anxiety The instability on the domestic front has spread misgivings on the international front. Mishap mis-hap - mishappening, accident Seven persons were killed in the mishap when the bus and car collided head on. Mitigate miti-gate - to lessen the suffering The government should mitigate the sufferings of a common man. Mobilize mobi-ly-z - to organize for a purpose The opposition party threatened to mobilize people against the issue of price hike. Mockery mok-ri - a worthless and ridiculous action The media opined that the present political system in the country is a mockery of democracy.

Modality mo-dele-ti - terms and conditions of an agreement Before signing the agreement, the two companies worked out the modalities. Model mo-dul - to give a shape to something The government modelled the new economic policy on the pattern of western countries. Moderate mod-rut - 1. neither too big nor too small Even the moderate amount of drugs can prove fatal. 2. to make something less extreme/severe The cold war was between two superpowers moderated and finally ended. Modest mo-dest - 1. not very large The big economic reforms have been able to achieve modest growth only. 2. not talking about your own ability The newspaper praised the modesty of the visiting foreign President. The famous scientiest was a modest person. Modify modi-fy - to change something slightly The administration modified its style of functioning in light of modern management skills. Modus Operandi mo-o-dus style of functioning, method of dealing The investigative agencies have to adopt different modus operandi for different cases. Mole mo-o-l - a person who works in an organization and passes important information to other organization The police are grappling with the problem of some moles. Molest melest - to make indecent sexual advances to somebody The criminals molested the young woman in the broad daylight. Mollify moli-fy - to reduce anger, make calm The demonstrators were mollified by the administration. Momentum memen-tum - ability of increasing and developing The issue of safety and security of minority community in the country has gain momentum. Monetary - mone-te-ri - related to money It is alleged that the public sector companies don't provide monetary contribution to the government, they just serve the cause of social responsibility. Monitor moni-ta - watch and check over a period of time The army is monitoring the situation along the line of control in Kashmir. Monotonous mno-tun-us - dull, never changing, boring The Information Technology is changing the monotonous style of life very fast. Morale moraal - amount of motivation, confidence etc.

The army officers must try to boost up the morale of the soldiers. Moratorium more-to-ri-um - a temporary stopping of an activity by official agreement The newspaper suggested that there should be a four-year moratorium on all religious disputes for the healthy development of the nation. Moribund mori-bund - about to stop, coming to an end The common man feels that the country's economy is fast becoming moribund. Motive mo-o-tiv - reason Social activists' motive is to bring good to poor people. Mould mo-o-ld - to change the shape Newspapers can influence and mould public opinion. Mount maa-ont - to increase gradually The opposition mounted pressure on the government to reduce the price of foodgrains for the poor. Mourn mo-on - to show regret/sorrow The nation mourned the death of thousands of soldiers who died in Kargil war. Mow maa-oo - to kill in large numbers Our soldiers mowed down enemy on the front. Mull maal - to spend time by thinking carefully about a proposal The political party is mulling over the names of the candidates to be fielded for the coming elections. Mundane mun-dane - ordinary and without excitement The new media are a good answer to the mundane style of journalism. Murky maa-ki - dark, not very clear The opposition demanded the probe into the murky financial dealings. Mutilate myu-ti-lut - to injure or damage by tearing off necessary part The doctors had to mutilate the patient's leg because of cancer. Mutiny myu-tini - rebellion against lawful or constituted authority Seven soldiers were court marshalled and sentenced to death for the act of mutiny. Mutual myu-chu-ul - which affects both the persons equally The two countries decided to increase their efforts for mutual benefit. Myriad me-ri-ad - an extremely large number The trade fair consists of myriad of stalls and activities. Modern life has presented myriad of problems before us. Mystery mis-ta-ri - the condition of being secret/hidden The young reporter unfolded the mystery of purchase of worthless defence equipments.

Mystify misti-fy - to make somebody confuse through lack of understanding The disappearance of the elephant in the magic show was a mystifying experience. Myth mith - wrong belief or idea It is a myth that holy water of Ganga can wash all the sins.

N
Nab neb - to catch a thief or a person doing illegal work The dacoits fled from the seen but one of them was nabbed by the local residents. Naive na-eev - showing lack of experience, judgement and wisdom The tribal people are quite naive as far as the issue of religion transformation is concerned. Narrate na-ret - to tell a story The aggrieved party narrated its story of suffering in the court. Nascent na-cent - in the developing stage The Handicraft industry is nascent in our country. Nasty naasti - unpleasant The long journey in the general compartment of the train proves to be a nasty experience for most of the passengers. Naught no-ot - zero, failure Despite the sincere efforts, the peace talks between rebels and state government came to naught. Nebulous ne-bu-lus - vague, not very clear The government spelt out a nebulous description of its plans to revive the economy. Nefarious ni-fe-ri-us - wicked, corrupt, immoral The ministers are accused of indulging in nefarious activities. Negate ni-gate - to nullify, to stop the effect of something The infrastructure development which took years to build was negated by the floods in hours. Negotiate nigo-shi-et - to try to reach at agreement by discussion You should negotiate the salary with your employer. The international disputes can be resolved through negotiations. Nemesis ne-mi-sis - bad time which can't be avoided Every military ruler meets his nemesis someday. Neo ni-o - new The globalisation has increased the number of neo rich persons. Nexus nek-sus - illegal series of connections

The media reported that there is a strong nexus between politicians and criminals and bureaucrats. Niche neesh - a comfortable and suitable role/job The young artist found his niche in the paintings. Niggle ni-gul - slight feeling of worry, pain that doesn't go away The common man has niggling doubts whether the liberalization will really help him. Nightmare ny-t-meya - very bad and unpleasant experience Getting justice from the overburdened courts is proving to be a nightmare. Nitty-gritty niti-griti - the most important aspect of a situation or problem The company discussed the nitty-gritty of the proposal and applied to the government for clearance. Nod no-od - permission, approval The setting up of a factory requires a nod from the state government. Nonchalant non-sha-lunt - non serious, casual The last government's nonchalant attitude is said to have created many problems for the present government. Nonetheless nun-the-less - in spite of this fact, nevertheless The problems in the society are numerous, nonetheless the newspapers will have to perform their duty. Normalcy no-mul-si - state of being normal The United Nations urged that terrorism should stop and normalcy should be restored. Nostalgia nos-taal-jia - feeling of sadness and pleasure while thinking of good past The nostalgia of being free from all worries during childhood still visits me. Notch noch - to achieve something as a victory The new party notched up impressive number of seats in the elections. Notion no-shun - idea, belief The educationists generally don't agree with the notion of commercialization of education. Notorious n-to-ri-us - well known for being bad Notorious elements should not be allowed to roam freely. Notwithstanding not-with-standing - in spite of Notwithstanding few failures, the outgoing government performed well as was expected from it. Novice no-vis - a person who is new and has little experience The court ordered the government that the important decisions should not be left to the discretion of novice. Nuisance new-sun-s - cause of trouble/annoyance

The militancy is proving to be a nuisance for the Kashmir government. Numerous in very large numbers There are numerous examples of persons who succeeded by their sheer hard work. Nurture new-mur-us - to encourage the growth of something The teacher should nurture the talent in his students.

O
Obfuscate ob-fus-ket - to deliberately confuse or make difficult to understand The state government is obfuscating the issue of salary hike of employees. Obligatory obli-ge-tri - binding in law/conscience The parliamentary committee remarked that it was obligatory for the director of the intelligence agency to resign on the ground that the intelligence network had failed completely. Obliterate ab-liti-rut - to remove all the signs by destroying completely The floods obliterated the whole city last year. Oblivious not aware of something happening The prisoners escaped but the jail authorities were oblivious of the situation. Obscure abs-q-uaa - not clearly and easily understood. The government's statement on the subsidy is obscure. Obsess ab-sess - to fill the mind of somebody so much that one can not think anything else The younger generation seem to be obsessed with the Internet. Obsolete obso-leet - no longer used With the advent of new technology, the old technology is fast becoming obsolete. Obstinate obs-ti-nut - difficult to persuade A student should not be obstinate. He should have flexible attitude. Obstruct ob-strukt - to block the way, to prevent somebody from making progress The bureaucratic system is often accused of obstructing development by indulging in formalities. Obviate ob-vi-et - to remove a need The advancement in technology in the domestic market has obviated the need of importing the costly equipment from abroad. Occult o-kult - related to magical powers Sometimes politicians believe in occult practices to win elections. Oddity o-diti - improper, quality of being odd

The parents were surprised by the oddity of their child's remark. Offence a-fens - crime, illegal act The insult to the national flag is a serious offence. Offend a-fend - to annoy/insult/hurt somebody's feelings The teacher was offended by the student's improper remarks. Offing o-fing - likely to appear/happen soon With the advent of new technology, different media of communication are in the offing. Ominous omi-nus - indicating that something threatening and bad is going to happen The crossing of border by the militants in large numbers is an ominous sign of more violence. Onerous on-rus - needing great pains and effort The huge population and the poverty are two onerous tasks before the government. Onset on-set - an assault, especially of troops, upon an enemy or fortification The sociologists remarked that the onset of satellite channels would adversely affect the children. Onus o-onus - the responsibility of something The onus lies on the new government to bring the economy back on track. Onslaught on-slo-ot - fierce attack The government was puzzled by the onslaught from the opposition parties. The editor hoped that the newspapers would boldly face the onslaught of electronic media. Opaque a-pek - very difficult to understand, too dark to see through The decision of raising the telephone rental charges by the telecom department was termed as opaque by the consumers. Opponent a-po-nunt - a person who is against some other person in fight The party's candidate in the elections looked embarrassed by the charges levelled by the opponents. Opportune oppur-chu-n - action done at the right time to make it successful The Prime Minister stressed that this is opportune moment for the industry to encash on liberalized economy. Optimum op-timum - most favourable, best The condition is optimum for starting a new business. Opulent op-u-lunt - wealthy, having lot of money The advertising of the expensive products is directed towards the opulent section of the population. Ordeal o-deel - painful trying experience Getting justice in the courts seems to be an ordeal these days. Orient o-ri-unt - to direct something towards something else

The government decided to make the education system more value oriented. Ostensible osten-si-bul - appearing to be true but not necessarily true The student mentioned illness as an ostensible reason for his absence from the class. Ostentation osten-te-shun - exaggerated display of skill/knowledge etc. to fill other person with envious feelings The Prince's speech was free from ostentation. Oust a-oo-st - to remove a person from position of power/job etc The democratically elected government of Nawaj Sharif was ousted by the army general in Pakistan. Outburst a-oo-t-bust - 1. sudden strong expression of emotions The arm twisting tactics of the allies finally led to the Prime Minister's outburst publicly. 2. act of bursting The outburst of numerous editions of newspapers provide variety of information to the readers. Outfit a-oo-t-fit - 1. an organization Lashkar-e-toiba is a militant outfit operating in the Kashmir valley. 2. clothes worn for a particular occasion The casual outfit is not suited for the interview. Outlandish a-oo-t-landish - strange A joke at a sad moment sounds quite outlandish. Outpace a-oo-t-pace - move faster and rise faster than somebody else The growht of technology in our country has outpaced many other developing countries. Outrageous a-oo-t-re-jus - very shocking and unacceptable The court treats even a minor crime committed on women as an outrageous one. Outstrip a-oo-t-strip - to become larger/important than something else Our economic development has outstripped the government's expectation. Outwardly a-oo-t-wodli - from outside, on the surface Outwardly the government agreed to reduce the oil prices but it seems reluctant inwardly . Owing to o-ing - because of Owing to the government's lackluster performance in economic reforms, the donating agencies didn't provide enough money to the country.

