SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Notes from the lectures of Mr. Abu Turab Khan

Written by ----------------------------------------CIIT-Abbottabad- Fall 2006

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Masters in Development Studies SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

(Concepts & Perspectives) HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT Starting as Wild Life Flora & Fauna (Plants) (Animals) Humans ==Started using Natural Resources (when one ) ==With the passage of time moved to new areas ==And used the Resources of that new area + New ways of living were started to develop ==With it the Domestication process started (combination of raw resources to produce required items) == Breading of pathogens (Diseases producing things) started ==Industrialization begun + New Problems arise + Pathogens created new Health Problems == Human beings tried to learn from the wild life to cure these problems == With the birth of Industrialization Labor requirements () started increasing ==Urbanization Started ==Economics (what we produce, how we produce, and for whom we produce) took birth in England during 18 th century == (Industrialization + Intensive Labor requirement + Population Growth + Urbanization) Started effecting the Natural Environment (gave birth to new health problems) == With the increase in the pace of industrialization the process of research also increased == Policy makers offered new health Policies == but these policies were short term and for limited period of time by the use of there own limited resources == With the increase in the pace of industrialization (side by side) also increased the per capital income and the living standards changed == because of which arise the new unknown complex problems. Use of Natural Resources Natural Resources & Economics Definition 1) Classical == Natural resources are God gifted any one can use them in any way. 2) Neo-Classical == Natural resources are God gifted but one has to use them carefully as they effect natural environment. Continuous use of natural resources are reducing the natural resources or natural resources are being depleted due to continuous use == Which started Hectic human activities originating negative effects on an environment == Views and concerns about Natural Resources originated == Natural Resources combined new material Ecology & Economy Ecology ==Natural Environment in which Natural living things are living. OR Ecology deals with organisms relations to one another and to the physical environment in which they live; (the study of) such relations as they pertain to a particular habitat or a particular species. Economy == Economy is the study of human behavior in financial aspects of life. OR What is produced, how, and for whom.

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Ecology & Economy is linked through material balance principle which states Production of new goods can be achieved by combining given natural resources. Three principles or interrelated functions performed by biosphere1 in the economic activity of mankind are: 1) Nature has given the base for economic production and economic activities of Human Beings regarding resources are of three types. a) Renewable Natural resources (RNR): Replenished / Regenerated Resources (gross, forest, etc). b) Non Renewable Natural resources (NRNR): Non Replenished (Cole, oil, gas, etc). c) Continuing Natural resources (CNR): Humans cant have effect on them (sunlight, wind, etc) 2) The environment or Nature has the capacity to assimilate (absorb) the residues the artificial process, but in limited capacity. 3) Nature provides the life supporting base which is for the survival of any form of life i.e. Biodiversity. Importance of Environment in different times A) Conventional Economies: Conventional Economies sought only short term solutions such as: What to produce, for whom to produce, & how to produce. Sole consideration was given to money making or market and vital services provided by environment like ==Supply of natural capital ==Waste assimilation ==& Life sustenance ==had zero price because there was no market for them OR no market value for them. B) Neo-Conventional economies: Use of natural resources may be done carefully as it has an impact on environment. .. Main activities of economic system are: ==Production ==Consumption ==& Accumulation. ..

ECONOMY Vs ENVIRONMENT Environmentalists: initiated debates that what is the capacity of earth to absorb the residues of industrial process. Two schools of thought originated: A) We can continue progress for unlimited period of time. B) We have to asses the capacity of earth. Economists To combine natural resources i.e. rawmaterials to produce the new items.
1

Environmentalists When we use natural resources and produce new items that are the wastage of

Biosphere: A part of earths surface and atmosphere in which plants and animals can live.

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natural resources. And Concerns are with environment. ==As population is increasing ==So increases the utilization of resources ==As a result natural waste increases. .. LIMIT TO GROWTH As Nature has given the base for economic production and economic activities so economy and environment are usually linked together and environment implies some natural limits to economic growth. The Theory of Limit to Growth is based on the works of Richal Carlson a marine biologist who wrote a book Silent Spring in 1950, depicting the threats of DDT to nature. ==After some eighteen years in 1968 group of individuals met in Rome (Club of Rome) with objectives of analyzing the environmental problems faced by mankind. They also concluded five factors of production 1) Population. 2) Agriculture Production. 3) Scares Natural Resources. 4) Industrial Production. 5) Pollution. Conclusion: All the resources of space ship earth will be exhausted if used at present level == So to avoid such a disasters situation Block the growth of all parameters i.e. Population, Agriculture Production, Scares Natural Resources, Industrial Production, Pollution. Opposition: To Limit to Growth, A==Efficient use of available resources will not harm environment. B==Research can provide the alternate technology for economic growth which will not harm environment. Shortcomings: Of Limit to Growth, A==Devoid of practicality. B==Alternatives were not considered. .. ENVIRONMENTALISM The Environmentalism Movement started as social movement and was a driving force for social reform. Which was pushed by two corresponding concerns: A) Some part of natural resources will be part for the future. B) Impacts of negative economic activities over the environment. Conclusion: Zero growth, Steady State Economics == Continue the growth but dont pace it up. Opposition: To Environmentalism, A==By rising prices resources can be saved. B==Recycling technology must be introduced. C==New resources can be discovered OR substitute for that can be discovered (The Idea of fixed quantity is illusive). D==The population growth is already declining. E==Environmental friendly technology can be introduced.

