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ATIF JAMIL 2530-FMS/BBA/S09 BACHELORS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES 19 (A) 5th PAKISTAN STUDIES DICTATORSHIP IN PAKISTAN SIR DR. GHULAM AHMED BEHLOL
TOPIC
DICTATORSHIP
IN
PAKISTAN
CONTANTS OF PRESENTATION
Introduction Definition of Dictator What is Dictatorship? Periods of Military Dictatorship in Pakistan Era of Ayub Khan, 1958-1969 Era of Yahya Khan, 1969-1971 Era of ZIA UL-HAQ, 1977-1988 Era of Musharaf, 1999-2008 Timeline of Military Rule in Pakistan Conclusion
Introduction
My name is AtifJamil and I am here to give presentation on DICTATORSHIP IN PAKISTAN. In my presentation I will discuss the periods of dictators in Pakistan and the main events happened at the time of their rule and also the condition of Pakistan during their rule. The reason of selection is topic is that Much of Pakistans history has been related with dictatorship. From self-proclaimed Field Marshall, General Ayub Khan to the so called Chief Executive, General Pervez Musharaf, the total span of military rule is more than 33 years.
Definition of Dictator
1. politicsPOWERFUL RULER: a leader who rules a country with absolute power, usually by force
2. BOSSY PERSON: somebody who is regarded as behaving in an autocratic(A person with unlimited power or authority) or domineering(acting with or showing arrogance) way
3. Ancient historyTEMPORARY ROMAN RULER: in ancient Rome, a temporary appointed leader with absolute power to deal with a crisis or an emergency
What is Dictatorship?
A dictatorship is defined as an autocraticform of government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the dictator. It has following possible meanings:
1. A government controlled by one person, or a small group of people. In this form of government the power rests entirely on the person or group of people, and can be obtained by force or by inheritance. The dictator(s) may also take away much of its peoples' freedom. 2. In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state.
1. 2. 3. 4.
GENERAL AYUB KHAN FROM 1958 TO 1969 GENERAL MUHAMMAD YAHYA KHAN FROM 1969 TO 1971 GENERAL MUHAMMAD ZIA-UL-HAQ FROM 1977 TO 1988 GENERAL PERVEZ MUSHARRAF FROM 1999 TO 2008
ADVANTAGES TO INDIA:
Military Dictator Ship in Pakistan and due to loss of status of a democratic state, these things were very favorable for India for damaging the Interest of subcontinent Muslims and Pakistan, and full advantage was taken by India of the foolish acts of Pakistani Generals. Being itself under Military Dictatorship, Pakistan demand for right of self-determination for Kashmir was weakened. Although, Military Dictatorship in Pakistan was highly beneficial for India, India superficially showed as India is against dictatorship, to give impression to patriotic Pakistanis as Military Dictators were highly beneficial for Pakistan. By developing bad relationship with Pakistan, India kept at a distance its Muslims Population from developing any people to people contacts with Pakistan. By developing good relationship with Russia, India forced Afghanistan not to develop close relationship with Pakistan.
WAR OF 1965
Due to Military Dictator ship, India instead of giving right of self-determination to People of Kashmir, selected to take the advantage of non-democratic
government in Pakistan, therefore tried to use military force to solve that problem for ever, although desire of Kashmiri and Pakistani nation to liberate the Kashmir was very high, but due to military dictatorship in the country it was impossible for Pakistan to gain any thing by that conflict. India was a six times larger country than Pakistan, due to being only single huge nation for Hindus, it was quite clear that its Hindu population will be highly motivated and devoted for the defense and interest of India, therefore in such situation it was completely out of question to liberate Kashmir with any military operation, therefore decision of liberation of Kashmir by war in 1965 was completely against the wisdom and knowledge of warfare, by that war Pakistan economy was seriously damaged and useless loss of army personnels and equipment was occurred .
INCAPABILITY OF DICTATORS
In 1965 war when with the sacrifices of Pakistani soldiers Indian defense line was totally broken, and Kashmir valley was laying in front of Pakistani army, Dictators again failed to show their competitiveness and confidence and instead of moving forward they stopped the army forward movement. This resulted in the wastage of sacrifices of soldiers and Pakistani nation.
CONSTITUTION ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 1970:In the presence of 1956 and 1962 constitutions and against the advice of intellectuals of the nation that it will be very difficult to develop a new constitution for the country, elections were hold by this dictator for new constitution which led the country to an unbendable crisis.
of consensus, tried to use the policy of divide and rule for continuing his own rule and for this he had to find some reasons for which he had not to wait so long.
