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June 7, 2011
Ju-Won Son Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute orea cean esearch & evelopment nstitute
Deep-Sea & Marine Georesources Research Department
Contents
1. Case study 1: Equatorial Pacific for Mn nodule Mining Program 2. Case study 2: Southwest Pacific & Central Indian Ridge for Sulfide Deposits Mining Program (SDMP)
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute orea cean esearch & evelopment nstitute
Deep-Sea & Marine Georesources Research Department
Case study 1
Mn nodule Mining Program in the Equatorial Pacific
Physical Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
- Total organic carbon - Chemical exchange between the sediment and the water column - Trace metals in water column - Geotechnical properties
- TOC analyzer - ? Benthic Chamber - ? ICP-MS - MC, Pycnometer, motorised vane system, automatic analyzer - IC, Elemental analyzer - ICP-AES - Scintillation counter, Microscope, Luminometer - Flow cytometric analysis, Microscope, Net, Scintillation counter, Elemental analyzer - MC, BC, Microscope, Deep sea camera - MC, BC, Microscope, Deep sea camera - ? Freefall benthos observation system -? - MC, BC, 210Pb - MC, BC, 210Pb - Sediments Trap grain size
Sediment properties
- Pore chemistry, Organic carbon - Metal contents of manganese nodule - Microorganism at water column and sediments - Pelagic communities
Biological Communities
- Benthic fauna - Nodule fauna - Demersal scavenger - Benthic impact experiments - Sediments-mixing rate
Bioturbation
- Rate of bioturbation
Sedimentation
Detail sampling protocols were described at Chapter 10, Data Standards utilized in the environmental studies of KORDI. In: Standardization of environmental data and information-Development of guidelines (ISA, 2002)
survey areas
n n n n
1995~2010 : 131.3OW, 10.5ON (KOMO, Long-term Monitoring St. ) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005 : 0O~17ON, along 131.5OW (Latitudinal, n=18) 2001, 2002, 2004 : 128O~136OW, along 10.5ON (Longitudinal, n=9) 2006~2010 : KR2 (n=14) and KR5 (n=70)
CTD10
16
Latitude( N)
KR2
CTD12 16.5 KOMO2 CTD11
14
12
CTD9 16.0 131.0 130.5
O
Latitude (O N)
10
12.0
Longitude( W)
8
CTD8
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
KR5
11.0
CTD7
Latitude( N)
CTD1
CTD2
KOMO1
CTD3
CTD4
CTD6 10.0
0 136
134
132
130
O
128
126
130.0
Longitude ( W)
Longitude ( W)
1998-2010
2010
Research Activities
CTD
Sediment trap
Zooplankton sampling
Multiple Corer
Box Corer
Mesocosm experiments
South Equatorial Current (SEC) : 10oS~3oN North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) : 3oN~8oN North Equatorial Current (NEC) : 8oN~20oN
SEC
0
Convergence Divergence
Temperature( oC)
NECC Divergence NEC
28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14
Convergence 50
Depth(m)
100
150
(A)KODOS98
200 0 NECC NEC
12 10
28 26 24
50
Depth (m)
Divergence 100
22 20 18 16
14
(B)KODOS99
NEC
12 10
28 26
50
Depth (m)
24 22 20
Meridional distributions of 3 major currents in the northeastern equatorial Pacific in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, and 2007
100
Divergence
18 16 14 12 10
150
Convergence
200 0
(C)KODOS00
NECC NEC
28 26
50
24 22
Depth(m)
Meridional distributions of temperature in the northeastern equatorial Pacific in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2003
100
150 Convergence
Divergence
20 18 16 14
200 5 6 7 8 9
(D)KODOS03
10 11 12
12 10
Latitude(oN)
Long-term monitoring results of the bottom current (Jul. 2008 to Jul. 2009)
Summarize of the bottom current velocities and main directions
Water Depth/ Altitude (m) 1,254 / 3,765 5,004 / 15 Current velocity Average (cm/s) 4.4 3.5 Maximum (cm/s) 15.3 10.6 Progressive vector current velocity Average (m/day) 1,228 1,044 Main direction NE NE, SE
Vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) and total organic carbon (TOC)
Temperature ( C)
0 0 10 20 30
0 0.0
o
TOC (mg/L)
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.0
Surface layer
1
TOC=1.56e
-0.1006Ln(D)
Depth (km)
Depth (m)
2000 2500
Deeper layer
3000 3500
Sea floor
4000
of water northeast
Permanent thermocline
1500 1500
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Vertical distribution of inorganic nutrient in study area shows general pattern of open ocean. The green color bar indicate a permanent thermocline
North
15 16 17
34
South
0 0 1 2 3 4 Latitude ( N) 5 6 7 8 9
North
10 11 12
34 30 26
West
Longitude ( W) 136 0 135 134 133 132 131 130
East
129 128
38.0 34.0 30.0 26.0
Convergence
50
30 26
Convergence
50
N
50
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
22
22
Depth (m)
100
18
100
18 14
100
150
Divergence
14 10 6
150 Divergence
Divergence
Latitude ( N) 5 6 7
10 6
150
10.0
Nitrite+Nitrate (mM)
200
Nitrite+Nitrate (mM)
200
Nitrate + Nitrite ( M)
200
6.0 2.0
5 0
Latitude ( N) 10 11 12
Longitude ( W)
13
14
15
16
17
0 0
3.4
10
11
12
3.4
136 0
135
134
133
132
131
130
129
128
50
3.0 2.6
P
50
3.0 2.6
P
50
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
100
Depth (m)
2.2
100
1.8 1.4
100
1.2 0.8
150
1.0 0.6
150
1.0 0.6
150
0.4
Phosphate (mM)
200
0.2
Phosphate (mM)
200
