Lesson3: JAVA

Operators and Flow of Control

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA PROGRAMMING

Relational Operator
The Relational Operators determine the relationship that one operand has to the other. e.g. Equality and Ordering Operator Result
== != > < >= <= Equal to Not equal to Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to

Boolean Logical Operator

Boolean logical operators operate only on boolean operands. Operator Result & Logical AND | Logical OR ^ Logical XOR(exclusive OR) || Short-Circuit OR && Short-Circuit AND ! Logical Unary NOT == Equal to != Not Equal to

Boolean Logical Operator

Logical Operation Effect A B A|B A&B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
A^B 0 1 1 0 !A 1 0 1 0

Boolean Logical Operator (Code)

class Logic{ public static void main (String Args[]){ boolean a = true; boolean b = false; boolean c = a | b; boolean d = a & b; boolean e = a ^ b; boolean f = (!a & b) | (a & !b); boolean g = !a; System.out.println(" a=" + a); System.out.println(" b=" + b); System.out.println(" a|b=" + c); System.out.println(" a&b=" + d); System.out.println(" a^b=" + e); System.out.println(" !a&b|a&!b=" + f); System.out.println(" !a=" + g); } } // Code is From The Complete Reference JAVA 2, Herbert Schildt

Flow of Control
Sequence Selection Iteration

Sequence
Key points: order of operations may or may not be important order of evaluation within a single statement can be critical example: a = b++; a = b = read(input);

Order of precedence
parentheses before operators then multiplication and division then addition and subtraction left to right for equal precedence ops RHS of an assignment before LHS if in doubt use brackets use brackets anyway (to clarify to other readers!)

Selection
if (condition) { statement1; } else { statement2; }

Selection
if (condition) { statement1; }
else { condition must be of type boolean

statement2;
}

Selection
if (condition) { statement1; } else { statement2; } else branch is optional

Selection
if (condition) { statement1; } else { statement2; }

braces may be omitted if they only contain a single statement

Selection
if (condition)
statement;
Brackets around the Condition are essential

Selection
if (condition1) { if (condition2) { statement1; } else { statement2; } } else { statement3; }
if statements can be nested indentation ignored by the compiler but helps (or can mislead!) human readers

Example conditions if ((i < j) && (eof != true)) . if ((i < j) && !eof) . if ((i < j) && !eof()) . if ((n = input.read())== 0) Dont use = when you mean ==

Example Program
class Larger { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=20; int y=20; if(x >= y){ if (x==y){ System.out.println("x="+x+" and y="+y+ " are Equal"); } else { System.out.println("Both are unequal"); } System.out.println(x+" is the larger."); } else { System.out.println(y+" is the larger."); } } }

Example 2
class Largest { public static void main(String[] args){ // Read three integers and print which is the larger. SimpleInput keyboard = new SimpleInput(); System.out.println("Please type three integers."); int x = keyboard.nextInt(), y = keyboard.nextInt(), // A variable to hold the answer. int largest; if(x >= y){ // It must be either x or z. if(x >= z){ largest = x; } else{ largest = z; } } z = keyboard.nextInt();

else{
if(y >= z){

// It must be either y or z.

largest = y; } else{ largest = z; } } System.out.println("The largest is: "+largest); } // Program Code is courtesy of David J. Barnes.

Practice Exercise
int month=10; String season; If (month==12 || month ==1 || month ==2) season =Winter; else if(month==3 || month ==4 || month ==5) season=Spring; else if(month==6 || month ==7 || month ==8) season=Summer; else if(month==9 || month ==10 || month ==11) season=Autumn; else season= Bogus Month; System.out.println(October is in the +season +.);

Practice Exercise Continue

Write a Java Programme which will tell whether X (a variable) is Even or Odd.
Write a Java Programme which will specify whether a birth year was in 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s.

Selection-switch
switch (Condition) { Case 1: Statement1;
Case 2: Statement 2; Break; .... .... Default: Statement n; Break;
Condition should be int, short, byte or a char type

Switch Selection is replacement of If-else for multiple selections and for multiple conditions.

Selection-switch
switch (Condition) { Case 1: Statement1;
Case 2: Statement 2; break; .... .... default: Statement n; Break;
This Should be an Integer or Constant value Remember this is COLON sign not SemiColon or Delimeter Break Used to break the condition If none of the Case Statement satisfies Default condition will work

Example-switch Statement
class switchT{ public static void main(String[] Args) { int x=1; switch(x){

case 1:
System.out.println("Out put is 1: "+x); case 2: System.out.println("Out put is 2"); break; case 3:

System.out.println("Out put is 3"); break;

default: System.out.println("We were expecting X"); break; } } }

Practice Switch Statement

int month=10; String season; switch(month){ case 12: case 1: case 2: season=Winter; break; } System.out.println(October is in the + season+ .);

Iteration
while for simplest most common

do .. While uncommon

While Statement
while ( condition) { body statements; }
while the condition evaluates to true, repeatedly loop executing the body statements condition is tested before each pass through the body body statements should have some effect on the condition or you could loop indefinitely

While Statement
int a=10; while (a > 0) { System.out.println (a); a = a-1; } System.out.println (You Lost The Game");

Practice While Statement

int a=10; while (a > 0) { System.out.println (a);
while(a>0 && a<5) { System.out.println ("Inner Loop is working"+a); a--; } a = a-1; } System.out.println ("You Lost The Game");

Practice While Statement

int n=10; while (n != 1) { System.out.println (n); if (n%2 == 0) { // n is even n = n / 2; } else { // n is odd n = n*3 + 1; } } // Work Out Yourself to find the Output

do... while Statement

do { body statements; } while ( condition);
similar to while statement BUT condition is tested after each pass through the body so body statements will always be executed at least once body statements should have some effect on the condition or you could loop indefinitely

do...while statement
int a=10; do{ System.out.println (a); a = a-1; } while (a > 0); System.out.println (You Lost The Game");

for statement
for Keyword Variable Initialisation Loop Condition

for (initialisation; while condition; end of loop operation) {

body statements;

}
Loop termination Condition

for statement
most convenient method for counter based iterations sequence of execution: initialisation is while condition true? if so, execute body statements execute end of loop operation is while condition true etc

for statement
Difference and common features of while and for loop
for (INITIALIZER; CONDITION; INCREMENTOR) { BODY }

INITIALIZER; while (CONDITION) { BODY INCREMENTOR }

for statement
for (int i=0; i<10; i++) { System.out.print(i + ); } output: 0123456789

for statement
break statement has importance in loop statements After reading break statement our compiler came out of loop and read the next statement after loop

Practice for statement

int number; boolean flag = true; number = 4; for(int i=2; i<=number/2; i++) { if( (number % i) == 0) { flag = false; break; } } if(flag) System.out.println("This is Prime Number"); else System.out.println("This is Not Prime Number");

Nested for Loops

Like any other programming Language Java does allow loops for(int i=0; i<3; i++) { System.out.println(i =+i); System.out.println(); for (int j=0; j<100; j++) { if(j==10) break; System.out.println(j =+ j); } System.out.println(); } System.out.println(Loops Completed);

Extra Information on for Loops

you can nest loops you can break execution and jump outside the loop