MAJOR ASSIGNMENT: PROBLEM 1: PART A: simulation of an Amplitude Modulated single tone signal with varying modulating index

Modulating signal: bs = Am * cos(2 * pi * fm * t); Modulated signal: Ac*(1 + a* bs) cos(2 * pi * fc * t); Am = 1; Ac = 10;
WAVEFORMS: Modulating Index, a = .5; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = .5; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = .95; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = .95; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = 1.2; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = 1.2; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Observations: 1) On increasing modulating index (< 1), size of envelopes increases ie energy inside envelope increases. 2) On increasing carrier frequency, Oscillations within one period of any envelope increases which makes envelopes smoother. 3) When modulating index is greater than 1, both envelopes crosses each other at their zero crossings, which led to phase reversal of modulating signal at those points.

 MATLABCODE:
clc; clear; a = input('\enter modulating index : '); disp('fm = 10 Hertz ; Ac = 10 & Am = 1 '); fc = input('\enter carrier frequency(in Hz)(between 100 - 11000 Hz) : '); fm = 10; Ac = 10; syms t; t1 = 0:.00001:.2; %baseband signal bs = a * cos(2 * pi * fm * t); m = (1 + bs); %carrier signal c = Ac * cos(2 * pi * fc * t); %modulated signal y = m*c; %envelopes e_1 = Ac*(1 + bs); e_2 = -Ac*(1 + bs);

plot(t1,subs(y,t,t1)); %plotting modulated signal hold on; plot(t1,subs(e_1,t,t1),'g'); %plotting envelope 1 hold on; plot(t1,subs(e_2,t,t1),'r');%plotting envelope 1 xlabel('Time (sec)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;

MAJOR ASSIGNMENT 1 PROBLEM1 PART B: Implementation of envelope detector for detection of AM signals.

SPECIFICATION OF CIRCUIT: Resistance = 10 K Capacitor = 1 F

WAVEFORMS:
Modulating Index, a = .5; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 5000 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = .5; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = .95; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = 1.2; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Modulating Index, a = 2; Carrier Frequency, Fc = 500 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Observations:
1) Comparing waveforms at different carrier frequencies, modulated signal with carrier frequency, 5000 Hz is smoother and closer to actual modulating signal than modulated signal with carrier frequency 500 Hz. So for modulation involving greater carrier frequency is better demodulated, using envelope detector technique.

2) As modulating index is increases, distortion in demodulated signal using envelope detector technique is increases. Waveform with a = 2 is more distorted than with a = 1.2.

3) When modulation index is greater than 1, original signal cannot be retrieved using envelope detector demodulation technique. MATLAB CODE:
clc; clear; a = input('\enter modulating index : '); disp('fm = 10 Hertz ; fc = 500; Ac = 10 & Am = 1'); fc = 500; fm = 10; Ac = 10; syms t; bs = a * cos(2 * pi * fm * t); m = (1 + bs); c = Ac * cos(2 * pi * fc * t); y = m*c; i = 1; v(i) = 0; for t1= 0 : .0001 : .5 k = outp(v(i),.0001); l = subs(y,t,t1); i = i + 1; if(k < l) v(i) = l; else v(i) = k; end

end

disp(t1);

j = 1:i/2; plot(j,v(j)); hold on; grid on;

function [out] = outp(vi, delt) R = 10000; C = .000001; out = vi * exp(-1*(delt/(R*C)));

MAJOR ASSIGNMENT 1 PROBLEM2 PART A: simulation of DSB-SC and SSB single tone signals.

PART B: Implementation of coherent detector for detection of DSB-SC signals with varying phase offset, phi.
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier. WAVEFORMS:
Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Frequency spectrum

In above Frequency Spectrum, Band Width is approximately 2Fm = 20 Hz centered on Fc = 100Hz.

Carrier Frequency, Fc = 1000 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 100Hz.

Frequency Spectrum:

In above Frequency Spectrum, Band Width is approximately 2Fm = 200 Hz centered on Fc = 1000Hz.