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F==Environmental degradation can occur even without economic growth

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was first introduced by World Conservation Strategy in 1980.
Definitional Difficulties: Their was much ambiguities in defining Sustainable Development. Their were about 80 definitions out of which 61 versions of definitions were accepted.

To Define Sustainable Development: A commission was formed by UN and Brundland was given the task of defining Sustainable Development. ==He presented his report in World Commission on Environment and development in 1987. The Definition Presented by Brundland Sustainable Development is a development that meets the needs of present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet there own needs. And this definition had three key elements which are as fallowing. I. Integration of Environmental concerns in to economic policies. II. Appraisal of development in proper prospective. III. Commitment to equity (Concerns for others): Intergenerational & Intragenerational. a) Intergenerational: (1) Resources, (2) Gender Based, (3) Output / Results. b) Intragenerational: (1) Conservation of Options, (2) Conservation of equity (3) Conservation of Access. Conservation Use the renewable resources in such a way that the present condition of resources will be maintained and need be fulfilled. OR Use resources to fulfill the present needs without damaging the present condition of the available resources. OR The rate or cycle of renewable resource must not be disturbed. Preservation Preservation is the stage to protect the available resources at the current situation without using any resources. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS NINE PRINCIPLES Principle Vs Law Principle Rules of Institution Rules to be fallowed Ethically accepted Law Provided by State Way how to fallow the rules Constitutionally imposed

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS NINE PRINCIPLES The umbrella principle of Sustainable Development conceived in Stockholm conference (1972) and crystallized in Rio declaration (1992) contains within a drivable set of principles namely: 1. Principle of Conservation: == Stockholm Principle 2,3,4,&5 AND Rio 1,&7. 2. Principle of Good Neighborliness: == Stockholm Principle 21 AND Rio 2. 3. Principle of Cooperation: 4. Principle of Integration: == Stockholm Principle 21 AND Rio 2. 5. Polluter Pay Principle:

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6. 7. 8. 9.

Principle of Precaution: == Rio 15. Common but Differential Responsibility: Principle of Inter Generation & Intra Generation Equity: All encompassing Principle of Right to Development: .. 1. Principle of Conservation To abate the pollution that destroys the quality of nature and services like its capecety assimilate waste. Resources: The natural and non-natural available stock over which we have access & which we can utilize. 2. Principle of Good Neighborliness It originated because of conflict Canada & USA on the issue of fumes of SO2 omitted by Canadian firms. And preceded in to a 2nd principle of Sustainable Development== Then their was an agreement and the wording of the agreement was No state has the right to use or permit the use its territory in such a manner as to cause injury to the territory of another, property, or health. 3. Principle of Cooperation It all stated because of some global environmental issues like ==Damage of Ozone Layer==Global Warming etc. So global cooperation is required in preventing, minimizing, & eliminating theses issues. == As a result some agreement were signed for global cooperation theses agreements were regional, bilateral, & global==Some the agreements are: ==Sharing of information. ==Early warning system. ==Environmental impact assessment. ==Environmental auditing. ==Joint emergence planning. ==Joint research. ==Joint standard setting. ==Joint monitoring etc. 4. Principle of Integration Relation between living beings and environment OR ecological relation of different species and area ==Their must be a harmonization between Environment and development. P21 of Stockholm Conference ==A state can exploit there resources pursuant only to their environmental policy P2 of Rio Conference == But according to Rio Conference A state can exploit there resources pursuant to both environmental as well as development policy of their own 5. Polluter Pay Principle Carries an obligation on the part of polluter to bear responsibility for causing the pollution and the consequent cost. 6. Principle of Precaution Is viewed as a cautious attitude OR proactive attitude of taking measures to look into and stop any problem before it gets to be an impending danger. P15 of Rio Conference Says that ==Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shell not be used as reason for postponing cost effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