INDIAN TACTICS:
In the final stages of Indian policy to create disunity among Muslims, India used its agents for irritating(annoying) Dictator Yahya and Government of Pakistan, so that in response to such irritation9annaoying) ,Dictator like Yahya will do some highly irresponsible and uncharacteristic acts such as military actions or any other sever reaction ,which will be very fruitful for Indian design. To irritate(annoy)DictatorYahya following acts were done by Indians agents in East Pakistan. Burning of Pakistan Flags.Burning of Quaid-e-AzamEffigy (Dummy).Killing of Urdu Speaking Muslim refugees from India. Killing of soldiers and investors of West Pakistan.
All these acts were being done by Indians agents to make the situation more and more worse; it was the responsibility of Yahya to understand the tactics of India.But instead of taking the help of Mr. Mujib, Dictator Yahya did the uncharacteristic act of Military Action, and by a military court Death Penalty was awarded to Mr. Mujib.
DEATH
Yahya Khan died in August 1980, in Rawalpindi.
PERSONAL LIFE
He was known as a heavy drinker, with a preference for whiskey. Khan's close close friend and mistress during his reign was AkleemAkhtar, otherwise known as General Rani (General's Queen)
any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troopsunder the order of General Zia.
FORMATION OF MAJLIS-E-SHOORA
In the absence of a parliament, General Zia decided to set up an alternative system, Majlis-e-Shoora, in 1980. Most of the members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema, journalists, economists, and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a board of advisor's to the President. All 284 members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President, also known as a technocracy or government of technocrats (a bureaucrat who is intensively trained in engineering, economics, or a form of technology).
ECONOMIC REFORM
Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's nationalization policies were slowly reversedand gradual privatization took place. General Zia greatly favored equality and industrialization. Between 1977
and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at that time.
spreading all over the country. It is estimated that there are currently 20 million firearms in Pakistan, which has a population of about 175 million(as of July 2010) i.e., almost every ninth person has a firearm, most likely an automatic one. The rise of the illicit drug trade and its spread through Pakistan to the rest of the world increased tremendously during the SovietAfghan war. Afghanistan's drug industry began to take off after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate for cash with which to buy weapons, various elements in the anti-Communist resistance turned to the drug trade. This was tolerated if not condoned by their American sponsors such as the CIA. Two Afghan Mujahideen groups later morphed into Jihadist outfits in the shape of Taliban and Al-Qaeda in the early 1990s. The Pakistan and US trained Arab and Afghan fighters later in 2001 initiated a 'Jihad' against US. The links of the spectacular and deadly events of September 11 were deeply rooted in the Soviet-Afghan war. Osama bin Laden invested his inherited money into the Soviet-Afghan war to fight the 'communist power' and was backed by CIA, ISI, US and Pakistani military establishments for over 10 years. To this day Pakistan is bearing the result of this strategy and has been dragged deeply into a war with no apparent end.
KASHMIR;
Due to Dictator Ship in Pakistan, liberation movement in Kashmir was seriously damaged; more dust was poured on that weakening movement by foolish suggestions of this dictator. This is the reason that even after giving so much sacrifices, still Kashmiris are waiting for freedom.
of USA against Afghanistan, so that a hatred may be created between Pakistan and Afghanistan, This foolish General was unable to comprehend this policy of India, due to which so much civilian atrocities are going on in this region even today and this region has become the most destabilized region of the world. War against Afghanistan was opposed by civilian, military intellectuals, Corps Commanders and people of Pakistan, but dictator was having no care about that. And was interested in his personnel interest War against Afghanistan has caused a huge destruction in Afghanistan and large number of Pakistani civilians and military personnels have been killed.
DESTRUCTION OF PAKISTAN
War against a neighbor Muslim country, has seriously damaged Pakistan Islamic Ideology, and it is simple that without adherence to ideology, no country in the world can survive, this is the reason that now Pakistan is facing serious problem in each and every sphere of life, Institutions of Government and Military, Parliament and Judiciary are now facing serious problems as all these pillars of state have been seriously damaged by dictatorial policies.
DAMAGE TO ARMY:
Due to operations against its own population, Pakistan Army has lost all support of people, this is the reason that due to policies of this dictator, daily so many soldiers and Police personnels are loosing their lives, Instead of protecting and helping to each other, Army and people of Pakistan are cutting throats of each other, Due to operation in FATA, Balouchistan, and operation of Lal Mosque, serious damage to image of army has occurred. This dictator did not know that only relation and link between different areas and sections of people of Pakistan is that of Islam, All energy and
motivation of Pakistani nation comes from Islam, without that even survival of Pakistan is simply impossible, but this dictator was having no care of that, This is the reason that army and security forces have lost all motivation, and anti-social elements are committing freely their crimes.