P
Pace pes - speed Because of several litigations in the court, the work at the dam project is progressing at

snail's pace. Pact pe-ekt - a formal agreement between two or more countries/people etc India and Belgium signed two bilateral trade pacts. Panacea pena-see-aa - an cure for all diseases Separate states are not a panacea for all problem of a nations. Pandemonium pende-mo-ni-um - situation of lot of noise and confusion Pandemonium broke out in the parliament when finance minister presented the budget having provisions for many more new taxes. Paradigm pera-dy-m - typical example of pattern of something, most important aspect of something The social welfare is the paradigm of Indian economy. Paradox pera-dox - a situation which has two opposite features This is a paradox that the mineral rich states in the country are the poorest ones. Paralyze pere-ly-z - to render powerless The repeated strikes in the country have paralyzed the economy. Paramount pere-ma-o-nt - supreme, most important The issue of country's safety and security is paramount. Paranoid suspicious and lacking trust in others The minority community should not be paranoid in this country. Paraphernalia pera-fun-e-li-ya - equipment required for a work The office was shifted along with the paraphernalia. Parasite pera-sy-t - who always makes use of others and gives nothing in return The politician's are often termed as parasites who thrive on the public money. Parity pere-ti - equality Parity in the rights of the citizens should be kept in order to maintain social harmony. Parley paa-le - a meeting with enemies to restore peace After long parleys, the issue of Palestine separate state was resolved. Parochial paro-ki-ul - narrow The education has to impart a broad outlook to a student instead of a parochial thinking. Part paat - to separate The allies parted their ways from the government on the issue of ministerial berths. Passion pe-shun - a very strong feeling of love/hatred/enthusiasm/anger etc. A wrong news published by the newspaper ignited the communal passions in the state. The newspaper must have a passion for investigative reporting. The modern movies are encashing upon the passion to gather money and publicity.

Pathetic pe-the-tik - making one feel sador pity The flood victims were in a pathetic state. Patronage petro-nej - support an organization financially The experts asserted that the small-scale industry needs government's patronage for growth. Paucity po-sity - small amount of something The Prime Minister stressed that the paucity of funds won't be a problem in the development projects. Pave pev - to create a situation in which somebody would be able to do something The research can pave the way to solve our future problems. Peccadillo peke-dilo - a small breach of propriety or principle The old man had to pay a heavy price for his peccadillo of unknowingly giving shelter to the militants. Pecuniary pe-q-ni-yri - relating to money A journalist never draws a pecuniary advantage but helps to raise the voice of poor. Peculiar pe-q-li-ur - belonging only to a particular place Strong emotional bond is the quality peculiar to Indian culture. Peeve peev - to annoy The old man was peeved at the degradation of moral values in the society. Peg peg - to fix at certain level The economic growth is currently pegged at 5 percent. It needs to be increased. Pelt pelt - to throw as an attack The mob pelted stones at the policemen. Penchant a special liking for something A journalism student must have a penchant for writing. Pending pen-ding - waiting to be decided/settled The government asked the officer to go on leave pending inquiry against him. Penetration peni-tre-shun - to make a way through The western culture has penetrated deep into children's mind. Per se paa-se - in itself The newspaper was accused of printing an article which was per se defamatory for the film actress. The Information Technology is not harmful per se but its misuse can pose serious threat for the society. Perceive pa-seev - to understand in a particular way Giving back the conquered area back to enemy was perceived as the blunder on the part of government.

The newspapers help its readers to perceive social and political changes minutely. Perceptible pa-septi-bul - which can be felt or noticed The effect of cable television on our social life is quite perceptible. Percolate pa-ko-lut - to move gradually downwards The benefits of the government schemes should percolate down to the poor section of the society. Perennial pa-ri-ni-ul - continuing for a long time, happening again and again The people urged the Chief Minister to find a permanent solution of their perennial problems. Perfunctory pa-funk-tri - done in a casual manner, not seriously, without care The government employees are performing their duty in a perfunctory manner. Peril pe-ril - great danger The country's safety is in peril with the rise in cross border terrorism. Perish pe-rish - die, to be lost/destroyed Precious species of plants and animals are perishing at an alarming rate. Permeate paa-mi-et - to spread to every part The people's dissatisfaction with the government permeated to every section of the society, as a result the ruling party suffered humiliating defeat in the elections. Permutation pa-mu-teshun - alteration, change in order The election commission adopted the permutation method to allot the election symbols to the different candidates. Pernicious pa-ni-shus - having harmful effect The cable TV's addiction can have a pernicious influence on the children's personality. Perpetrate pa-pet-ret - to commit a crime The militants have perpetrated many heinous crimes. Perpetual pa-pe-chu-al - continuous, lasting forever Lack of basic facilities like water and electricity has become a perpetual problem in the country. Perplex per-plex - to confuse The administration was completely perplexed by the severe damage caused by the earthquake. The speaker delivered the lecture very well but the audience looked perplexed. Persecute per-si-q-t - to treat in a cruel way The dalits in the village fear a large scale persecution by the landlords. persist pe-sist - to continue to do with determination The government persisted on its agenda of cutting the extra work force in the offices. Persistence p-sis-tuns - continue to try, to do something in spite of difficulties

The persistence of the scientists has given new horizons to the development in our country. The persistence of unemployment in the country is gradually becoming worrisome. Persuade pa-su-ed - to convince through argument The health workers were persuaded not to go on strike as it would severely affect the health services. Pertain p-ten - related to The concessions announced in the budget don't pertain to the industry but consumers. Pertinent pati-nunt - appropriate to a particular situation The newspaper's responsibility is to raise pertinent issues before its readers. Perverse pa-vus - strong desire to behave in an unacceptable and shocking manner Our neighbouring country is often accused of having perverse desire to incite terrorism. Pervert pa-vut - 1. to change the system in a bad way The scientific discoveries have been perverted to create dangerous weapon of human destruction. 2. to make immoral/corrupt and unacceptable The psychologists argue that Cable TV is perverting the minds of children. Peter out pi-taa aa-ut - to reduce gradually and finally end With the temporary fall in the oil prices, the problem has petered out temporarily. Petition piti-shun - a formal written request submitted especially in court The judge accepted the petition for further hearing. Phase fe-z - stage The finance minister decided to lower the government's share in public sector units in a phased manner. Several important dam projects are in the last phase of completion. Phenomenon fe-no-m-nun - fact, an event in the society The highly lucrative career in Information Technology is an unbelievable phenomenon. Phlegmatic fleg-metik - not easily made angry or upset The government remained phlegmatic over the serious allegations levelled by the opposition leader. Phobia fo-o-bi-a - extreme and abnormal fear Phobia of liberalization should end soon in order to open up the markets. Piecemeal pees-mey-ul - into fragments, gradually The economic development has suffered a lot because of the piecemeal reforms. Piggy-back pigi-bek - attached to or allied with something else The new political party had to ride piggyback on the well known party to make an impact on

electorate. Pile py-l - number of things that have been placed on one another Due to the strike of advocates, the cases got piled up in the court. Pilferage pil-frej - to steal in small amount The company suffered losses in continuous pilferage. Pin down pin da-oo-n - to criticize severely The consumer's union did pin down the government for its failure to curb inflation. Pinnacle pi-ne-kul - top, climax The Information Technology business has reached its pinnacle. Pipeline pyp-laa-in - underdiscussion, on the way A large investment is in the pipeline because of the economic reforms. Piquant pee-kunt - stimulating or provocative The insurgency problem turned piquant when the local people started supporting separatists. Pittance pi-tuns - very small ammount of money, an inadequate payment The journalists' union criticized the big newspapers for paying pittance to the reporters as salary. Pivotal pi-vi-tul - of great importance as other things depend on it The non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a pivotal role in the development of the country. Placate pla-ket - to pacify/calm/satisfy The army officer placated the rebel soldiers. Placid pla-sid - calm, peaceful The placid atmosphere helps in increasing the work efficiency. Plagiarize ple-ge-ry-z - to copy other person's idea/work without permission and present them as your own A writer never plagiarizes somebody's work, on the contrary he gets views from that. Plausible plo-ji-bul - reasonable, likely to be true The argument given by the culprit sounded plausible to the judge. Plea plee - emotional request The court ordered the government to consider the employee's plea. Plead pleed - to argue in support The advocate pleaded on behalf of his client in the court. Plebiscite ple-bi-sa-it - a direct vote by people of the country on a particular matter of national importance U.N.O. had favoured plebiscite on Kashmir issue way back in 1950.