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This principle motivates the states and international organizations to take cautious measures to restrain activities that risk harming environment in future. 7. Common but Differential Responsibility Common: World is ecologically indivisible unit and hence maintenance of healthy environment requires the states to bear common responsibilities. Differential: Responsibility highlights the practical needs to take into account the divergent economic, social, and such other conditions to fulfill the common responsibilities. Mostly represented in Rio Conference: It stated that States must cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the earths ecosystem And also States shell, enact effective environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context in which they apply. 8. Principle of Inter-Generation & Intra-Generation Equity Equity: means distribution of resources on the bases of need and potential. Need was felt on the bases of: i. Inequalities in distribution of resources. ii. To shear the responsibility according to role. iii. To implement the barriers against environmental pollution. iv. Inequalities in the world order. Practical Position: i. No shearing of responsibility. ii. No or less agreed contribution (to combat pollution) for the cause of sustainable development. iii. No implementation of agreed principles. Barriers in implementation: i. Vested interests. ii. Few matters still to be clarified (who is using how much resources, who responsible for how much pollution) Inter-Generation Equity: There must be some way to support the developing nations but mechanisms are still to be defined. Intra-Generation Equity: Conservation of ideas or options. Conservation of equity. Conservation of access. 9. All encompassing Principle of Right to Development Development: Means allencompassing multidimensional economic growth OR Socio-Economic change that leads towards positive change in quality of life.
Principle of RTD was discussed in both Stockholm and Rio conference Time Line:

i. ii. iii.

==In 1977 UN forms commission to assess situation of Human Rights in the world. ==At the same time UN-Secretary General pointed out that there must be a necessity for equality of opportunities for both individuals and nations. ==Fallowing this UN adopted the declaration on Right to Development during 1986. ==After that their were three types of views:

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1. Development is right of indivisibles only. 2. Development is right of indivisibles, peoples and states. 3. People have the right whereas states have the obligation to fulfill there rights. ==To fulfill above roles states have two obligations: 1. External: Transfer of resources Peace Sheering of information Neighborliness. 2. Internal: Law, rules, & regulations Peace Social and cultural equity Sovereignty of institutions.

RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT AS APPROACH It is a conceptual framework and it based on International Human Rights ==It is right based approach == And integrates norms, standards, and principles of International Human Rights into plan, policy, and process of development. Key elements of Right to Development: 1. Express linkage to Right 2. Accountability. 3. Empowerment. 4. Participation. 5. Attention to vulnerable groups. Principles of Right to Development: 1. Equity and equality. 2. Accountability. 3. Empowerment. 4. Participation. TIME LINE
(Historical Process towards Right to Development)

==1944 Philadelphia Declaration by ILO: All Human Beings have right of both material and spiritual freedom irrespective of race, religion, cast, color, etc. ==1945 UN Charter (Article 55): UN shell promote higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development and universal respect for human rights. ==1948 Universal declaration on HR by UN (Article 22): Every one is entitled to realization of economic, social, and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his free personality. ==1968 Proclamation of Tehran: The enjoyment of social and economic rights is inherently linked and there is profound (proved) interconnection between the realization of Human rights and economic development. ==1972 Keba MBaye (inaugural speech in institute of human Rights): Emphasized on Right to Development in his speech. ==1979 Commission on Human Rights gives official recognition to Right to Development: Right based approach. ==1986 UN adopted Resolution on Right to Development: Declaration on Right to Development adopted.

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==1993 Vienna declaration and program of action on Right to Development: Reaffirms Right to Development as universal and inalienable right. HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
(As defined in human development report 2000)

Human Rights: Express the bold idea that all people have claims to social arrangements that protects them worse abuse and deprivation and secure the freedom for a life of dignity. Human Development: Is process of enhancing Human Capabilities i.e. expanding choices and opportunities, so that each person can lead a respectable and valuable life. Civil and Political Rights (C&PR): Concerned with prevention of the states interference in Human rights. Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ES&CR): Involves affirmative role of state. .. Definition of Right to Development The Right to Development is inalienable (not separated) Human Rights by virtue of which every individual and society are entitled to participate in, contribute to, & enjoy economic, social, cultural, & political development in which all Human Rights & Fundamental freedom can be fully realized. Development in Light of Right to Development Development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural, & political process which aims at the constant improvement of the wellbeing of the entire population and individuals on the bases of there active, free, and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting from the process of development. Principals of Right Based Process to Development
==Equity ==Non Discrimination ==Participation ==Accountability ==Transparency.

.. 1. 2. 3. 4. ==Right to Development as Vector Approach== It consists of large number of elements. All elements are interdependent. Right should be realized in sustainable manner over time. Right to Development is realized if all above factors are progressing or improving. ==National Obligations of Developing Countries== 1. 2. 3. 4.
(In Adopting the Right to Development) Preparation of legislation and constitution. All processes must be transparent. Poor and vulnerable must have access to productive resources. In the conflict areas the state must insure the peoples right.

==NGOs Role in Right to Development== 1. Awareness (advocacy, campaign, demonstrations, etc). 2. Capacities building of all stack holders. 3. Approaching the vulnerable and poor peoples. 4. Gender empowerment etc.

