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Muscles
SoonJae Ahn
Anatomy
Joint Hip Sagittal plane Flexor : lliopsoas Extenxor : Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings
Flexor : Hamstrings Extenxor : Quadriceps (Vasti+Rectus femoris) Dorsiflexor : Tibialis anterior Plantarflexor : Triceps surae (gastrocnemius+soleus) Inverter : Tibialis anterior, Tibialis posterior Everter : Peronei
Knee
Ankle
Polyarticular Muscles
Some muscles span two or more joints. - Energy transfer between joints - Two-joint muscles may be better at generating shear forces at the foot than monoarticular muscles (Hof 2001)
Polyarticular Muscles
Action at a distance
The instantaneous interaction of two objects which are separated in space
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy
CNS have little capacity for repair for once damaged, while PNS will regenerate at a rate of about 1mm/day.
UMN Lesions
- UMN syndrome(spastic paralysis)
LMN Lesions
- flaccid weakness, muscle atrophy
Excitation-contraction coupling
1. Action Potential spreads along the membrane Na+ spreads into the T-Tubule system. 2. Na+ causes Ca++ to be released from SR. 3. Ca++ binds with Troponin pulling Tropomyosin away from its blocking position over the Actin binding site. 4. Myosin forms a X-bridge with Actin on the binding site.
Fibre types
Muscle architecture
Dynamic electromyography
Electromyogram : summation of many MUAPs from all the motor units active at a given time results in electrical activity.
Differential Amplifire
Crosstalk
Detected EMG produced by neighboring muscles or ECG
Solution : double differential technique fine-wire electrodes
Mortion artefact
Movement artifact noise - Movement of electrode with respect to the skin(induced by force transients or movement of skin) - This the most obstreperous noise * Redusce by effective skin preparation and filtering
Anti-aliasing
Nyquist theorem
- The Nyquist theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice as fast as the bandwidth of the signal to accurately reconstruct the waveform
For EMG almost all of the signal power is located between 10 and 250 Hz and scientific recommendations (SENIAM, ISEK) require an amplifier band setting of 10 to 500 Hz. This would result in a sampling frequency of at least 1000 Hz (double band of EMG) or even 1500 Hz to avoid signal loss.
Smoothing
Amplitude normalization
Footswitches
In order to determine the relationshi[ of the EMG to the gait cycle, some means of detecting initial contact and toe-off is required
Normative EMG
Moment vs EMG
Effect of fatigue
Modern PC technology makes it very easy to use Fast Fourier Transformations (FFT) to analyze and estimate the frequency contents of EMG signals. As the muscle fatigues, the mean power frequenct of median frequency of EMG falls.
- The passive force Fp of the parallel element is always present, but the amount of active tension in the contractile element at any given length is under voluntary control