Plethora ple-tha-ra - excess, more than what is required The overexpansion of the cities is bringing plethora of problems. Pliable pla-e-bul - easily influenced/bent The young minds of the children are pliable. Plight pla-it - a difficult and sad situation A further reduction in the sale price of crop added to the plight of the farmers. Plot plot - a secret plan to perform illegal act The intelligence agencies uncovered the terrorists' plot to increase disturbance in the capital. Ploy plo-ye - cunning actions carefully designed to win advantages over something The heavy firing was a ploy of the enemy to divert attention of our security personnel. Plummet pla-met - to go down steeply and rapidly After the initial surge, the information technology shares plummeted. The mercury plummeted as a result the entire region was gripped by the chilly weather. Plunder plun-da - to loot heavily Mahmud Gaznavi plundered the wealth of Somnath temple in 1026 AD. Pluralism ploo-re-lizum - existence of many different groups of people in society The settlement of the people from many countries gives rise to pluralism in society. Ply p-ly - to travel regularly on a particular route The court banned the old buses from plying on the road. Poignant having a strong effect on your feelings which make you sad The article published by the newspaper poignantly highlighted the growing weakness of country's economy. Poise po-e-z - to be completely ready for something With the signing of important trade agreements, the relations between two countries are poised for a giant leap. Polarisation pol-ry-ze-shun - to separate into two groups with completely opposite opinions The voters in the state are completely polarised for and against the ruling party. Ponder pon-da - to think seriously The administration pondered over the situation and came out with a strategy. Pooh-pooh poo-poo - to dismiss an idea as worthless The government pooh-poohed the idea of giving free ration to the poor people. Portal po-o-tul - door, gate Many countries are opening their portals for the Multinational companies. Portray po-tre - to show something in picture

Foreign countries have stopped portraying India as a land of snake charmers. Pose po-o-z - to create a problem or unpleasant situation The emission of poisonous smoke from the vehicles can pose serious threat to the environment. Posse posi - group of people (soldiers) brought to deal with crime/violence etc Large posse of security force was deployed to curb violence. Possess p-zess - to have Strong enemy doesn't possess enough ammunition to fight. Posterity pus-te-riti - next generation The environment must be conserved for the posterity. Posthumous pos-tyu-mus - happening after a person had died Army captain was posthumously awarded the highest bravery award, the Paramveer Chakra. Potential p-ten-shul - something that in future can develop into a big thing Potential players have brought laurels to the country. Potential source of nuclear energy has to be exploited to tide over the energy crisis. Pragmatic preg-metik - practical rather than theoretical Problems in the society should be solved by adopting the pragmatic approach rather than ideal one. Precarious pre-ke-ri-us - unsafe, dangerous, uncertain The foreign investors shy away because of the precarious political and economic situation of the country. Precede pree-seed - to happen before something, to come before something Heavy advertising usually precedes the launch of a new product by the company. Precipitate precipi-tet - to send rapidly into certain condition The long rivalry between the two countries precipitated into war. Predicament pridika-mnt - a difficult situation having no way out The low foreign exchange reserve is a predicament in repayment of the loans in time. Precisely pre-sys-li - exactly The army's attack on the enemy was precisely timed. Preclude prek-lud - to prevent something from happening, stall The adamant style of functioning of the Management preclude the harmonious relationship with the workers. Predominant pri-dominunt - 1. most obvious, noticeable The new political party had a predominant minority base in its state. 2. having more power than others The struggle between superpowers is going on for global predominance.

Prejudice pre-ju-dis - disliking of a person based on false information rather than reason or experience The politicians charged the media of having prejudice against them. Premise pre-mis - an assumption from which conclusion can be drawn. The government's premise is that the violence should end first and then peace talks should be started. The investigative agencies acted on the wrong premise in finding out the culprits which led to the failure of investigation. Prerogative prero-gtiv - privilege, special right given to somebody The members of parliament commented that it is Prime Minister's prerogative to select the minister in his cabinet. Press press - use somebody for a purpose The trained commandos were pressed into service for tight security at the International meeting of head of states. Presume pre-zyum - to suppose something to be true The court asked the prosecutor not to presume but prove his point. Pretext pree-text - to give a false reason The students are habitual of finding a pretext for their absence from the class. Prevail pri-vel - to exist generally The prevailing conditions are not suitable to start a new business. Prevalent prev-lunt - happening or existing generally The poverty is prevalent in the tribal areas which is the only reason of their problems. Prevaricate pri-veri-ket - to avoid giving a direct answer to a question The government prevaricated on the issue of lowering the income tax rates. Prickly prik-li - covered with thorns, prickles The land reforms continue to be a prickly issue for every government. Prima facie prima-feshi - on the first impression The tapped voice of a person is not a final evidence but it makes a prima facie case. Primitive primitiv - belonging to an early stage of development, old fashioned The government sanctioned the project on the primitive beliefs and magical rituals of the tribal areas. Proactive pro-ek-tiv - take initiative The industrialists urged the government to play a proactive role in solving the anomalies in the International trade with other countries. Probable prob-bul - likely to happen The probable outcome of every action should be thought in advance.

A student should be of probing mind. Probe pro-ob - enquiry, to explore After complaints of irregularities in the arms purchase, a probe was ordered in the defence deals. Probity pro-o-biti - quality of being trustworthy No one can doubt the probity of our army. Procession pro-se-shun - a line of people that moves along The peaceful procession suddenly turned violent leaving many persons injured. Proclaim prok-lem - to make something important known officially and publicly, declare The government proclaimed the emergency in 1975, only once in the history of India. Proclivity prok-liviti - natural tendency Slow work is the proclivity of bureaucratic system of governance. Procrastinate pro-craastinet - to delay The government was accused of procrastinating on the women reservation bill. Procure pro-kyo-a - to obtain with effort, purchase The multinational company procured a piece of land in the heart of city. Prodigy prodiji - a young person having amazing and remarkable qualities Three child prodigies were selected from India to work for the American space project. Profess pro-fess - to state openly The ideas professed by our religious scriptures thousands years ago are meaningful even today. Proficient pro-fi-shunt - expert The language proficiency is essential for writing for newspapers. Profligate progli-gut - wasteful, use money carelessly The economists criticized the government for its profligate spending. Profound pro-fa-o-nd - very great/serious The harmful gases have brought profound changes in the earth's climate. Proletariat pro-lite-riya - poor people who work for wages in industry The communist rule aimed at establishing the ownership of proletariat. Proliferate proli-feret - to spread rapidly The banned edition of the book proliferated in the markets. Prolong prolong - to make last longer The point of reservation for the women prolonged beyond requirement in the parliament. Promiscuity promis-q-ti - tendency of having many sexual partners Promiscuity is one of the main factors in the spread of AIDS.

Prompt prompt - fast, immediate, done without delay The financial crisis requires prompt action in order to avoid bankruptcy. Promulgate promul-gate - to announce a new law The universal declaration on human rights was promulgated by the U.N.O. Prone pro-o-n - likely to suffer from something bad The army intensified the security in the smuggling prone areas near the international border. Prong prong - pointed, each of two or more long pointed parts of a fork The Prime Minister called for a two-pronged approach for normalization of International relations. Propagate prop-gate - to spread (beliefs/idea) more widely The message of humanity should be propagated throughout the world. Propel propel - to move/drive/push something in a particular direction The political analysts asserted that only self propelled government can do good for the people. Propensity propen-siti - tendency The border areas have a propensity for large scale smuggling and intrusion. Propitiate propi-shi-et - to appease, placate Sincere work is the only worship to propitiate the God. Propitious pro-ti-shus - favourable The share broker analysed that the stock market is falling hence it is not propitious to invest in shares. Proposition prop-ji-shun - 1. proposed plan With the slump in the stock market, the portfolio investment seems to be a costly proposition. Prosaic proze-k - ordinary, not showing imagination, dull Newly launched newspapers cannot afford to work in a prosaic manner. Prosecute prosi-q-t - to charge somebody with crime in court of law The corrupt officers should be prosecuted for their misdeeds. Protagonist proteg-nist - the leader of a movement Women parliamentarians are the protagonists of the women reservation bill in the elections. Protract pro-trakt - to last longer than expected, unnecessarily long The religious disputes are being protracted by the vested interests who are accused of showing no interest in the solution. Provoke pro-vok - to encourage for doing wrong. The murder of a leader of minority community provoked communal violence in the area. Prune proon - to cut

The government should prune non-plan expenditure in order to reduce fiscal deficit. Prudent proo-dunt - sensible and careful in taking decisions The prudent government immediately announced relief package for the earthquake hit state. Pseudo si-oo-do - false, not genuine The mass media are often accused of creating a pseudo phobia in the minority community. Pulsate pul-set - to make strong regular movements The old man pointed out that the Gandhian principles are still alive and pulsating throughout the world. The live telecast of the game on television was quite pulsating. Pump pump - to put lot of money into something The government expressed its inability to pump more money in the sick public sector units.

Q
Quagmire kwag-maaya - marsh The new officer also got involved in the quagmire of corruption. Qualitative quali-tetiv - related to quality The competition introduced by the multinational companies has brought many qualitative changes in the products. Qualm kwaam - feeling of doubt or worry The newspapers being responsible messengers never write about sensitive issues without qualm. Quandary kwan-dri - state of indecision at the time of difficulty The government was in a quandary over the issue of reduction of subsidies which could affect their vote bank. Quantify kwan-ti-fy - to measure or calculate interms of quantity Psychologists say that a person's complete intelligence is impossible to quantify. Quantitative kwanti-tetiv - related to quantity A speech must be perfect qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Quantum jump kwantum - sudden great improvement or development The invention of artificial blood is a quantum jump in medical science. Quarter kwo-taa - person or group of people The erring government face voice of protest from every quarter. Quash kwo-sh - to reject, to declare something no more valid (done by courts especially) The high court quashed the government's order of dismissal the employees.

Quasi kwe-zy - partly The opposition demanded that a quasi judicial body should probe the case of human rights violations. Queer strange His queer remarks about the departed soul angered everybody. Quell kwal - to stop the violent protests Extra police force was called to quell the rising incidents of violence. The workers were doubtful regarding their pay scales but the manager convincingly quelled their apprehensions. Quench kwen-ch - to drink so that you no longer feel thirsty The thirst of creativity never quenches. Query kwe-ri - question, doubt The students came to the teacher with several queries. Quest kwest - search for something difficult One must work hard in the quest for knowledge. Quid pro quo kwid-pro-ko - a thing given in return for something else The militants' attack was seen as a quid pro quo of the army's operation. Quintessence kwin-te-sunce - the most essential part The writing skill is quintessence for a journalism student. Quip kwip - a quick and clever remark The Chief Minister quipped on the issue of water dispute with the neighbouring states. Quirk kwak - strange thing happening accidentally By quirk of fate, the two friends met each other on the railway station after twenty years. Quote kwot - to repeat what was said by some other person The minister was quoted as saying that the government won't tolerate the corruption in the government departments.

R
Radical redi-kul - 1. having extreme views Terrorists in Kashmir are accused of having radical views about freedom. 2. thorough and complete The economic policies require radical changes in order to survive the tough competition in the international market. Raison d' etre most important reason for existence of something The violent disturbance is the sole raison d'etre for heavy deployment of the security force.