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DEVELOPING COMPACT ==It is an understanding between Developed Countries and Less Developed Countries in which the Developed Countries will provide assistance in implementing reform programs in Less Developed Countries. ==And Less Developed Countries would be bound to full fill Human Rights by establishing the National Human Rights Commission. ==Which (NHRC) will be responsible to monitor all the progress over the agreements. STEPS IN DEVELOPING COMPACT 1) International Community will identify the Less Developed Country which is trying for realization of Rights. 2) A focused organization is formed where international community meets and works together. ==The development assistance comate of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) can perform this role. 3) The Less Developed Country will write a request for Developing Compact to Development Assistance Comate (DAC). 4) On the receipt of the request DAC organizes a support group for that country, which comprises of DAC Representatives, Donor Countries, Regional Development Agencies, and Representatives of Various International Organizations Related to Various Rights. 5) Less Developed County design a program with the consultation of civil society ==These programs must full fill their own and international obligations. 6) Development compact is drawn on the bases development program that full fill the national and international obligations. 7) Support group is formed which receives the proposals of the concerned Less Developed Country, for development Compact. 8) The financial assistance is provided to the concerned Less Developed Country. With the contribution of callable commitments from the different members of DAC. 9) Mechanism is established with the help of support group to check the progress of the callable commitments of different DAC members.

DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS 1) Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF): a. Country Ownership. b. Program must be designed through national consultation. c. Their must be partnership of all stack holders including donors. d. Their must be integration of social and cultural aspects with financial aspects. 2) Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP): Every Less Developed Country has to prepare PRSPs in collaboration with IMF and World Bank for new IMF assistance. 3) Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative(HIPCI): According to HIPCI poor countries adopt plans for the reduction of poverty in accordance with PRSPs in collaboration with IMF and World bank.

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Common Characteristics of DFWs with RTD 1) Cooperation of stack holders. 2) Country Ownership. 3) Indicators of civil society partnership. Difference of DFWs with RTD ==DFWs mostly focus on financial sides, whereas Right to Development approach has more focus towards Human Rights. FROM ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO RTD 1) Economic Approach: Maximum GNP and GDP will full fill the human and social development needs. 2) Human Development Approach: Goods and services must be provided to expand capabilities and freedom. 3) Human Rights Approach: Access and availabilities of goods and services fallowing human rights standards. 4) Right to Development Approach: It integrates Human Development Approach with The Human Rights Approach to development. It converts development goals into rights of individuals and identifies the responsibilities of all stack holders in accordance with the human rights standards

THREE APPROACHES OR ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL

A. ECONOMIC: When goods and services are produced on contentious bases to maintain manageable level of governmental and external debit and to avoided extreme sectoral imbalances which effect agriculture or industrial production

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B. ENVIRONMENTAL: When it is able to maintain a stable resource base avoiding over exploitation of renewable resource and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitute which includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions. Resilience is used to depict the Bounce back capability of ecosystem which enables a system to respond to external disturbance or damage. C. SOCIETY: When there is distributional equity i.e. reasonable provision and equal distribution of social services (Education, Health, Justice, etc), gender equity, and political accountability & participation. HDI is used as indicator of measurement of social development. HDI encompasses: a. Life Expectance. b. Adult Literacy & School Enrolment Ratio. c. Percapita GDP growth. ..
Sustainable Development according to Brundtland Economic + Environmental + Social Social development encompasses Cultural & Religious development And SD Has Total Focus on Equity Both Intergeneration & Intrageneration

Achieving Equity at Local level: - Their must be rules, regulations, and policies for equity. - Proper implementation. - Transparence and Accountability. - Institution Building Achieving Equity at International level: - Their must be consideration for worlds poor - Limitations must be implemented on the usage of waste producing technology on the part of rich nations.

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BRUNDTLAND DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM 1. Reviving growth: - Alternate Resources. - Substitute Resources. - New Technology & its efficient use. 2. Population & Human Resources: - Sustainable Population Growth. - Population Stabilization with Resources 3. Food Security: - Access by all. - At all time. - To all resources. - That is acceptable in given society & culture. 4. Loss of Species & Genetic Resource: - Conservation of Biodiversity. - Usage of Technology. 5. Energy: - Effective & Efficient use. - New ways must be formulated. 6. Industry: - Efficient (output / input > 1) - Human Resource. - Ecologically less harmful. 7. Human Settlement & Land Use: - Check Rural to Urban Migration. - Ensure Proper Development. -

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THE LADDER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. Pollution control Weak Sustainable Development Strong Sustainable Development Ideal Modal

The Ladder of Sustainable Development 1. Pollution Control: ==At the foot of the ladder is the pollution control approach. ==It is thought that, given the freedom to innovate, Human creativity, especially expressed through technology, can solve any environmental problem. ==Three stages of pollution control with relevance to development== 1. Less increase in growth but more in pollution. 2. Governments initiate policies & research for pollution control. 3. Advanced technology is achieved which is environment friendly, like usage of solar energy etc. 2. Weak Sustainable Development: ==Immediately above the pollution control approach on the ladder is the concept of weak sustainable development. ==Weak Sustainable Developments aim is to integrate capitalist growth with environmental concerns. ==The best way to preserve Natural Capital is to give it an economic value or price. ==And the price is based on what people would be willing to pay to protect the natural capital. ==Weak Sustainable Development assumes almost total substitutability by technology. 3. Strong Sustainable Development: ==On the third rung of the ladder is the strong sustainable development. ==Strong Sustainable Development emphasizes that environmental protection is a precondition for economic development.