0 0 1 2 3 4 Latitude ( N) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.2
Phosphate ( M)
200
Longitude ( W) 136 0 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128
0.0
5 0
Latitude ( N) 10 11 12
13
14
15
16
17
34
2003
50
Si
30 26
2005
50
34
Si
30 26
Si
50
2004
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
22
22
18.0
100
18 14
100
18 14
100
14.0 10.0
150
10 6
150
10 6
150
6.0
Silicate (mM)
200
Silicate (mM)
200
Silicate ( M)
200
2.0
5N
0m
12ON
90 ~ 110 m
Thermocline
Eutrophic region
200 m 0m 10~30 m
A
Upwelling
Thermocline
Photic zone
Downwelling
100 m
150 m
rm
lin c
Eutrophic region
200 m
North
7 8 9 Latitude ( N) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
West
Longitude ( W) 136 0
0.34
East
134 133 132 131 130 129 128
135
50
0.30 0.26
50
0.30 0.26
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
0.22
0.22
100
0.18 0.14
100
0.18 0.14
150
0.10 0.06
150
0.10 0.06
Chl.-a (mg/l)
200
0.02
Chl (ug/l)
200
0.02
Longitude( W)
130
128
Others 4.3%
indivisuals/100 m
Ostracods 7.9%
Copepods 55.3%
lower layer
18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 0 2N 4N 5N 6N 7N 9N 10N 10.5N 11N 12N
Others Larvae Thaliaceans Appendicularians Copepods Ostracods Chaetognaths Siphonophores Foraminiferans & Radiolarians
Larvae 3.5% Thaliaceans 1.4% Appendicularians 3.3%
Lower layer
Others 4.1%
Siphonophores 1.7%
Copepods 61.3%
Latitudinal distribution of mesozooplankton abundance in surface mixed layer and lower layer
Percentage of taxonomic groups in mesozooplankton at surface mixed layer and lower layer
Nematodes
Harpacticoids
Nauplius
Tardigrades
Others
Abundance(Ind./10 )
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 St.1 St.2 St.5 St.7 St.9 St.11 St.15 St.17 St.19 St.21 St.23 St.25 St.27 St.29 St.30
Major meiofauna taxa in the KR5 area (A: Desmoscolex sp. (Nematodes), B: Tricoma sp. (Nematodes), C: Harpacticoid copepods, D: Tardigrada)
Number of individual(/0.06m 2)
400
300
200
Actinaria
Foraminifera
Deep-sea cucumber
100
12
o
13
14
17
Latitude( N)
Isopoda
Polychaeta
Macrura
Ophiuroidea
Ostracoda
Sea Anemone
According to these biological results, the distribution of zooplankton and According to these biological results, the distribution of zooplankton and benthos is mainly affected by their food source (the surface primary benthos is mainly affected by their food source (the surface primary production). production).
Fish
Sea anemone
Fish Fish
Bivalve Crustacean Faecal cast Phytodetritus Burrow openings Locomotion trace
Sea Cucumber
Sea Star
Jellyfish
Sediment properties
Sediment type characteristics in relation to latitude (2003)
Long-term monitoring (at KOMO St.) of the particle mass flux using sediment trap (2003-2009)
The monthly variation of total mass flux (grey bar) was well matched with Chl-a concentration (green circle), and the mass flux also showed a seasonal variation. The moderate El Nio was accompanied by a significant reduction in total mass flux, and the opposite trend was observed for the moderate La Nia.
Summary
u
Seasonal and interannual variation of physico-chemical properties have been detected in our study area. Strong spatial heterogeneity of pelagic and benthic community were found and benthic production were well coupled with pelagic production. Particle mass flux was well correlated with surface primary production, particularly during episodic events. All of the result of baseline study not only provide useful information for the formulation of the mining code of the ISA but also necessary to support the stable deep-sea mining.
Case study 2
Sulfide Deposits Mining Program in the Southwest Pacific & Central Indian Ridge
Hydrothermal vents
Comparison of the composition of a typical Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluid on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MARK), 21 N East Pacific Rise and Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge.
SW Temp. pH SO42- (mM) H2S (uM) Ca (uM) Mg (mM) 2 7.8 26.1 0 10.2 52.7 0.14 0.01 0.001 40 uM 0.16 0 0.001 9.8 < 5 pM 23.6 18.2 491 2180 MARK 350 3.9 0 5.9 9.9 0 EPR 21 N 351 3.4 0 7.3 15.6 0 8 5 1664 0 17.6 1,024 1.6 23.2 90 pM 51.6 23.3 3,585 3585 Juan de Fuca 224-285 3.2 0 3.5 96.4 0
Schematic diagram of a hydrothermal plume and the underlying hydrothermal system at a ridge crest spreading center. Note the warm and high-temp. vent sources, buoyant plume, neutrally buoyant proximal plume, and the discontinuous distal plume (from Massoth et al. 1988)
Ba (uM) Al (uM) Fe (uM) NO3 (uM) Si (mM) Mn (uM) CH4 (mM) K ATP
Active hydrothermal vent area: Mid ocean ridge, Back-arc basin, Rifted arcs, Volcanoes (Tivey 2007)
Study area
Back-arc spreading
Research Equipments
CTD-casting
CTD-TOYO
MAPR
bathy distance
CTD-TOYO (KORDI)
MAPR
(Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorder, NOAA)
Transparency (%)
Temperature (oC)
H2S
Effluent layer
1100
Depth (m)
A
Temperature
A
1100 1120
Depth (m)
1300 Transparency
Predicted temperature
Measured temperature
H2S (mM)
CTD
(From Nautilus)
Define the existing environment before mining Evaluate impacts of mining activity to environment Develop strategies to minimize mining impacts
Thank you !