Rake rek - to earn a lot of money The multinational companies are often accused of interested in raking profits only while caring little for social responsibilities. Ramification remi-fi-keshun - large number of unexpected results which follow an idea, action etc. Decision to allow pornographic channel is bound to have serious cultural ramifications. Rampage rem-pej - causing widespread violent destruction The mob went on rampage and looted several shops. Rampant rempunt - uncontrolled spreading Corruption is rampant in most of the countries of the world. Ramshackle rem-sha kul - 1. very bad condition, needing repair After the severe earthquake, the government employees were forced to work in the ramshackle buildings. 2. badly organised and designed (not lasting for long) The industrialists alleged that the ramshackle tax structure would adversely affect their business interests. Rapacious ra-pe-shus - wanting more money than what you need, greedy The rapacious attitude of the industrialists has caused great harm to the environment. Rap raap - to blame/criticize The opposition rapped the government for its failure to protect the country's interest on international front. Rapprochement re-pro-sh-maant - a situation of friendly relations after being enemies Some senior members tried to bring about a rapprochement between the rebel minister and the Chief Minister. Ratify re-ti-fy - to endorse, to make valid while putting stamp of approval by parliament The Presidential rule imposed by the central government was not ratified by the parliament. Rational resh-nul - based on reasons rather than emotions The need to rationalize the tax structure was stressed by the industrialists. Rationale re-she-naal - reasons which explain a particular decision/action The district administration failed to understand the rationale of the Supreme Court order, as a result the court had to issue fresh one. Ravage re-vej - to damage something badly Civil war, slavery and colonialism ravaged the economies of the African countries. Raze re-zz - to destroy completely The municipal corporation razed the illegal construction in the colony. Realm relm - area of interest

These days, celebrities are moving into the realm of social work. Rebuff ri-baff - unkind refusal of a request, friendly offer etc The government's offer of peace talks met with sharp rebuff from the militants. Recap ree-kep - repeatition of main points. The teacher started the class with a recap of previous class. Recession ri-se-shun - decline (of trade, value etc.) The economists feel that the economy will be in deep recession because of the high interest rates. Reciprocate reci-pro-kut - to make a mutual exchange The enemy nation offered to settle the dispute peacefully but this was not reciprocated by the other country. Reckless rek-less - done without thinking of consequences The government should stop this non plan reckless spending. Reckoning rek-ning - the act of calculating something The district municipal corporations were taken into reckoning while preparing a list of development agencies. Reconcile re-kun-cyl - to become friend again after the quarrel The elder people always believe in reconciliation. After overcoming the differences, the friends reconciled. Recrimination rikri-mi-ne-shun - angry statements and counter statements made between two persons The ruling party and the opposition have become habitual of recrimination. Rectify rek-ti-fy - to correct The mistake in the document was rectified immediately. Recuperate rekoo-pa-ret - to recover from illness The Prime Minister is recuperating after a long period of illness. Recur ri-kaa - to happen again and again The problem of high budget deficit is recurring before the country. Redeem ri-deeem - to recover In the next round of game, the chess player redeemed his poor performance. Redress ri-dress - to make right a wrong thing The complaint board was set up to redress the public grievances. Redundant ri-dun-dunt - unnecessary, no longer required With the advent of new theories of management, the old ones have become redundant. Refrain ri-fren - to hold oneself back, to stop oneself from doing

A heart patient must refrain from drinking and smoking. Refuge re-fyuj - protection or shelter from danger The spiritual happiness is the ultimate refuge for the mankind. Refurbish ree-faa-bish - to make something shine The organisation needs to refurbish its image in order to meat its goals. Refute re-fyut - to deny strongly The minister refuted the corruption allegations in his ministry. Regime re-jeem - type of government There is no place for military regime in democracy. Rehabilitate ri-habili-tet - to help people in living a normal life after their displacement, prison etc. The slums have been destroyed and the people would be rehabilitated in the nearby colony. The terrorists who have surrendered should be rehabilitated in the mainstream of the society. Reinforce ri-infos - to make an idea or feeling stronger The army resorted to a reinforcement exercise fearing large-scale violence by the terrorists. Reinstate ree-in-stet - to put back to previous position The dismissed employee was reinstated by the government. Reiterate ri-it-ret - to repeat what is already said The Minister reiterated his commitment to end corruption in the government offices. Rejuvenate ri-juu-vi-net - to make feel lively, to fill with fresh enthusiasm The export industry is rejuvenated over the newly liberalized overseas market. Rekindle ri-kin-dul - to make active again, to ignite again The ceasefire from the militant's side has rekindled the hope of peaceful solution of the problem. Relapse ri-leps - to fall back into the previous situation after making some improvement The malaria was almost eradicated form the earth but it relapsed. The patient recovered from the fever but he relapsed. Relative ra-letiv - judged by comparing with something else Unlike regular fighting, the border is relatively calm for the last few weeks. Relinquish rilin-kwish - to give up, to stop having something The government ordered the relief commissioner not to relinquish the responsibility of supervising the relief work at the critical stage. Relish re-lish - to like the taste The democratic society doesn't relish the idea of dictatorship. Reluctant ri-lak-tunt - unwilling

The students are reluctant to attend classes. Rely ri-ly - to believe/trust Only the information from a credible source should be relied upon. Remedial ree-mi-di-ul - taking steps to cure problem/disease The government should take remedial measures to put economy back on track. Reminiscent remi-ni-sunt - reminding you of something The victim said that the atrocities of police are reminiscent of British Imperialism. Remnant the remaining part of something The remnants of the ancient civilizations are still preserved in the national museums. Remote ree-mot - far away The communication revolution has spread to the remotest village of the country. There is remote possibility of reduction in inflation once the prices have risen. Render ren-daa - to cause somebody to be in a particular situation Because of the cheaper imports, the domestic production has been rendered unprofitable. Renounce ri-na-o-uns - to give up The terrorists should renounce violence and come forward for peace talks. Renowned ri-na-o-nd - respected and famous The agriculture minister addressed the conference of renowned scientists from around the world. Reparation re-pe-re-shun - to feel sorry and make up for the suffering that you have caused The corrupt officershould be asked to make reparation to the society. Repeal ri-peel - to abolish/cancel There are many old laws in our legal books which need to be repealed in order to conform to the standards of the newly emerging challenges. Repercussion ri-pa-ka-shun - indirect and unpleasant effect of some action The tax evasion by the businessmen will have serious repercussions. Replenish ree-ple-nish - to fill again, to ensure supply of something The fighting soldiers' ration supply was replenished soon. Replicate repli-ket - to make a exact copy of something The author holds the copyright of this book, nobody else can replicate it without permission. The virus replicates itself very fast thus infecting a large group of cells within a short time. Repose ri-pozz - to express/show All the members of the parliament reposed faith in the new government. Repository ri-po-zit-ri - storehouse The Vedas are the repository of knowledge.

Repress ri-press - to stop forcefully (discussion, proposal etc.), suppress Lower sections of the population still feel repressed in the social setup. Reprieve ri-preev - a delay before something bad happens The stay order on demolition of the building came as a reprieve for the shopkeepers. Reprimand re-pri-maand - to criticize somebody severely and officially The court reprimanded the officials for their unsympathetic attitude towards public. Reprisal ri-pry-zul - retaliation, counter attack The enemy must wait for reprisal from our side. Repudiate re-pyu-di-et - to say officially that something is not true, reject The chief minister repudiated the statement of his fellow minister on reduction in the electricity charges. Repulse ri-puls - to force the attacker to move back Indian army is capable of repulsing any attack from across the border. Reputed re-pyu-tid - famous, having very good image and credibility Reputed companies have applied for the supply of our equipment. Requisite re-kwi-zit - required for a particular purpose The new party doesn't have the requisite minimum number of seats required to form the government. Requisition re-kwe-zi-shun - to officially and formally demand something In order to provide a foolproof security on the republic day, the anti sabotage team was requisitioned. Rescind ri-sin - to abolish, to officially make invalid (law, contract) The new government rescinded the old legislation immediately after taking oath. Resent ri-zent - to feel angered very much The Supreme Court resented the contempt of court by the central government. Reshuffle ree-shufful - a change in assignments among people The cabinet reshuffle took place yesterday. Resilient rizi-li-unt - flexible, recover from shock very soon Stock market is quite resilient in routine ups and downs. Resolute re-zo-lyut - showing great determination, firm Our government is resolute to liberalise country's economy. Resolve ri-zolv - to solve/reach a decision The religious disputes like Ayodhya should be resolved at the earliest. The new government resolved that it would strictly deal with the anti national elements.

Resort ri-zot - to use unpleasant thing as a last means of success In case the students' demands are not accepted, they will resort to the strike. Respite res-py-t - short period of relief The government's decision to give a job to the martyr's son gave some respite to the aggrieved family. Restive res-tiv - difficult to control because of dissatisfaction The employees became restive when they learnt that the management has not accepted their demands. Restore ris-to-o - to bring back a situation that existed before The paramilitary forces are trying to restore the peace in the riot-affected area. Restrain ris-tren - to stop somebody from doing something The court restrained the government from issuing the dismissal order of the employee. The rival parties were ordered by the court to exercise restrain in issuing statements to the media. Resume rezu-yum - to begin again after a temporary gap Workers resumed work after a week long strike in protest of their demands. Resurgence ri-saa-zuns - return in the growth of an activity that had stopped With the the rise in wealth, the society has seen a resurgence of the crime. Resurrect rezoo-rekt - to revive, bring something back to life The issue of price hike was almost over but the demonstrators again resurrected it. Resuscitate ri-susi-tet - to make somebody start breathing again The World Bank was established to resuscitate the world's economy. Retaliate ri-te-li-yet - to attack in return The militants fired on the police but when the police retaliated, two of them were killed. Retrace ri-tres - to take back the steps The demolition wing of the municipal corporation retraced its steps after receiving the stay order from the court. Retract ri-trekt - to take back the steps The minister retracted his controversial statement on the minority community. Retreat ri-treet - to move back/change decision The government retreated on the issue of oil price hike. Retribution re-tri-byu-shun - severe punishment for serious crime The people demanded retribution for the barbarous killing by the militants. Retrieve ri-treev - to get something back The lost documents of financial irregularities could not be retrieved by the vigilance department.

Retrogressive retro-gressiv - returning to old fashioned ideas instead of making progress Taliban's act of destruction of the statues was seen as a retrogressive step by the international community. Revamp ree-vemp - to give new form to something, to make changes in order to improve There is an urgent need to review and revamp the constitution. The old education system needs a total revamp in order to make it job oriented. Reveal ri-veel - to make known (facts, details etc.) The thief didn't reveal the truth before the police. Reverberate re-vaa-baret - to have a strong effect on something for a long time The crash of stock market reverberated throughout the financial world. Revitalize ri-vy-ta-ly-z - to make stronger and healthier The advance technology has revitalized the industry which has led to mass production. Revive ri-vy-v - to bring back to life The board of directors felt that the company's falling share prices in the market needs to be revived. Revoke rivo-ok - cancel a law, permit The judge revoked the driving license of the truck driver who killed two pedestrians. Revolt ri-volt - to refuse to obey the authority on large scale The employees revolted against the decision to lower the retirement age. Rhetoric reto-rik - impressive but insincere and meaningless speech The politicians are habitual of satisfying the public with rhetoric. Rid reed - become free from something troublesome The country should get rid of inefficient politicians in order to ensure speedy development. Riddle ri-dul - something very difficult to understand Who took the bribe in the defence deals became a riddle for the investigative agencies. Ridicule ridi-q-l - laugh because of foolishness of something The government ridiculed the idea of giving free electricity to the farmers. Rift rift - crack, disagreement Few minor differences have created rift among ruling party's members. Rigging rigging - act of influencing in a wrong way to gain benefit The opposition party alleged large scale rigging in the elections. Rigid rijid - hard, stiff Rigid attitude in peace talks never yields good results. Rigmarole rig-ma-rol - unnecessary complicated procedure Sometimes, a victim has to go through the legal rigmarole in search of justice.