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==As Weak Sustainable Development assumes almost total substitutability by technology but ==On the contrary Strong Sustainable Development assumes total substitutability is not possible by technology. There are some critical natural resources that must be preserved. ==Strong Sustainable Development also seeks a shift from quantitative growth to qualitative development. ==Strong form of Sustainable Development permits growth only under certain limited conditions, as in Third World. 4. Ideal Modal: ==The top rung of the ladder represents the ideal approach to sustainable development. ==Ideal Modal offers a profound vision aimed at structural changes in the society, the economy, and political systems. ==Institutions get stronger. ==End of conflicts externally. ==By reaching to Ideal Modal the Anthropocentric point of view changes to Ecocentric point of view.

BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT In case of any state there are two types of Barriers to Sustainable Development i.e. internal and external. INTERNAL: Poverty and Population (PP) are considered as two main barriers internally to Sustainable development, some of the other barriers are a. Wealth Wants Needs Desires. b. Technology. c. Natural Resource consumption. d. Acceptance to Change. EXTERNAL: Externally trade agreements are considered as main obstacle to Sustainable Development. Why Trade? To generate revenue To promote Export To import Technology & Knowledge And to generate foreign exchange.

From GATT to WTO

World War ONE (1914-1918) subsequently fallowed by World War TWO (1939-1945) brought severe devastating effects on the world economiesDuring that time, world was facing three major problems. 1. Exchange Rate. 2. Reconstruction. 3. Organization of International trade in Goods.

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==During the World War II in 1944 a meeting was held in Breton Wood, Newhamshire and the ==main goal of the meeting was to establish a system of fixed exchange rate. ==Similarly IMF and IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) were also created during that time, to overcome the destruction resulted from the war, by providing grants and loans to the effected nations. And the other goal of these institutions was to eradicate poverty in the third world countries, through loans and grants. Creation of GATT
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

The GATT, was established on a provisional basis after the Second World War. From 1948 to 1994, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided the rules for much of world trade and presided over periods that saw some of the highest growth rates in international commerce. It seemed well-established, but throughout those 47 years, it was a provisional agreement and organization. The original 23 GATT countries were among over 50 which agreed a draft Charter for an International Trade Organization (ITO) - a new specialized agency of the United Nations. The Charter was intended to provide not only world trade disciplines but also contained rules relating to employment, commodity agreements, restrictive business practices, international investment and services. As GATT was enforced during 1948 during these 47 years about rounds were held. The GATT Rounds
Year 1. 1947 2. 1949 3. 1951 4. 1956 5. 19601961 6. 19641967 7. 19731979 8. 19861994 Place/ name Geneva Annecy Torquay Geneva Geneva (Dillon Round) Geneva (Kennedy Round) Geneva (Tokyo Round) Geneva (Uruguay Round) Subjects covered Tariffs Tariffs Tariffs Tariffs Tariffs Tariffs and anti-dumping measures Tariffs, non-tariff measures, framework agreements Tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules, services, intellectual property, dispute settlement, textiles, agriculture, creation of WTO, etc Countries 23 13 38 26 26 62 102 123

Major Decisions Creation of WTO. Tariff Concessions. Agriculture and textile was included as an Annexes of GATT. TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) and TRIMS (Trade Related Investment Measures) The 1986 agenda The 15 original Uruguay Round subjects 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Tariffs 2. Non-tariff barriers 3. Natural resource products 4. Textiles and clothing 5. Agriculture 6. Tropical products 7. GATT articles 8. Tokyo Round codes 9. Anti-dumping 10. Subsidies 11. Intellectual property

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Sustainable Development 12. Investment measures 13. Dispute settlement 14. The GATT system 15. Services

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The Uruguay Round Key dates Sep 86 Punta del Este: launch Dec 88 Montreal: ministerial mid-term review Apr 89 Geneva: mid-term review completed Dec 90 Brussels: closing ministerial meeting ends in deadlock Dec 91 Geneva: first draft of Final Act completed Nov 92Washington: US and EC achieve Blair House breakthrough on agriculture Jul 93 Tokyo: Quad achieve market access breakthrough at G7 summit Dec 93 Geneva: most negotiations end (some market access talks remain) Apr 94 Marrakesh: agreements signed Jan 95 Geneva: WTO created, agreements take effect The WTO Creation Location: Geneva, Switzerland Established: 1 January 1995 Created by: Uruguay Round negotiations (198694) Membership: 148 countries (since 3 October 2004) Budget: 169 million Swiss francs for 2005 Secretariat staff: 630 Head: Pascal Lamy (director-general) WTO is a legalized document or binding document

Various Agreements of WTO: 1. Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) 2. Agreement on Textiles and clothing 3. Agreement on TRIMS 4. Agreement on TRIPS 5. Agreement on technical barriers to trade 6. Agreement on anti dumping 7. Agreement on export licensing procedures 8. etc Agreements can be - Bilateral Between two countries - Multilateral Between more then two countries - Plurilateral Inter relation of two or more agreements with each other. Working Patron of WTO ==WTO is the only global organization which deals with the rules relating trade between nations. ==It took two years of continuous consultation work for the creation of WTO.