DAMAGE TO PARLIAMENT:
This dictator for the lust of power in 1999 removed a prime minister who was having Two Third majority in Parliament and a fake referendum was held to validate his dictatorship in which he showed that he was having support of 98 % of people, while in fact in history even in a single constituency of Pakistan it is simply not possible for any candidate to win so much support. He re-elected himself as a president for next five years, being a government employee wearing Military Uniform, while as per Pakistan constitution it is not allowed to compete elections being in job of Government, moreover from a parliament which already has elected him president once, and was going to complete its life just in next few months.
ECONOMY
In 1999, under Nawaz Sharif, Revenue generation of around Rs.308 billion could not meet the growing expenditure requirements; with only an average of Rs.80 billion being spent on Public sector development programs (PSDP) annually. From this Rs.308 billion
around 65% was being utilized for debt servicing. In 1988 Pakistans foreign debt was $18 billion, but at the end of 1999 it had accumulated to become $38 billion. Public and external debt exceeded 300% of foreign exchange earnings.
y y y y y y y y y y y y
Pakistans economy grew by 100% to become $ 160 billion Revenue grew by 100% to become $ 11.4 billion Per Capita income grew by 100% to become $ 925 Foreign Reserves grew by 500% to become $ 17 billion Exports grew by 100% to become $ 18.5 billion Textile exports grew by 100% to become $ 11.2 billion Karachi Stock Exchange grew by 500% to become $ 75 billion Foreign Direct Investment grew by 500% to become $ 8.4 billion Annual Debt servicing decreased by 35% to become 26% Poverty decreased by 10% to become 24% Literacy ratio grew by 10% to become 54% Public development Funds grew by 100% to become Rs 520 billion
Pakistan came out of the list of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) while setting it on path of prosperity, growth and economic reforms. World Bank, IMF, and ADB praised Pakistan for its reforms, fiscal policies and macro-economic achievements.
CORRUPTION ISSUES
When Musharraf came to power in 1999, he claimed that the corruption in the government bureaucracy would be cleaned up.[ In 2001, according to a survey conducted by Transparency International, Pakistan was ranked as the world's 11th most corrupt nation. However, by 2002
Pakistan's rating had improved 13 places within the year, to be ranked 24th. By 2007, Pakistan was ranked 138th out of 179 countries, placing it as the 41st most corrupt country in 2007. Overall, under Musharraf's regime, Pakistan's rating improved by 30 places.
LAL MASJID
Lal Masjid had a religious school for women and the JamiaHafsa madrassa, which was attached to the mosque. A male madrassa was only a few minutes drive away. The mosque often attended by prominent politicians including prime ministers, army chiefs, and presidents. The Lal Masjid administration had been in an escalating conflict with government authorities since January 2007. Government officials accused the mosque leadership of organizing a vigilante "vice-squad" which conducted raids against brothels, kidnappings of corrupt police officers, and suspected prostitutes. In April 2007, the mosque administration set up its own Islamic court in violation of government sanctions. In July 2007, a confrontation occurred when government authorities sent officers for demolition of the mosque under the pretense that it was created illegally. This development led to a standoff between police forces and students (mostly female). Mosque leaders and students refused to leave the mosque and the children's library. They remained within the mosque to prevent the demolition. The situation was only defused after the authorities backed down and offered talks. But government forces did not back down. Pakistani troops stormed the building which led to a bloody war that ended with the deaths of more than 100 people.
Much of Pakistans history has been related with dictatorship. From self-proclaimed Field Marshall, General Ayub Khan to the so called Chief Executive, General Pervez Musharaf, the total span of military rule is more than 33 years. The chart below summarizes the democratic and military span of our history. The most significant event of each dictatorial rule is also highlighted which reveals a very interesting pattern. It is not surprising to note that each military rule leaves behind a legacy of destruction the scars of which are carried by 160 million souls in Pakistan to this day.
Conclusion
It is true the economy of Pakistan is grow in the rule of dictatorship but this boom in economy growth during these dictators rules is due to the aid from the us and other country but beside these growth due to that aid we also give path to many trouble to come into our country the benefits from this economy growth is much much less than the problem we face after the end of the rules of these Dictators
From all above analysis it is clear that running of the country should be done by those who are specially trained for that purpose otherwise Military Generals, who are trained just to kill or destroy the enemy, when they come to the power they do the same thing with their nation and they are very fond of wars and very interested in show of power with guns, such type of people may be very dangerous for the nation, army and world at large. It is also the responsibility
of Army as an institution to clarify that why so much easier it becomes obedient to such dishonest dictators.