Rigorous rig-rus - harsh and very difficult The judge awarded rigorous imprisonment to the murderer. Riots raa-yuts - large scale violence at public places Several people were killed in the Hindu Muslim riots. Ripe ry-p - ready, fit, developed The Ministry of Information Technology felt that the situation is ripe for holding an international conference on Internet. Ripple ripul - series of waves By withdrawing support, the allies sent ripples through the government. Roam ro-om - to move freely here and there The protestors made it clear that they can't end strike as the killers were still roaming freely. Rock ro-ok - to make something shake violently The issue of communal riots rocked two houses of the parliament. Rope rop - to persuade somebody to join an activity even when he/she doesn't want it The watchman accused the police of roping him in the murder case by registering false case against him. Rout raa-oot - to defeat easily and completely The Pakistan was routed in the cricket match against India. Row ro-o - noisy, unpleasant argument The opposition blamed the government for improper statement which created a row. Rudimentary roodi-men-tri - basic, not fully developed The society is still in the rudimentary stage of the Information Age. Ruffian raa-fi-un - a cruel and brutal fellow The ruffians who struck the village murdered eight people of the family. Ruin roo-yun - to damage completely The inflation has ruined the economies of many poor countries. Rumbling remb-ling - sound of thunder/dissent/infighting The opposition parties are very often accused of exploiting the rumbling in the ruling party. Ruthless rooth-less - extremely cruel The National Human Rights Commission took strict note of the ruthless treatment of the police with the accused.

S
Sabotage sebo-taash - to damage intentionally and secretly

The government's plan to hold a big rally in the state was sabotaged by the opposition party. Sack sek - to dismiss from service, job The government sacked thousands of workers due to its poor financial condition. Sacred se-kred - very important and treated with great respect, holy Religion is the sacred matter hence utmost care should be taken while giving a statement related to it. In Hindu mythology, cow is regarded as a sacred animal. Sacrilege sacri-liz - treating holy things without respect The killing of cow is an act of sacrilege in our country. Saddle se-dul - to put heavy thing on something The government is saddled with the huge budget deficit. Safeguard sef-gaad - to protect from injury/harm Military equipments are a safeguard against the aggression by the neighbouring country. Sag se-eg - to become weak The sagging morale of the soldiers needs to be boosted. Saga se-e-ga - a long series of unpleasant events The saga of my days in the prison is horrifying. Sagacious sage-shus - showing good judgement and understanding By joining the hands with the winning party, the local leaders made a sagacious move. Salient se-li-unt - standing out prominently The automobile sector studied the salient features of the automobile policy announced by the government and came out with reduction in the price of cars. Sanctity senktiti - state of being very holy and important which needs to be protected The sanctity in the friendship between neighbouring countries should be maintained at every cost. Sanity se-niti - state of being sensible and reasonable The sanity shown by signing the world trade agreements led to the increase in country's exports to the International markets. Sap sep - to make something weaker and by destroying gradually An efficient policing system saps the crime in the society. The depression and anxiety sap the energy of a healthy person. Sarcasm saa-ke-zum - bitter talk or meaning hiding in the soft words Sarcasm of the common man over harsh budget could be felt very easily by the street reporters. Sarcasm is harmful for friendship. Satiate se-shi-et - to give somebody so much that no more is needed, to satisfy

The increase in the salaries by the management satiated the workers. The poor countries were satiated with the huge money received from the western countries. Saturate sa-chu-rut - to fill completely so that any addition is impossible Our domestic market has been saturated so we need to export. Savage se-vej - to attack fierecly and violently which causes great harm The invaders repeatedly savaged the ancient forts in India. Savvy savi - practical knowledge of something The society is fast becoming Internet savvy. Savvy travellers enjoyed the tour. Scam skem - a fraud at high level, a clever/dishonest and very big plan to make money The newspapers published an investigative story on the scam in the animal husbandry department. Scant skent - very less, hardly enough The environmentalists expressed their concern over scant natural resources for the increasing population. Scarcity ske-citi - acute shortage The country is facing scarcity of computer professionals. Scare ske-yaa - to frighten somebody The court's order of closing down the polluting industry scared the business community. Scathing ske-e-ding - harsh criticism The chairman faced the scathing attack from the board of directors. Scenario si-naa-ri-oscene The Information Technology is fast changing the social scenario. Schism ci-zum - strong disagreement which leads to division of an organization The schism in the supporting parties finally led to the fall of the government. Scintillate sinti-let - to shine brilliantly After the appointment of a new coach, the cricketers' gave a scintillating performance in the match. Scoff skof - to ridicule/speak with contempt about something The manager scoffed at the idea of enhancing the employee's bonus. Scot free skot free - without punishment The culprits of this murder should not go scot free Scramble skrem-bul - struggle or competition to get something There is mad scramble among the unemployed youths for very few jobs.

Scrap skrep - to cancel/remove/finish The import duty on the computer hardware should be scrapped in order to reduce their prices in the market. Scrupulous skru-pyu-lus - 1. paying attention to details, meticulous A student should be scrupulous in order to have a good command over the subject. 2. right minded, moral, ethical The citizens should be scrupulous in obeying the rules and regulations. Scrutiny skroo-tini - careful examination of something The defence deal was scrutinized by the parliamentary committee in order to verify its genuineness Scuffle ska-ful - struggle or fight between closely standing people The situation turned grave as students got involved in a scuffle with the police. Scuttle ska-tul - to deliberately cause to fail, foil The court took a strict view of the Prime Minister scuttling the probe against his minister. Secession si-se-shun - act of withdrawing from the membership of states or organisation Dream of secession is an anti national activity. Seclude sek-lood - to be away from people/society No country can seclude itself form the outside world. Secluded sek-loodid - not visited by people The sociologists observed that the elder people are left to leave secluded life in modern society. Sectarian sek-te-ri-un - related to the differences between the people having different religious views The sectarian tendencies are not good for the unity and integrity of the country. Sedition se-di-shun - provoke people to go against the authority of the state Britishers charged Subhash Chander Bose with sedition. Seduce sid-uu-s - to induce to have sexual intercourse The Managing Director was accused of seducing his secretary. Segment seg-ment - portion, one part of something There is widespread disparity of income in different segments of the population. Segregate seg-ri-gut - to keep something away from other similar things Names of the successful candidates were segregated by the interview board from rest of the group. Seize seeez - to take something in your control by using force The police seized a big consignment of smuggled goods from the suspects. Seldom sel-dum - rarely, almost never

The district administration seldom solved any problem in the city. Severe si-vi-yaa - harsh, very serious The government came under severe criticism from the opposition parties on the issue of heavy commission paid in defence deals. Shabby she-bi - unfair, unreasonable The poor accused the administration of shabby treatment. Shamble shem-bul - to walk awkwardly The government must do something for the shambling situation of law and order. Shambles shem-buls - mess, in unorganised way The country's economy is in shambles following the sanctions by the International community. Sheer shee-a - complete The excessive spending on the marriages is a sheer wastage. Shelve shel-v - to decide not to continue with a plan In light of the new developments, the bureaucratic system should be shelved in favour of a modern one. After the recession, the car manufacturers shelved their plans to launch new models. Shield sheel-d - to protect from danger or difficult situation The Prime Minister was accused of shielding his corrupt ministers. Shore up sho-o ap - to support something which is becoming weak The increasing foreign investment can shore up a country's foreign exchange reserves. Shortcoming sho-ot-kuming - a fault in somebody's plan/system etc. The opposition failed the expose the government's shortcomings and failures on various fronts. Shrewd shrood - very clever and deceitful (like a fox) The country has lot of shrewd politicians. Shrink shrink - to become small The small-scale industry is witnessing a shrinking market of its products. Shroud shraa-ood - to conceal/cover inside something Source of the cricketers' wealth is still shrouded in mystery. Shrug shrug - to treat something as unimportant, reject The election commission shrugged off the allegations of booth capturing and rigging in the election. Shuffle sha-ful - to change the position The servant's duty was shuffled from housekeeping to security. Shun shun - to avoid/keep off/give up

The militants should shun violence first and then talk to the government. Siege seeej - surround a building to prevent access The army laid siege around the building in which criminals were hiding. Sigh saa-e - to take a deep breath The government breathed a sigh of relief when the postal employees called off their nation wide strike. Significant signi-fi-kunt - important, noteworthy The contribution of the Newton's law is significant to the society. Simmer sima - to boil in a state of suppressed anger Even after the riots, the town is simmering with anger and pain. Simulate simyu-lut - to create an artificial situation just like the real one The flight simulation tests reduce the accident rate of the air force's planes. Sinister sinistaa - evil, designed to harm Some antisocial elements are working on a sinister plan to divide the country. Sink sink - to drown, forget the differences The party president urged the workers to sink their differences and project a unified voice before the public. Siphon sy-fun - to remove money illegally from one place to another The investigation report said that a big amount was siphoned off by the corrupt officials. Sizeable sy-ze-bul - very large There were sizeable number of people in the meeting. Skeptic who doubts the accepted opinions The proposal was passed unanimously by the board but few members were still skeptic about its feasibility. Skirmish ska-mish - 1. small physical fight Some persons were hurt in the skirmish at the entry point of the stadium. 2. a short argument between political opponents The opposition party got involved in the skirmish with the ruling party. Slack sle-ek - sluggish, inactive The developmental activities in the town are slack. The industrial production in the country has slackened. Slain slen - to kill in war or fight The police saluted the slain police officer. Slam sle-em - to criticize strongly The militant organizations slammed the government's offer of talks and termed it too rigid for peace efforts.

Slander slaanda - a false statement intended to damage the reputation of other person The minister sued the newspaper for slander. Slash slash - to reduce by large amount The government declined to slash the price of petroleum products. Slew sloo - a large number of something The telecommunication department announced the slew of decisions to benefit the consumers. Sluggish sla-gish - moving slowly Because of recession in the international markets, the export is sluggish these days. Slump slump - fall in the prices/value etc The stock markets worldwide have witnessed a great slump in the past few months. Smear smee-a - to put mud on something, defame Some diplomats have smeared the country's reputation abroad. The election commission took a strict note of the smearing campaign by the politicians. Snag sne-g - unexpected obstacle The computer stopped working because of a technical snag. Snap sne-p - to break/discontinue The storm snapped the communication link of the city with outside world. Snare sne-aa - attractive but unpleasant situation which is difficult to escape from The life of metropolitan cities is proving to be a snare for the younger generations. Sneak sneek - to go somewhere secretly and without permission The new batch of militants sneaked into the Indian territory from across the border. Snub snab - to refuse to accept The economists snubbed the new model of economic development. Snuff snuff - to stop a small flame from burning The president snuffed the disgruntled elements in his own party. Sole so-ol - only one, single The minister asserted that the sole objective of the government is to achieve peace and prosperity for the country. Soothe soo-th - to calm/soften The meditation soothes angry feelings. Sops sops - things offered to satisfy somebody who is angry The finance minister announced sops for the small-scale industry. Sordid so-o-did - dirty, dishonourable The attack on minorities was a sordid event.