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Objectives of the WTO are to: Administrate the implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements. Forum for trade negotiations Handling trade disputes Monitoring national trade policies on trade librations Technical assistance and training for developing countries Cooperation with other international organizations Basic Working Rules: A. National Treatment: A foreign company or product in a member country has to be treated the same as or better than a comparable domestic company of product. B. Most Favored Nation: Trade concessions (e.g. lower tariff) should be awarded by one member to another must be extended to all members. Executive Body A. Director General: The DG is inducted for six years of time period. B. Secretariat: The WTO Secretariat is situated in Geneva, Switzerland and has Secretariat staff: 630 personals. The DG of WTO heads the staff, it dose not have branch offices outside Geneva. Power of Secretariat: - Secretariats are where members meet and take decisions. - All decisions are taken by members them selves. Obligations on Members: 1. Provision of technical support to all members countries in various fields. 2. Provision of technical assistance to developing countries. 3. To analyze the world trade. 4. To explain WTO affairs to the masses and media. 5. To provide some form of legal assistance in dispute settlement. Members: The WTO has more then 140 members, accounting for 90% of world trade over 30 members have negotiating membership.

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WTO STRUCTURE All WTO members may participate in all councils, committees, etc, except Appellate Body, Dispute Settlement panels, Textiles Monitoring Body, and plurilateral committees.

Ministerial Conference
General Council meeting as General Council meeting as

Dispute Settlement
Body
Appellate Body Dispute Settlement panels

General Council

Trade Policy Review Body

Committees on
Trade and Environment Trade and Development Subcommittee on LeastDeveloped Countries Regional Trade Agreements Balance of Payments Restrictions Budget, Finance and Administration

Council for Trade in Goods

Committees on
Market Access Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Anti-Dumping Practices Customs Valuation Rules of Origin Import Licensing Trade-Related Investment Measures Safeguards

Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

Council for Trade in Services

Committees on
Trade in Financial Services Specific Commitments

Working parties on
Accession

Working groups on
Trade, debt and finance Trade and technology transfer (Inactive: (Relationship between Trade and Investment (Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy (Transparency in Government Procurement)

Working parties on
Domestic Regulation GATS Rules

Plurilaterals
Trade in Civil Aircraft Committee Government Procurement Committee

Working party on
State-Trading Enterprises

Doha Development Agenda: TNC and its bodies

Trade Negotiations Committee

Special Sessions of
Services Council / TRIPS Council / Dispute Settlement Body / Agriculture Committee / Trade and Development Committee / Trade and Environment Committee

Negotiating groups on Plurilateral

Information Technology Agreement Committee Market Access / Rules / Trade Facilitation

Key
Reporting to General Council (or a subsidiary) Reporting to Dispute Settlement Body Plurilateral committees inform the General Council or Goods Council of their activities, although these agreements are not signed by all WTO members Trade Negotiations Committee reports to General Council The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and Dispute Settlement Body

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Decision Taking Powers TRIPS: (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) TRIMS: (Trade Related Investment Measures) TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights): The areas covered by the TRIPS Agreement 1. Copyright and related rights 2. Trademarks, including service marks 3. Geographical indications 4. Industrial designs 5. Patents 6. Layout-designs (topographies) of integrated circuits 7. Undisclosed information, including trade secrets ==TRIPS works in above mentioned major seven areas according to: 1. Minimum level of protection of rights must be provided to member countries. 2. Domestic laws inconsistence with TRIPS must be emended. 3. Design or Presentation of products can not be changed i.e. trade marks etc. 4. Design or Presentation in respect of origin or geography, particularly wine and spirits. TRIMS (Trade Related Investment Measures): ==Applicable on trade of goods. ==Entrepreneurs must maintain certain level of equilibrium between foreign and domestic investment. ==Limit of imports (purchases) must be equal or grater to domestic investment. ==Domestic laws inconsistent with TRIMS must be emended. a. Laws must be emended for Developed countries Within Two Years. b. Laws must be emended for Developing countries Within Five Years. c. Laws must be emended for Least Developed countries Within Seven Years. WORLD Core 1. High Wages. 2. Advanced Technology. 3. Diversified Production. Semi Periphery A mix of both Core and Periphery Classification of world First World: Well established group of core countries. Second World: Rapidly industrialized or semi Periphery. Third World: Newly independent countries or Periphery. Periphery 1. Low Wages. 2. Old or Rigid Technology. 3. Simple Production.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE

