Physics (from Ancient Greek: physis "nature") is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its

motion through spacetime, as well as all related concepts, including energy and force.[2] More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Science (from Latin: scientia meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.

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Branches of Science A y Acoustics: It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. It usually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes the behavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control. Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motion relative to air. Aeronautical Engineering: It is a branch of science that is related to the study of design and manufacture of flight-capable machines as well as the techniques of operating aircraft. Agriculture: It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing and management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the production of food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and rearing the animals. Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel. Algebra: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity and relation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. Algology: see Phycology Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of living things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy). Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. Anthropology: It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is associated with physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study of historical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and cultural relationships. Apiculture: It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apismellifera. It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production of honey. Applied Mathematics: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematical techniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physical evidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere such as the cosmic background radiation. Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestial bodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium). Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internal structure of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly involves the study of arrangement of electrons around the nucleus.

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B y Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study of bacteria in relation to disease as well as agriculture.

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Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that take place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role of biomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms. Bioengineering: It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative engineering principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues and artificial organs. Biology: It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life. It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of living things. Biophysics: It is a branch of science that involves an application of methods and principles of physics to understand the biological systems. Biotechnology: It is associated with the industrial application of living organisms and/or biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied for producing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the scientific study of plant life.

C y y Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart and major blood vessels. Chemical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, construction and operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics, drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions. Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself. Civil Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing, construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the geography to suit the human needs. Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and investigations of its phenomena and causes. Computer Science: It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system. It involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods, algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and methods for testing the concepts. Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different cosmetics. Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of universe, its origin and overall structure. Craniology: This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of the skulls of different human races. Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and uses of very low temperature. Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an unreadable, unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm. Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of structure, origin, function and pathology of cells.

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D y y Dactylography: It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose of identification. Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles, skin cancers, contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin conditions, related to other diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external genitalia. Dentistry: This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases associated with teeth, oral cavity and related structures. Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces, their action on bodies and changes in motion they produce.

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E y y y y y y y y y y y y y F y y y Forestry: It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associated resources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits. Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture, related with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, including the floral industry. Forensic Science: It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing the evidence for legal proceeding. Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. Electronics: It is a branch of technology, which is associated with the development and application of circuits or systems, using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers, transistors, etc. Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study of function and pathology of endocrine glands. Engineering: It is an application of scientific, mechanical, physical and mathematical principles to design process, structures and products that are meant for improving the quality of life. Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of insects in their relations to forests and forest products. Environmental Science: It is the study of interactions among biological, physical and chemical components of environmental system. Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in human population. Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind. Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition. Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings. Eugenics: It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by controlled selective breeding. Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present beyond the earth.

G y y y y y Genetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organisms as well as the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, grading, evaluating and marketing the gemstones. Geography: It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena and inhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil. Geology: This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution and structure of the earths crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks. Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape, size and relative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. It is associated with polygons, vertices, triangles, meshes and associated operations to be done with them in 3D applications. Geophysics: It involves the study of physical and geological properties and characteristics of the earth, minerals and rocks. Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of psychological, biological and sociological phenomena related to aging and old age. Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women, particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs.

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Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun. Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and disease of blood as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood, lymph glands and spleen. Hepatology: This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and disorders of liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and pancreas. Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues, using microscopic examination of tissue slices. Horticulture: It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamental plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables. Hydroponics: It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants, particularly vegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients, instead of in soil. Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water, internally or externally to maintain and restore health. This treatment involves full body immersion, saunas, steam baths, colonic irrigation, sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses. Hydrology: It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation of water on the earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc. Hydrostatics: It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids.

Ichthyology: It is the study of fish. Iconography: It is a system of using images, symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a theme or structure. Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and bodys immune system and its functions.

Jurisprudence: It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of law and legal system.

Lexicography: It is the science of compiling, writing and editing the dictionaries. It is done on the basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the words in a given language. Linguistics: It incorporates the study of structure, form, sound, function, variety and development of specific languages and human speech in general.

M y y y y y y y y Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals. Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. It is one of the most effective methods for an early detection of breast cancer. Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean and other brackish or marine bodies of water. Mathematics: It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such as structure, quantity, change and space. It is also one of the academic disciplines. Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodies after subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on their environment. Mechanical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design, construction and operation of machinery. Medicine: It is the science of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques. Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. It also involves purifying the metals and casting useful items from them.

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Meteorology: This branch of science involves the study of chemistry, physics and dynamics of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earths surface, oceans and life on the earth. Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure and function of microorganisms, including bacteria, moulds and pathogenic protozoa. Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition, physical properties, internal crystal structure, origin, occurrence and distribution in nature of different minerals. Molecular Biology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure, formation and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and proteins. It also deals with the process of replication, transcription and translation of genetic information. Morphology: It is the science of structure and form of organisms, including animals, plants and other forms of life, with special emphasis on external features. Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection. It involves the study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and genetic properties and their use to humans as a source for food, medicine and tinder. Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles and muscle tissues.

Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of various kidney disorders, including fluid and mineral balance. Neurology: It is related to the structure, functioning and disorders of nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and blood supplies. Nuclear Physics: It is a branch of physics, which includes the study of atomic nuclei, their interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles. Numismatics: This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins, paper money, medals, tokens and similar objects. Nutrition: It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth, development and health of an individual.

O y y y y y y y y y y Obstetrics: This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetus during pregnancy, parturition and puerperium. Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry, physics, geology and biology of oceans in the world. Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy, development and diseases of teeth. Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors. Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents. Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure, function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and interaction of light with matter. Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of carbon-containing compounds, which includes their structure and reactions. Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds. Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure, functions and pathology of bones.