Sour saava - unpleasant, unfriendly, bitter Persistent disputes sour the relations between two countries. Spanner spe-naa - a hurdle in the progress, arm twisting The demonstration of the displaced villagers proved to be a spanner in the construction of dams. Spark spaak flash of light, burning particle The militants' decision to come forward for talks has sparked hope of peaceful settlement of the problem. Spate spe-et - large number of unpleasant events within a short period of time Eleven persons were killed in the spate of violence in the state. Spawn spo-on - to cause something to be developed or produced The opposition alleged that the demolition of disputed structure has spawned many problems in social system. Spearhead spee-a-hed - to begin an activity, to lead an attack against something The newspapers spearhead the movement of social change. Spectre spek-taa - something unpleasant that may take place in future The army fears a spectre of violence in light of the latest threat from the terrorists. Speculate spe-q-let - to guess The things happened the same way as speculated. Sphere sfee-a - circle, range of interest A student should try to widen his/her sphere of knowledge continuously. Spiral spaa-e-rul - to increase rapidly The opposition alleged that after liberalization, the losses of government owned companies have spiralled. Splendid splen-did - impressive, shining The winning of the gold medal was a splendid victory for India. Spontaneous spon-te-ni-us - not planned but a sudden happening The news of declaration of separate state drew spontaneous reaction form the demonstrators who began to celebrate. Sporadic spo-radik - happening occasionally, not regularly Five persons were injured in the sporadic violence in the town. Spree spree - short period of high activity The players continued their winning spree and won ten gold medals. Spurious spyu-ri-us - not genuine, false Ten people died of spurious liquor. Spurt spat - to increase speed/activity for a short time to become fast

The spurt in oil prices was due to the rise in the prices of oil in the international markets. Squabble sqo-bul - to quarrel noisily over unimportant things The squabble among family members is usual these days. Squalid sqoa-lid - having a dirty/mean/poverty-stricken appearance The Non Governmental Organizations decided to concentrate their efforts in the squalid areas of the metropolitan cities. Squander skondaa - to waste in a careless manner The government should not squander away the public money. A student should not squander away his time in useless activities. Squat sqaat - to sit on something The multinational company accused the government of squatting on the file of project. Stab ste-eb - to hurt somebody with knife The constable was stabbed by the dacoits when he tried to nab them. Stable ste-bul - fix at a point The price of oil is stable for the last 5 years. After the operation, the patient's condition became stable. Stagger ste-gaa - to walk shakingly The foreign investors are not investing because of the staggering economy. Stagnant steg-nunt - not growing and developing Because of this daily routine work, the life becomes stagnant. Stagnate steg-net - to stop development/growth The lack of demand at Interntional level stagnated the export industry. Stake ste-ek - something which can be won or lost depending upon the circumstances By not paying the external debts on time, the country's reputation is at stake. The government said that it is committed to reduce its stake in public sector companies. The newspaper reported that the criminals have a huge stake in the metropolitan's real estate business. Stale ste-el - no longer fresh/important In today's Information age, the information is getting stale very fast so the media must give new and updated information. Stall sto-ol - to stop something from developing/progressing The violence has stalled the peace process between two countries. Stalwart sto-ol-vut - important persons during a particular movement The stalwarts of independence movement were mostly journalists who were associated with the newspapers.

Standstill stend-still - come to stop The curfew brought the city's activities to a standstill. Startle staa-tul - to surprise with fear and shock The figure of the total rape cases in a year was startling. Static stetik - not moving/changing The development work should not remain static rather it should go on full swing. Status quo stetus-kwo existing state The court ordered to maintain status quo at the disputed site. Staunch sto-onch - strong and loyal in attitude The media are the staunch supporters of a country's cultural and social values. Steady ste-di - gradually growing and developing The domestic industry accepted the challenge and made steady progress in the liberalised market. Stealthy stel-thi - doing things secretly and quietly The intelligence agencies reported that stealthy preparations for the demolition of the temple are going on. Steep steep - rising or falling very quickly not gradually The excessive wealth gives rise to the steep rise in crime rate of a state. Stem stem - to be result of something, to originate The worry of police has stemmed from the fact that the criminals had acquired more sophisticated weapons. Sterling sta-ling - of excellent quality The Indian team gave a sterling performance at the Olympics. Stern sta-n - strict, severe Stern warning should be issued to the wrongdoers in order to reduce the crime rate. Stiff stif - hard, firm, difficult to bend The move to interfere in the religious matters met with stiff resistance from the public. Stigma stig-ma - the feeling of hate or disliking by people for some action The rape is the biggest social stigma in a woman's life. The divorce has a social stigma attached to it. Stimulate sti-myu-let - to make something work, make active Dreams stimulate the desire to achieve big things in life. Sting sting - to feel great pain The ruling party was stung by the tremendous success of the opposition party in the election. Stipulate stipyu-lut - to state clearly with a condition

The court ordered the government that the work on the construction site should be completed before the stipulated time. The vacancy stipulates that the candidate should have at least 10 years of experience. Stir - staa - agitation, act of opposing something The staff of the government owned companies held stir in protest against the privatisation. Storm sto-om - to attack a place and capture The cheap foreign goods have stormed the domestic market. building in which the terrorists were hiding. Strain stre-en 1. severe pressure due to overwork The heavy TV watching puts strain on our eyes. 2. to injure by stretching Some bad incidents have strained our relations with the neighbouring countries. Straits strets - very difficult situation because of lack of money The country's economy is in the dire straits due to heavy loans. Strangulate stren-gyu-let - to kill by squeezing the throat The old man was strangulated by the criminals. Some unpleasant activities strangulated our efforts for peace. Strata strata - class in society, different layers and levels of society There is much disparity of income in our social strata which leads to various socio economic tensions. Stratagem strata-jum - plan to take advantage by deceiving people Some politicians devised a stratagem to spoil the image of ruling party. Strategy strate-ji - process of a skillful planning The board of directors of the company met to make a winning strategy in light of the strong competition in the market. Stray strey - few incidents here and there Twelve people were hurt in the stray incidents of violence in the district. The newspaper reported that the stray cattle damaging the farmers' crop. Streamline streem-lyn - to give a smooth shape for better working The selection board should streamline the selection process. Stricken stri-kun - seriously affected by something The government is making every effort to help the poverty stricken people. Stricture stri-k-chaa - severe criticism especially by the court of law The court passed strictures on the government for its failure to protect minorities. Stride straa-id - an improvement in development The country has made rapid strides on the development front since independence. The army stormed the

Strife stra-if - an angry and violent clash between groups of people A four member committee visited the strife torn district of tribal areas where intercast rivalry was at its peak. Striking stra-ee-king - interesting and unusual which attracts attention A striking aspect of the mass media is that it moulds the public opinion. Stringent strin-junt - highly strict The stringent security measures should be taken in order to curb the rise in militancy in different states. Strip strip - to take away as punishment The sports ministry hinted that the guilty players might be stripped of their awards. Strive straa-iv - to try hard to get something The newspaper wrote that government must strive for the upliftment of poor. Stubborn sta-bun - determined not to change, obstinate Both the sides were stubborn in peace talks, as a result no agreement could be reached. Stuck stak - unable to move, fix Because of the narrow roads and countless vehicles, the passengers got stuck in a traffic jam. Stumbling block stumbling-blok - something which prevents you from achieving your goal The high interest rates are seen as a stumbling block in the growth of domestic industry. Stun stunn - to give extreme surprise and shock The nation was stunned by the assassination of a young and promising Prime Minister. Stupendous styu-pen-dus - extremely large, big and impressive Our freedom fighters had the stupendous personality which led to the end of British rule. The players won the match by their stupendous efforts. Stymie sty-mee - to prevent the growth from happening The government's disapproval stymied the company's ambitious plans. Subjugate subju-get - to conquer The United Nations criticized Iraq's illegal act of subjugating Kuwait in 1990. Subsequent sub-sik-wunt - happening after something else The strike was successful but the subsequent events were not satisfactory. Subservient sub-saa-vi-yunt - too willing to obey other people Some newspapers are always subservient to the ruling party. Subside sub-saa-id - to calm down The rain in the flooded area has subsided, now the relief work will resume. Subsistence subsis-tuns - having money and food for just survival

In this competitive world, small companies have to work hard for subsistence. Substantial sub-sten-shul - very large in amount The country has made a substantial progress after the liberalisation of economy. The people handed over to the police a substantial number of cases relating to irregularities in house allotment. Substantiate sub-sten-shi-et - to give evidence to prove something true The journalist presented the photos of fighting people to substantiate his claim. Substantive sub-sten-tiv - dealing with important and serious matters The media brings out a substantive change in a country's social and political system. The infrastructure development is a substantive issue which needs special attention by the policy makers. Subversive sub-va-siv - trying to destroy the government by indirect and secret violent attacks The country is facing problem because of some subversive elements. Succinct suk-sinkt - concise, in very few words The questions in the exams require succinct answers. Succumb sa-kumb - to fail in resisting illness or temptation, yield The soldier succumbed to injuries in the war. Initially the striking workers resisted but they succumb to the pressure to end the strike. Sue soo - to file a case in the court The actress sued the newspaper for publishing a false story about her. Suffice saffa-is - to be enough The people demanded that mere promises won't suffice, the government will have to fulfill them. Sulk sulk - to look angry and refuse to speak The sulking dissidents refused to listen to the party chief. Sum sum - to tell the main points in short form, summarize The foreign ministry officials summed up the bilateral talks as meaningful, warm and friendly. Summon saa-mun - to order to appear in the court The court summoned the deputy commissioner in the employee's promotion case. Superfluous supaa-floo-us - more than what is required, unnecessary The candidate gave superfluous answers in the interview which led to his failure. Supersede supaa-seed - to take the place of old thing This new edition of book has superseded the old one. Surmise sur-maa-iz - to guess from incomplete evidence. The superpowers conducted the nuclear tests surmising no country would object but to their

surprise, most of the countries criticized their act. Surpass sur-pass - to do better as compared to other thing The hockey team surpassed our expectations and won the gold medal at Olympics. Surreptitious sarup-ti-shus - done in a secret and quiet manner The soldiers had a surreptitious plan to escape in case of danger. Surveillance sur-ve-luns - careful watching of criminals' activities The army is keeping the border areas under surveillance. Susceptible susep-ti-bul - very likely to be harmed/affected The poor is most susceptible to the rise in prices of essential commodities. Suspicion sus-pishun - doubt The government has the suspicion that the facilities given to the poor will be misused by the rich. Sustain sus-ten - to maintain the continuity The delegation remarked that because of the heavy losses, the small scale industry won't be able to sustain for long. Sway swey - to influence The leaders cautioned the party workers not to be swayed away by the media reports of split in their party. Sweep sweep 1. to win by very big margin The newly constituted party swept the elections. 2. to spread Due to the high budget deficit, the recession swept across the industries. Sycophant siko-fun-t - tendency of unnecessarily praising the powerful people The common man feels that the sycophants are running the politics these days. Symbolic sim-bo-lik - in the form of symbol only The workers didn't stop the work, instead they wore the black badges to show their symbolic protest. Symptom simp-tum - a sign of bad and unpleasant thing The rise in militancy is not a good symptom for the peaceful atmosphere. Synergy sina-ji - extra power/energy achieved by two or more organization working together The two companies fully exploited the synergy that was created by their business collaboration.

