Mark Scheme (RESULTS) January 2009

GCE

GCE Biology (6104/01)

Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH

General Marking Guidance

All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last. Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions. Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie. There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used appropriately. All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidates response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme. Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited. When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a candidates response, the team leader must be consulted. Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.

6104_01

Question Number 1(a)

Answer A cortex / cerebrum / cerebral cortex / (left / right) cerebral hemisphere / eq ; B hypothalamus / limbic system ;

Mark

(2) Mark

Question Number 1(b)

Answer 1. reference to {balance / posture / muscle tone} ; 2. idea of {controls / coordinates} {skeletal / muscular / voluntary} movement ; 3. reference to {modification of movement / fine movement / named example e.g. talking } ;

max (2)

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Question Number 2(a)(i)

Answer W carbon dioxide / CO2 ; X oxygen / O2 ;

Mark

(2) Mark (1) Mark (1) Mark (1) Mark

Question Number 2(a)(ii) Question Number 2(a)(iii) Question Number 2(a)(iv) Question Number 2(b)

Answer G; Answer two of B / C / D / E ; Answer at least two from A, B and C ; Answer it is (re-)oxidised / idea that NAD+ is regenerated / used to reduce ethanal (to ethanol) / eq ;

(1)

6104_01

Question Number 3(a)

Answer 1. {rate increases / eq} from {0 / 30} - 90 minutes / up to 90 minutes ; 2. {rate decreases / eq} after 90 minutes / from 90 180 minutes ; 3. {greatest increase (in rate) / eq} is from 60 90 minutes / slowest rate between 150 and 180 minutes ; 4. correct manipulation of figures e.g. rate of urine production for first 60 minutes is 5cm3 / minute ;

Mark

max (3) Mark

Question Number 3(b)

Answer 1. (rate is) slower /eq ; 2. constant / eq ;

(2) Mark

Question Number 3(c)

Answer 1. (saline would) {increase the concentration of solutes in / lower the water potential of / lower solute potential of} the blood / eq ; Then, any TWO from: 2. this will be detected {by osmoreceptors / in the hypothalamus} / eq ; 3. reference to {release / more} ADH (from posterior pituitary gland) ; 4. increases the permeability of collecting duct / distal convoluted tubule to water / eq ; 5. more water reabsorbed (back into the blood) ; 6. therefore less water in urine / eq ;

max (3)

6104_01

Question Number 3(d)

Answer activity may cause loss of water in sweat / more metabolic water produced / more water lost in breathing faster / so that a reliable comparison can be made / eq ;

Mark

(1)

6104_01

Question Number 4(a)

Answer 1. both increase (conduction) velocity with (axon) diameter increase / eq ; 2. {velocity increase greater in myelinated neurones than in non-myelinated neurones / converse / eq} / {increase in diameter has a greater effect on velocity in myelinated neurones / eq}; 3. at 1.05 m both have same velocity ; 4. above 1.05 m (diameter) myelinated faster conduction / converse / eq ; 5. idea that myelinated has {linear / eq} relationship but non-myelinated is {partly non-linear / eq} ; 6. comparative manipulated figures ;

Mark

max (3) Mark

Question Number 4(b)

Answer 1. insulates (electrically) the axon / eq ; 2. reference to nodes of Ranvier ; 3. {depolarisation / action potential} at nodes of Ranvier) / eq / converse ; 4. impulse jumps from node to node / eq ; 5. reference to saltatory conduction ;

max (3) Mark

Question Number 4(c)(i)

Answer 1. correct division i.e. 25 / 3.4 ; 2. correct answer = 7.35 / 7.4 (m per second) ;

(2) Mark (1)

Question Number 4(c)(ii)

Answer 1.7 1.75 (m) ;

6104_01

Question Number 4(d)

Answer 1. (toxin) {binds to / competes / blocks /eq } for receptors (on post synaptic membrane) / stops {acetylcholine / neurotransmitter} / cannot bind to {receptors / acetylcholinesterase} ; 2. reference to Na+ gates not opening / eq ; 3. depolarisation does not occur / description of depolarisation not occurring / reference to threshold level not reached / eq ;

Mark

max (2)