Sustainable Development Timeline Concerns about the environment and development are not new. More recently the ongoing global dialogue has formed around the strategies needed to address the inter-related challenges of building healthy societies, economies, and environments. This dialogue has its roots in the gradual merging of the environmental movement and the post- World War II international development community. Over the past fifty-five years, optimism about the creation of a modern technological utopia has been replaced by a more realistic understanding of the forces contributing to the world's problems. Many people consider 1962 as the seminal year in which people began to understand how closely linked the environment and development truly are. 1962 - Rachel Carson publishes "Silent Spring". This book brought together research on toxicology, ecology and epidemology to suggest that agricultural pesticides were building to catastrophic levels. This was linked to damage to animal species and to human health. It shattered the assumption that the environment had an infinite capacity to absorb pollutants. 1963 - International Biological Programme initiated by nations around the world. This ten-year study analysed environmental damage and the biological and ecological mechanisms through which it occurs. In creating a large body of data, it laid the foundation for a sciencebased environmentalism. 1967 - The Environmental Defense Fund forms to pursue legal solutions to environmental damage. EDF's founders go to court to stop the Suffolk County Mosquito Control Commission from spraying DDT on the marshes of Long Island. 1968 - Paul Ehrlich publishes book "Population Bomb" on the connection between human population, resource exploitation and the environment. 1968 - The Club of Rome, led by Italian industrialist Aurrelio Peccei and Scottish scientist Alexander King, is established by 36 European economists and scientists. Its goal is to pursue a holistic understanding of and solutions to the 'world problematique'. It commissions a study of global proportions to model and analyse the dynamic interactions between industrial production, population, environmental damage, food consumption and natural resource usage. 1968 - Intergovernmental Conference for Rational Use and Conservation of Biosphere (UNESCO) is held. This provided a forum for early discussions of the concept of ecologically sustainable development 1968 - The UN General Assembly authorizes the Human Environment Conference to be held in 1972. 1969 - Friends of the Earth forms as a non-profit advocacy organization dedicated to protecting the planet from environmental degradation; preserving biological, cultural, and ethnic diversity; and empowering citizens to have an influential voice in decisions affecting the quality of their environment -- and their lives. 1969 - USA passes the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) creating the first national agency for environmental protection - the EPA. 1970 - Natural Resources Defense Council forms with a professional staff of lawyers and scientists to push for comprehensive U.S. environmental policy. 1970 - First Earth Day held as a national teach-in on the environment. An estimated twenty million people participated in peaceful demonstrations all across the USA.

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1971 - Greenpeace starts up in Canada and launches an aggressive agenda to stop environmental damage through civil protests and non-violent interference. 1971 - International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) is established in Britain with a mandate to seek ways to make economic progress without destroying the environmnetal resource base. 1971 - Founex Report is prepared by a panel of experts meeting in Founex, Switzerland in June 1971. It calls for the integration of environment and development strategies. The report notes that while concern about the environment sprang from the production and consumption patterns of the industrialized world, many of the environmental problems in the world are a result of underdevelopment and poverty. This acknowledgement was a factor in persuading many developing countries to attend the 1972 Stockholm Conference. 1972 - Rene Dubos and Barbara Ward write "Only One Earth". The book sounds an urgent alarm about the impact of human activity on the biosphere but also expresses optimism that a shared concern for the future of the planet could lead humankind to create a common future. 1972 - United Nations Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm under the leadership of Maurice Strong . The conference is rooted in the regional pollution and acid rain problems of northern Europe. This eco-agenda is opposed by the Group of 77 and the Eastern bloc. Nevertheless, it provides the first international recognition of environmental issues. The concept of sustainable development is cohesively argued to present a satisfactory resolution to the environmental vs. development dilemma. The conference leads to the establishment of numerous national environmental protection agencies and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1972 - The Values Party was formed in New Zealand as the world's first national green party. 1972 - Environmental Liaison Centre International is founded to integrate NGO input into UNEP. 1972 - Environnement et Dveloppement du Tiers-Monde (ENDA -- Environment and Development Action in the Third World) is established as a joint environmental training programme between UNEP, IDEP, and SIDA to provide courses and training about environment and development in Africa. In 1978 it refocuses, becoming an international voluntary non-profit organization concerned with empowerment of local peoples, elimination of poverty, research and training for sustainable development at all levels, and engaging decision makers to define and implement development which benefits the most people. 1972 - Club of Rome publishes "Limits to Growth". The report is extremely controversial because it predicts dire consequences if growth is not slowed. Northern countries criticise the report for not including technological solutions while Southern countries are incensed because it advocates abandonment of economic development. The ensuing debate heightens awareness of the interconnections between several well-known global problems. 1972 - OPEC oil crisis fuels limits to growth debate 1973 - European Environmental Action Programme launched. This was the first attempt to synthesise a single environmental policy for the European Economic Community (EEC) . 1973 - USA enacts Endangered Species Act to better safeguard, for the benefit of all citizens, the nation's heritage in fish, wildlife, and plants. 1973 - Chipko Movement born in India in response to deforestation and environmental degradation. The actions of the women of the community influenced both forestry and women's participation in environmental issues.