T
Taboo ta-booo - embarrassing issues/things which are not usually discussed among

people The issue of sex education is still a taboo in our society. Tab - watch carefully The investigation wing of the army is keeping a tab on the militant's activities. Tacit te-sit - understood indirectly rather than expressed in words The ruling party got the tacit support of independent members of the parliament. Tactics tek-tik - methods for attaining success The outgoing government used the "tax cut" as the tactics to win the next election. Tactful tekt-full - skillful in handling delicate situations The sensitive issues like religion require tactful handling. Taint te-nt - to damage or spoil the quality of something deal strictly with the tainted players. The cricket board decided to

Tamper tem-pa - to make changes without permission (illegally) The record of the electricity office was tampered in order to hide irregularities. Tandem ten-dum - one behind another The ministry instructed all the departments to work in tandem with each other. The local people worked in tandem with the rescue workers to save the people trapped inside the earthquake affected buildings. Tangible ten-ji-bul - which can be felt or seen, clearly visible The project on rural development had tangible benefits both interms of literacy and better healthcare for the villagers. Tangle ten-gul - state of confusion and disorder, problem The rigid attitude shown by the striking workers further deepened the tangle. Tantalize tente-ly-z - expectation of something which is out of reach The glamour and materialism created by media is quite tantalizing for the new generation. Tantamount tenta-ma-unt - equal to, having the same bad effect as something else The court clarified that if media presents the wrong interpretation of its order then it would be tantamount to the contempt of court. Tap tep - to find and use for a purpose All the sources of non-conventional energy are still not fully tapped. Tardy taa-di - slow The development work in the area is progressing at a tardy pace. Tarnish taa-nish - to spoil the good image The corruption has tarnished the image of many countries at the International forum in a big way. Tedious ti-di-us - a boring job lasting for a long time

Wait is the most tedious job in this world. Tempt tempt - to get attracted knowingly towards a wrong thing The public is tempted by the finance companies for higher interest rates on their money. Tentacle tenti-kul - big arms of octopus (animal), unavoidable influence of something The sociologists fear that the tentacles of western culture are spreading very fast in our society. Tentative tente-tiv - a temporary arrangement which can be changed later on The examination board declared the tentative date sheet of the exams. Tenure ten-yaa - time period for which one holds important job Computers were introduced in India during Rajiv Gandhi's tenure. Terse taas - using few words (not very friendly) The government's answer on the question of terrorism was terse. Testimony testi-mni - statement in court The employee's claim was supported by his colleague's testimony. Taj Mahal is testimony to the world class engineering skills. Thaw tho - warmness in relations after cold relations Indo Pak relations thawed because of the bilateral talks. Thrash thresh - to beat severely, to give somebody a humiliating defeat The team was thrashed in the final round of match. Thrash out thresh - to discuss a problem in order to find solution The government is trying to thrash out a compromise formula between its allies and the minister. Threshold thresh-old - the level at which something starts to happen The retired person felt that he is on the threshold of a new life. Thrive thra-iv - to continue to grow Illegal activities thrive in the city in absence any action plan from the police. Throng thron-gg - to crowd There was a throng of securitymen at the Prime Minister's residence. People are thronging to see the new movie. Thrust thrast - 1. place with lot of scope More and more investment should be made in the thrust areas of development. 2. main point of an argument/policy "higher taxes for increased development" was the thrust of the finance minister's speech during budget presentation. Thwart tho-owt - prevent somebody from doing what they want to do The opposition thwarted the government's plan of providing increased subsidy to the people

living below poverty line. Ticklish tik-lish situation difficult to deal with, embarrassing The religious problems prove to be ticklish for the government. Tip off tip-off - secret information that somebody gives to another person An anonymous person tipped off the police regarding the illegal trade of tiger's skin in the area. Tirade ty-red - long and angry speech criticizing somebody The television news channels gave a wide coverage to the opposition's tirade against the government in the budget session of the parliament. Toil to-ul - to work very hard for a long time The social workers have toiled to improve the living conditions in the slums. Tone to-on - to make stronger The opposition parties demanded that the system of repayment of the debts should be toned up. Topple to-pul - to make the government fall Few army officers toppled the government in the neighbouring country. Torchbearer to-och-be-ye-ra - leader, who shows the way in difficult situations The media acts as a torchbearer for the society. Torment to-ment - make somebody suffer very much The dense fog and cold wave continued to torment the people in the city thus disrupting normal life. Tow to-o - to move behind other The finance minister towed the line of Prime Minister on the issue of economic agenda. Trail tre-el - series of marks The militants left a trail of blood killing nine persons. Trait trey - qualities in personality The Information Technology is believed to produce harmful personality traits in the individuals. Trammel tre-mull - to restrict or stop the activity The bureaucracy is accused of trammelling the speed of development work. Tranche traanch - one part of total money The government received the first tranche of the loan from the world bank. Tranquil tren-kwil - peaceful and quite The city's life is noisy and fast whereas it is tranquil in the villages. Transact tran-jekt - to do business / work The financial analysts suggested that business transacted over the internet should be made

tax free. Transform trens-fo-om - to give new shape to something Gita's teachings have transformed lives of many people. The public sector needs some transformation in light of the competitive market. Transient tranji-unt - continuing for a short time Everybody knows the transient nature of the politician's promises. Transition tren-ji-shun - process of change The life has undergone tremendous transition with the advent of new technology. Transmute trenj-myut - to change in nature/substance/form The chemistry professor predicted that the iron could be transmuted into gold. Transpire trans-payaa - to happen Nothing significant transpired at the meeting between the finance minister and the industry representatives. Trauma tro-oma - unpleasant and shocking experience The trauma of the drought affected people is horrible. Travail tre-ve-ul - unpleasant experience of difficulties and sufferings The flood affected people were bearing travails of life. Treachery tre-ch-ri - deceit, betrayal of trust The misuse of public money by the higher authorities was termed as an act of treachery by the court. Tread tred - to walk along a track The government has to tread cautiously over the issue of allowing entry of foreign media in India. Treason tree-zun - crime of helping enemies at the time of war The army captain was found guilty of treason. Tremendous tri-men-dus - very great The internet has tremendous applications in higher education. Tremor trema - powerful shock A powerful earthquake sent tremors across the country causing large-scale devastation. Trigger tri-gaa - to make something start functioning The idea of money collection for drought victims was triggered by our students. The court's order was a trigger for the closure of polluting industries in the capital. Trigger off tri-gaa off - to make something happen suddenly The finance minister's pre budget speech triggered off speculations among industrialists. Trim trimm - to reduce/cut The excessive spending on unnecessary things should be trimmed.

Triumph tra-umf - great victory/success India's gold medal in the hockey was a triumph in the Olympics. Trivial tri-vi-ul - not serious, unimportant The saint urged the people not to fight over trivial matters which could harm the unity and brotherhood. Truant tru-unt - staying away from something The solution of the immediate religious problems is playing truant. Truce troos - an agreement between enemies to stop fighting temporarily The truce between army and militants is likely to last long. Truck traak - deal The two biggest political parties decided to have truck in the forthcoming elections. Trumpet trum-pet - to talk proudly, boast During elections, the political parties are often accused of trumpeting their small achievements. Turbulent taa-byu-lunt - a situation with lot of confusion, disorder and violence The army was ordered to take over the turbulent situation in the city immediately. Turmoil ta-mo-ul - state of great anxiety and uncertainty The media was blamed by the politicians of causing political turmoil in the country. Tussle tussul - short struggle, argument, fight All the important development projects are awaiting approval because of the tussle among various government departments. Tyranny tira-ni - cruel use of powers by government/landlords The innocent Jews suffered the tyranny of Hitler's rule in Germany.

U
Ubiquitous u-bi-kwi-tus - very common, present everywhere Rise in crime rate with the rise in wealth of the society is ubiquitous throughout the world. Umbrage umb-rej - to feel offended or upset by something without a good reason The municipal corporation took umbrage of the people's decision to build the road themselves without seeking help form the corporation. Unanimous u-neni-mus - agreed upon by everybody in the group The dynamic young man was unanimously elected as president of the teaching union. Undaunting un-don-ting - enthusiastic despite great difficulties Despite the hurdles in the way, the social reformers moved with undaunting spirits to eliminate harmful rituals from our society.

Undercurrent unda-ka-runt - a negative feeling which is hidden but whose effects are felt The dissent in the party was not visible but the undercurrents surfaced in the meeting. Underscore under-sko - to stress/emphasize The two neighbouring countries underscored the need to move forward in improving their relations. Unearth aan-ath - to discover after digging, to bring to light The police unearthed a scam in the animal breeding department. Unequivocal un-ik-vi-vkul - expressing intentions and opinions very clearly The independent parties extended their unequivocal support to the biggest party to form the government. Unfazed un-fezed - not shocked, relaxed The minister looked unfazed despite his severe criticism by public. Unison u-ni-sun - work collectively and in unity The villagers in unison expressed happiness over the new health programme started by the government. Unnerve un-naav - to make somebody feel nervous, frightened and lose confidence The government was unnerved by the opposition's no confidence motion against it. Unpalatable un-pele-te-bul - unpleasant and difficult to accept The court resented the unpalatable language used in the affidavit filed by the authorities. Unprecedented un-pre-si-dented - which has never happened before Unprecedented security arrangements were made for the visiting American President. Unravel un-re-vul - to become easier to understand The science has unravelled many mysteries of the world. Unrelenting un-ri-lenting - not stopping, not becoming less severe The government requested the striking doctors to resume the duty but the doctors were unrelenting. Unremitting un-ri-miting - never stopping The Prime Minister inducted some ministers despite the unremitting criticism by the opposition. Unruffled un-ruffuled - unperturbed, not feeling disturbance Despite chilly nights, the security personnel kept patrolling unruffled. Unscrupulous un-skew-p-lus - not having morals or principles Some unscrupulous elements have earned bad name for our country. Unsolicited un-soli-si-tid - unnecessary, not asked for The government made it clear that it wouldn't take unsolicited advice from the international community to solve its internal disputes.