P y y Paleontology: It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life, based mainly in fossils of animals and plants. Pathology: It is a medical discipline that is related to cause and nature of disease. It mainly involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the disease.

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Particle Physics: It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their fundamental reactions. Pedology: It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil, including its formation, composition, structure and classification. Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history, origin, structure, occurrence and chemical classification of rocks. Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature, origin, properties as well as their effects on living organisms. Philately: It involves the study and collection of postage stamps. Philology: It is the science of language and linguistics. Phonetics: It is the study and classification of sounds of human speech. Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also known as algology. Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry, which includes the application of techniques and theories from physics to study the microscopic, macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems. Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties and interactions of time, space, energy and matter. Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical and mechanical functions and activities of living organisms. Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earths surface and its natural phenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna. Plasma Physics: It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction of plasma with itself, radiation and particle beams. Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water, air, soil or food, which can cause a number of adverse effects on the living beings. Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of fruits. Protozoology: It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans. Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes.

Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactive substances to diagnose and treat various diseases.

S y y y y y y y Seismology: It is a scientific investigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth, based on the study of seismic waves. Sericulture: It is also referred to as silk farming. It is rearing of silkworms for producing the raw silk. Serpentology: It is a branch of zoology, which deals with the study of snakes. Sociology: It is the scientific study of society, human social interaction and social relationships. Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech, language and voice disorders. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowing or communication. Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest. Statistics: It is a branch of applied mathematics, associated with the collection, analysis, explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. It can be applied to a variety of academic disciplines, from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and government.

T y y Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them in groups according to their relationships with each other. Therapeutics: It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease.

Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties of energy and matter. It includes the study of amount of work, heat and other energy related to chemical reactions.

V y Virology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology, which includes the study of evolution, structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses.

Z y Zoology: It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom, including evolution, classification, distribution, structure, habits and embryology of animals.

The major branches of physics are as follows:

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Astrophysics Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature and chemical composition) of astronomical objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. Atomic and molecular physics The study of the structure and characteristics of atoms and molecules. Biophysics The science of the application of the laws of physics to life processes. Condensed-matter (solid-state) physics The study of the physical properties of solids, such as electrical, dielectric, elastic, and thermal properties, and their understanding in terms of fundamental physical laws. Cosmology The study of the universe as a whole, of the contents, structure, and evolution of the universe from the beginning of time to the future. Geophysics the study of the physical characteristics and properties of the earth; including geodesy, seismology, meteorology, oceanography, atmospheric electricity, terrestrial magnetism, and tidal phenomena. Mechanics the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference.

Statistical Mechanics The discipline that attempts to relate the properties of macroscopic systems to their atomic and molecular constituents. Theoretical physics Theoretical physics attempts to understand the world by making a model of reality, used for rationalizing, explaining, and predicting physical phenomena through a physical theory.

Thermodynamics The study of the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics.

Galileo Galilei
Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Giusto Sustermans Born 15 February 1564[1]

Pisa,[1] Duchy of Florence, Italy Died 8 January 1642 (aged 77)[1]

Arcetri,[1] Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy Residence Nationality Fields Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy Italian (Tuscan)

Astronomy, physics and mathematics

Institutions :University of Pisa,University of Padua Alma mater :University of Pisa Academic advisors :Ostilio Ricci[2] Notable students :BenedettoCastelli, Mario Guiducci,VincenzioViv Known for :Kinematics,Dynamics,Telescopic observation astronhomy,Heliocentrism Notes His father was the musician Vincenzo Galilei. Galileo Galilei's mistress Marina Gamba (1570 August 21, 1612?) bore him two daughters (Maria Celeste (Virginia, 1600 1634) and Livia (1601 1659), both of whom became nuns) and a son Vincenzo (1606 1649), a lutenist. Gamba later married Giovanni Bartoluzzi.

Nicolaus Copernicus Portrait, 1580, Toru Old Town City Hall Born 19 February 1473,

Toru (Thorn), Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland Died 24 May 1543 (aged 70),Frombork (Frauenburg), Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, Kingdom of Poland

Fields :Mathematics, astronomy, canon law, medicine, economics

Alma mater :Krakw University, Bologna University, University of Padua, University of Ferrara Known for :Heliocentrism, the Copernicus Law.

TychoOttesen Brahe Born :14 December 1546,Knutstorp Castle, Scania Died :24 October 1601 (aged 54)Prague Nationality :Danish Education :Private Occupation :Nobleman, Astronomer Religion :Lutheran Spouse :Kirstine Barbara Jrgensdatter Parents Otte Brahe and BeateBille was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observation.

Johannes Kepler Born :December 27, 1571,Weil der Stadt near Stuttgart, Germany Died:November 15, 1630 (aged 58)Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany Residence:Wrttemberg; Styria; Bohemia; Upper Austria Fields :Astronomy, astrology, mathematics and natural philosophy Institutions :University of Linz Alma mater :University of Tbingen Known for :Kepler's laws of planetary motion,kepler conjecture

Sir Isaac Newton Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton(age 46) Born :4 January 1643[OS: 25 December 1642][1]Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,Lincolnshire, England Died :31 March 1727 (aged 84)[OS: 20 March 1726][1]Kensington, Middlesex, England

Residence :England Nationality :English Fields :Physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, Christian theology Institutions :University of Cambridge,RoyalSociety,Royal Mint Alma mater:Trinity College, Cambridge Academic advisors :Isaac Barrow[2]Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4] Notable students :RogerCotes,WilliamWhiston Known for: Newtonian mechanics,Universalgravitation,Infinitesimalcalculus,Optics,Binomialseries,Newton'smethod,PhilosophiNaturalis Principia ,Mathematica Influences :Henry More[5],Polish Brethren[6] Influenced :NicolasFatio de Duillier,JohnKeill