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1974 - Rowland and Molina release seminal work on CFCs in Nature magazine. They calculated that if human use of CFC gases was to continue at an unaltered rate the ozone layer would be depleted by many percent after some decades. 1974 - Bariloche Foundation publishes "Limits to Poverty". It is the South's response to "Limits to Growth" and calls for growth and equity for the Third World. 1975 - Worldwatch Institute is established in the USA to raise public awareness of global environmental threats to the point where it will support effective policy responses. 1975 - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) comes into effect. 1977 - Greenbelt Movement starts in Kenya. It is based on community tree-planting to prevent desertification. 1977 - UN Conference on Desertification is held.

Late 1970s - Environmental catastrophes capture public attention. Eg. Amoco Cadiz oil spill and Three Mile Island nuclear reactor leak.

1979 - Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is adopted.. 1980 - World Conservation Strategy released by IUCN. The strategy defines development as "the modification of the biosphere and the application of human, financial, living and non-living resources to satisfy human needs and improve the quality of human life". The section "Towards Sustainable Development" identifies the main agents of habitat destruction as poverty, population pressure, social inequity and the terms of trade. It calls for a new International Development Strategy with the aims of redressing inequities, achieving a more dynamic and stable world economy, stimulating accelerating economic growth and countering the worst impacts of poverty. 1980 - Independent Commission on International Development Issues publishes "North:South - A Programme for Survival" (Brandt Report). It asks for a re-assessment of the notion of development and calls for a new economic relationship between North and South. 1980 - US President Jimmy Carter authorises study which led to the "Global 2000" report. This report recognizes biodiveristy for the first time as a critical characteristic in the proper functioning of the planetary ecosystem. It further asserts that the robust nature of ecosystems is weakened by species extinction. 1982 - The United Nations World Charter for Nature published. It adopts the principle that every form of life is unique and should be respected irrespective of its value to humankind. It also calls for an understanding of our dependence on natural resources and the need to control of our exploitation of them. 1982 - The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is adopted. It establishes material rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment.

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1983 - Australia adopts a National Conservation Strategy to implement the objectives of the World Conservation Strategy. 1983 - World Commission on Environment and Development forms. Chaired by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, the commission works for three years to weave together a report on social, economic, cultural, and environmental issues. 1983 - Development Alternatives is established in India as a non-profit research, development and consultancy organisation. It fosters a new relationship between people, technology and the environment in the South in order to attain the goal of sustainable development.

Mid - 1980s - More global environmental problems shock an increasingly "tuned in" Northern public. Eg. Bhopal, India, famine in Africa's Sahel region, rain forest decimation, international debt crisis

1984 - Worldwatch Institute publishes its first State of the World Report. The report monitors changes in the global resource base, focusing particularly on how changes there affect the economy. It concludes that "we are living beyond our means, largely by borrowing against the future." 1984 - Third World Network is founded during an international conference "The Third World: Development or Crisis?" which was organized by the Consumer's Association of Penang. TWN's role is to be the activist voice of the South on issues of economics, development, and environment. 1985 - Antarctic ozone hole discovered by British and American scientists. 1985 - Villach, Austria meeting called by World Meteorological Society, UNEP and International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) reports on the build-up of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They predict global warming. 1986 - IUCN Conference on Environment and Development held in Ottawa. Meeting participants define sustainable development as the emerging paradigm derived from two closely related paradigms of conservation 1) one reacting against the laissez-faire economic theory which considers living resources as externalitites and free goods and 2) one based on the concept of resource stewardship 1986 - Accident at nuclear station in Chernobyl generates a massive toxic radioactive explosion. 1987 - "Our Common Future" (Brundtland Report) published. It ties problems together and, for the first time, gives some direction for comprehensive global solutions. It also popularizes the term "sustainable development". 1987 - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is adopted. 1988 - Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change established with three working groups to assess the most up-to-date scientific, technical and socio-economic research in the field of climate change. 1988 - Centre for Our Common Future is founded in Geneva to act as a focal point for follow-up activities to the Brundtland Report.

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1989 - Stockholm Environment Institute is established as an independent foundation for carrying out global and regional environmental research. 1990 - International Institute for Sustainable Development established in Canada. 1990 - The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe is established as an independent, non-profit organization to assist environmental nongovernmental organizations, governments, businesses, and other environmental stakeholders to fulfil their role in a democratic, sustainable society. 1992 - U.N. Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro. It results in the publication of Agenda 21, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Rio Declaration, and a statement of nonbinding Forest Principles. The parallel NGO Forum signs a full set of alternative treaties. Details on the post-Rio progress of the international sustainable development dialogue are available at IISD's Linkages site. If you are interested in earlier international environmental treaties, these are available in chronological order via CIESIN's ENTRI database. This SD Timeline has been prepared by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1997.

Notes from the lectures of Mr. Abu Turab Khan