Untoward un-to-wo-od - something unusual, unexpected and unpleasant No fresh untoward incident was reported in the riots affected area. Unveil un-ve-ul - to introduce/show to the people for the first time The Prime Minister unveiled many schemes for the poor on the Independence Day. Unwarranted un-wo-run-tid - not necessary, unreasonable The defamatory statement of the visiting foreign President on Indian culture was termed as totally unwarranted. Upbeat up-beet - enthusiastic The mood of the cricket players was upbeat after a shining victory over rival team. Upheaval up-hee-vul - overthrow or violent disturbance of established order/condition The decision of the cabinet minister to raise the reservations in the jobs caused upheaval in the country. Uphold up-ho-old - to support/endorse The constitution upholds the right of freedom of speech and expression of a citizen. Uplift up-lift - to raise/increase The constitution has stressed the upliftment of the poor section of the society. Uprising up-ry-zing - rebellion, situation in which a group of people fights against the authority The army took control of the nation after the uprising against the government. Uproar up-ro - noise The opposition created uproar in the parliament over a disputed bill. Uproot up-root - to leave a place where you have lived for long time, remove from the root The demonstrators alleged that the dam construction has uprooted many people from their ancestral land. Upswing up-swing - a situation in which something improves over a period of time The petroleum minister expressed inability to reduce petrol prices because of upswing in prices of oil in international market. Usher a-shaa - to make a new beginning India and America signed many bilateral trade agreements thus ushering in a new era of development. Usurp u-zaap - to take somebody's power without having the right for doing this, snatch The military usurped power in many African countries. Utmost ut-most - greatest Utmost care has to be taken while solving the religious disputes. Utopian u-to-pi-un - imaginary, not practical Utopian welfare schemes can't remove poverty from our society.

Utter a-ta - to say The thief uttered few words before the police. Utterly ata-li - completely, entirely The philosophy of democracy and communism are utterly different.

V
Vacillate veci-let - to fluctuate/keep changing the mind Many people vacillate between happiness and gloom. Vacuum ve-q-um - the state of emptiness Vacuum in the journalism should be filled up with some enlightening work. Vague ve-g - a lack of clear thought/idea The question was pertinent but the answer was vague. Valour ve-laa - bravery The valourous soldiers have earned victory for the country in Kargil war. Vandalism vende-li-zum -unlawful violent action The people's forum took out a procession against the rising vandalism in the city. Vanish ve-nish - to disappear The policeman vanished from the scene of violence fearing reaction by the mob. Vast vaa-st - extremely large, huge Newspapers are the storehouse of vast knowledge on various fields. Veer vee-aa - to change direction The discussion in the parliament veered away as a member started discussing some other problem. Vehement vee-a-munt - showing ardent feelings The mass media are the vehement supporters of the freedom of speech and expression. Veil vel - cover with a cloth, not expressed directly so as not to make the meaning clear The World Bank issued a veiled threat to the state governments to pay up their debts. Vendetta ven-detaa - a prolong quarrel to harm other person continuously The Pakistani newspaper commented that Nawaj Sharief is a victim of political vendetta. Venerable ven-re-bul - deserving great respect Because of the age and experience, the elder people are venerable. Vengeful venj-ful - interested in taking revenge, vindictive The rebels' vindictive statements put an end to the peace talks with the government. Venom ve-num - poison, bitter remarks

The common man alleged that politicians are habitual of spewing venom on their enemies. Vent vent - express a feeling or anger strongly The consumers gave vent to their feelings before the grievance committee of the telecommunication department. Venture ven-chaa - a business, project, activity Some small-scale hi-tech ventures were closed due to the faulty policies of the government. Veracity vere-siti - truthfulness Veracity of the news should be checked twice before printing. Verbose va-boss - containing more words than needed The verbose answers carry less marks in the examinations. Verdict vaa-dikt - a decision by the court The Supreme Court's verdict came as a boon for the dismissed employees, as a result they were reinstated by the government. Versatile vaasa-ty-l - skilled in many arts, having many uses He has a deep knowledge of arts, science and computers. He is a versatile personality. This versatile tool can open every screw of this machine. Version vaa-zun - description of an event from the point of view of a person There were contradictory versions by the different communities on the cause of the communal riots. Verve vaa-v - enthusiasm, excitement Students should have the verve to face challenges in life. Vest vest - to give somebody the power to do something The power to dismiss a state government vests with the central government. Veteran vet-run - old serving member of a group The parliament paid homage to the veteran communist leader. Vexed vek-sd - a problem which is very difficult to deal with The issue of Ayodhya and Kashmir has become a vexed question. Viable vaa-ye-bul - capable of surviving independently, self sufficient The new states will have to work hard to make themselves viable. Vibrant y-brunt - feeling bright/lively The industrial revolution laid the foundation of many vibrant economies of the world. Vicious vi-shus - done with evil intentions The dacoits made a vicious attempt on the leader's life. Vie v - to compete strongly with somebody to achieve something All the big media companies vie for securing the rights of live telecast of Olympic games.

Vigil vi-jil - keeping watch The police are keeping a strict vigil on the suspect's activities. Vigorous vig-o-rus - highly energetic/forceful The state government vigourously took up the case with the central government to sanction rupees 120 crore as relief fund. Vilify vili-fy - to malign, to say unpleasant things about somebody to lower his status The politician accused the media of vilifying him as mafia don. Vindicate vindi-ket - justify by argument or evidence Following the court order in his favour, the complainant stood vindicated. Violate vaa-yo-lut - to disregard, to break (law, rules ) As responsible citizens, we are not supposed to violate the law. Virtual var-to-ul - appearing to be real but not real Virtual friendship is spreading very fast through Internet chatting. Vitriolic vitri-yo-lik - highly critical/hostile/caustic The politician's vitriolic speech angered everyone present in the hall. Vivacious vi-ve-shus - lively, animated, spirited The army officers have to be vivacious as the nature of job demands it. Vivid vivid - producing clear picture in mind The old man made a vivid description of his achievements. The old forts have some vivid memories of our glorious past. Vociferous vo-ci-fur-us - noisily and forcefully outspoken Vociferous demonstrators clashed with the supporters of the rival political party. Vogue vo-og - still in fashion Some highly primitive customs are still vogue in some parts of the country. Volatile vola-ty-l - likely to change suddenly The instability in the country often results in a volatile economy. Volition voli-shun - on your own wishes, not under compulsion The accused decided to appear before the court of his volition. Volte face volt fes - complete change of opinion or plan The workers criticized the government's volte face on the issue of their post retirement benefits. Volunteer vo-lun-tee-aa - who offers his services himself without being compelled The association of newspapers volunteered to help the cyclone affected people. Vortex vo-o-tex - whirlpool The corruption is like a vortex which is engulfing our country.

Votary vo-tri - who dedicates himself to some religious work or service Swami Dayanand was a votary of social reforms. Vouch ve-oo-ch - to take guarantee/responsibility The government vouched for the safety of the employees of multinational companies. Vouchsafe ve-oo-ch sef - to tell something to somebody as a privilege The person vouchsafed the police that his neighbour was engaged in antisocial activities. Vow vaa-o - promise, declare under swear The new Prime Minister vowed to fight against the corruption. Vulnerable vul-re-bul - prone to injury, harm Children are vulnerable to bad effects of the cable TV.

W
Wage ve-j - to start and continue The naxalites are waging a war against the state government in Hyderabad. Waive vev - give up The party promised to waive the loan of the farmers in its election manifesto. Wane ven - to decrease periodically The influence of communists is on the wane. Wannabe vaana-bee - aspirants Information Technology wannabe are increasing day by day. Ward off wo-od - to keep away the danger, attack etc The finance minister's speech will ward off any doubt that foreign investors may have in their mind. Wary ve-ri - cautious, careful while dealing with somebody The police need to keep a wary eye on the activities of anti social elements. Watershed vota-shed - a period of time that marks important change The adoption of modern printing technologies marked a watershed in the history of Print media. Waylay vey-ley - to stop somebody and attack The robbers waylaid the businessman who was on his way to office. Wean veen - to gradually stop doing something The government will have to wean out the subsidy altogether in order to lower the budget deficit. Weed out veed - to remove completely The corruption needs to be weeded out completely to ensure free and fair administration.

Whopping vopping - very big in ammount The country suffered a loss of whopping 20000 crores in earthquake. Willy nilly vili-nili - whether you want it or not The government was forced willy nilly to accept the court's order. Wind up va-ind - to stop running a factory, close The finance minister hinted at the winding up of the sick industries owned by the government. Wither vidaa - to become weak and disappear completely The government fell down and all the new projects withered away. Withstand vith-stend - strong enough not be damaged The strong ties between two countries should withstand possible tension in the near future. Witness vit-ness - to see/look The parliament often witnesses the allegations and counter allegations between opposition and government. Wizard vi-zud - magician, highly knowledgeable person India has produced many computer wizards. Woe vo-o - trouble, problem The newspaper accused that the government doesn't have the time to listen to the woes of poor. Wrangle ren-gul - argument continued for a long time The parliament's precious time often gets wasted in unnecessary wrangle between the ruling party and the opposition parties. Wrap up rap - to complete an agreement/meeting in a satisfactory way Many political parties wrap up agreements with each other to fight the election unitedly. Wrest rest - to snatch, to take control and power from somebody with great effort The opposition party finally succeeded in wresting a seat in minister's constituency.

Y
Yardstick yaad-stik - standard of measurement of success The educationists often argue that marks are not the criterion of a student's intelligence. Yearn yaan - strong emotional desire Everyone has a yearn to be the richest person in the world. Yield yee-uld - to provide something new as profit The investment in the Information Technology shares can yield good returns due to the rising prices of technology stocks. The government yielded to the demands of striking postal employees.

Z
Zeal zee-ul - great enthusiasm The public participated with zeal in the pulse polio immunization programme. Zest zest - great enthusiasm/motivation The country started moving on the path of liberalization with full zest. Zip zip - to move very fast The liberal import policy of the government made several foreign cars zipping around the city. Zoom zooom - to go up very fast
The price of oil has zoomed in the past few months due to the reduction in the crude oil production.

Posted by Umesh Arya's Academic Blog at 3:01 AM

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