6104_01

Question Number 5

Answer General (allow in the context of either insulin or adrenaline): 1. transported in blood ; 2. binds to {receptors / proteins / eq} on membrane; 3. reference to {activation / eq} of enzymes ; Insulin: 4. idea that insulin causes a decrease in (blood glucose / sugar) levels ; 5. after a meal / eq ; 6. reference to pancreas detecting increased (glucose / sugar) levels ; 7. insulin {released / eq} from cells ; 8. reference to inhibition of breakdown of lipids / increase in {cell respiration rate / permeability of membrane to glucose} / eq ; 9. reference to stimulates {formation of glycogen / glucose converted into glycogen / glycogenesis} ; Adrenaline: 10. idea that adrenaline increases (blood glucose / sugar) levels; 11. (adrenaline) released in response to danger / stress / eq ; 12. (adrenaline) released from adrenal glands ; 13. credit details of intracellular events e.g. causes release of adenyl cyclase / activates a second messenger / stimulates formation of cAMP ; 14. reference to cascade effect : 15. reference to glycogenolysis / conversion of glycogen to glucose ;

Mark

max (10)

6104_01

Question Number 6

Answer

Mark

Microorganism

Composition of cell wall glucose and mannose / eq ;

Genetic material

DNA ; chitin / eq ; RNA ; (4)

6104_01

Question Number 7(a)

Answer 1. {substance / chemical / eq} that is {not essential / eq} for growth ; 2. produce by metabolic pathway / eq ; 3. at the end of the {log / exponential / growth} phase / during the stationary phase / eq ;

Mark

max (2) Mark

Question Number 7(b)(i)

Answer 1. fermenter 1 ; 2. pH changes (with time) / product not produced until a few days after setting up culture / eq ;

(2) Mark (1)

Question Number 7(b)(ii)

Answer buffer / eq ;

6104_01

Question Number 8(a)

Answer 1. reference to {respiration / fermentation} of {glucose/ maltose} ; 2. (respiration) produces CO2 (and ethanol) ; 3. idea that CO2 is trapped in the dough ; 4. dough becomes lighter / reference to {leavening / rises} / eq ; 5. reference to other metabolites adding flavour to the dough ;

Mark

max (4)

Question Number 8(b)(i)

Answer 1. 159 98 (=61) ; 2. x 100 ; 3. divided by 98 (=62.24) or divided by 159 (=38.36) ;

Mark

(3)

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Question Number 8(b)(ii)

Answer 1. idea that overall {more gas is produced / gas produced at faster rate} at 35 C / the volume of gas production is always higher at 35 C / eq ; 2. both increase rapidly for first 30 minutes / eq ; 3. both show a reduction in gas production between 40 minutes and 60 minutes / eq ; 4. after 70 minutes both increase again (with slight fluctuation at 35 C) / eq ; 5. credit correct comparative manipulation of figures to compare an effect ;

Mark

max (3)

Question Number 8(c)

Answer amylase / glucose / sucrose / sugar / maltose ;

Mark (1)

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Question Number 9(a)

Answer 1. {substance / eq} produced by {fungus/micro organism / eq} ; 2. that {kills / inhibits the growth of} another micro organism / eq ;

Mark

(2)

Question Number 9(b)

Answer 1. overall increase in resistance to mupirocin is greater than that to methicillin / eq; 2. credit correct manipulation of figures to illustrate any change in resistance to either antibiotic ; Mupirocin: 3. overall increase in resistance ; 4. greatest increase between 1996 and 1997 / least change between 1992 and 1994 / idea that the increase in resistance is greater each time ; Methicillin: 5. overall increase in resistance ; 6. reference to decrease between 1993 and 1994 ;

Mark

max (3)

Question Number 9(c)

Answer 1. idea that only affects growing / dividing bacteria ; 2. interferes with synthesis of cell wall / eq ; 3. prevents formation of peptidoglycan crosslinks / eq ; 4. increasing susceptibility to osmotic shock / eq ; 5. high concentrations kill bacteria ;

Mark

max (3)

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Question Number 9(d)

Answer 1. idea that resistance rises due to mutation / (bacteria gain) {resistance gene / DNA coding for resistance} ; 2. as a result of conjugation / endocytosis / transduction / eq ; 3. reference to asexual reproduction in bacteria / passes on gene to next generation ; 4. reference to a factor that encourages spread of resistance (e.g. not finishing course of antibiotics, prophylactic use) ;

Mark

max (2)

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