Single Sided Band WAVEFORMS:

Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz. Modulated signal:

Frequency Spectrum:

Above Frequency Spectrum shows Upper Side Band having peak at 109.9Hz

Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Frequency Spectrum UPPER SIDE BAND:

Above Frequency Spectrum shows Upper Side Band having peak at 1099Hz

LOWER SIDE BAND

Above Frequency Spectrum shows Lower Side Band having peak at 900.3Hz

DEMODULATION OF DSB-SC SIGNALS, VARYING PHASE OFFSET (phi)

WAVEFORMS: Carrier Frequency, Fc = 100 Hz; Frequency of modulating signal, Fm = 10Hz.

Red waveform is the demodulated signal Blue waveform is modulating signal

Phase offset, phi = 10 degree

Demodulated signal is proportional to modulating signal.

Phase offset, phi = 30 degree

Phase offset, phi = 60 degree

Phase offset, phi = 80 degree

On increasing Phase offset, Cos(phi) decreases. Thus Proportionality Constant decreases

Phase offset, phi = 90 degree

Here Cos(phi) = Cos(90) = 0, So No demodulation.

Phase offset, phi = 120 degree

Phase offset, phi = 180 degree

When phase offset becomes greater than 90 degree, original signal and retrieved signals are out of phase.

Conclusion: 1. Phase offset should not be closer to 90 degrees; else demodulated signal will tends to zero. 2. Phase offset should be in between -90 to 90 degrees else phase reversal takes place.

MATLAB CODE (for DSB-SC):

clc; clear; disp('fm = 10 Hertz ; Ac = 10 & Am = 1 '); fc = input('\enter carrier frequency(in Hz)(between 1000 - 11000 Hz) : '); fm = 10; Ac = 10; t = 0:.00001:.3; bs = (sin(2 * pi * fm * t)); c = Ac*sin(2 * pi * fc * t); y = bs.*c; e_1 = Ac* bs; e_2 = -Ac* bs; fs = 100000; N = 2^nextpow2(length(t)); f = fs * (0 : N/2) / N; z = (2/N)*abs(fft(y,N));

figure(1); plot(t,y); hold on; plot(t,e_1,'g'); hold on; plot(t,e_2,'r'); xlabel('Time (sec)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Double Sideband with suppresed Carrier'); grid on; figure(2); plot(f(1:fc/1.5),z(1:fc/1.5)); grid on; phi = input('\enter phi(phase error) : '); Ac1 = 1/Ac; dem_s = .5*Ac*Ac1*cos((phi/180)*pi).*bs; figure(3) plot(t,bs,'b'); hold on; plot(t,dem_s,'r'); grid on;

MATLAB CODE (for SSB):

clc; clear; disp('fm = 10 Hertz ; Ac = 10 & Am = 1 '); fc = input('\enter carrier frequency(in Hz)(between 1000 - 11000 Hz) : '); fm = 10; Ac = 10; i = 1; t1 = 0:.00001:.3; bs = (cos(2 * pi * fm * t1)); hbs = imag(hilbert(-bs)); c1 = Ac*cos(2 * pi * fc * t1); c2 = Ac*sin(2 * pi * fc * t1); y = .5 * Ac*(bs.*c1 - hbs.*c2); %disp(y(i));

fs = 100000; N = 2^nextpow2(length(t1)); f = fs * (0 : N/2) / N; z = (2/N)*abs(fft(y,N));

figure(1); plot(t1,y); hold on; xlabel('Time (sec)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Single Sideband '); grid on; figure(2); plot(f(1:fc/1.5),z(1:fc/1.5)); hold on; grid on;

MAJOR ASSIGNMENT 1 PROBLEM 3 VARIFICATION OF CARSONS RULE FOR APPROXIMATION OF BANDWIDTH OF ANGLE MODULATED SIGNAL CARSONS RULE => Band Width, B = 2 F(1 + 1/) Where, F = Kf * Am = F / fm; For PM, replace Kf by Kp.

WAVEFORMS: Carrier Frequency = 1000Hz; Frequency of modulating signal = 100Hz Kf = 10 Am = 10 Here = 10, So according to Carsons rule B = 220 Hz.

According to above waveform, B is approximately 200Hz.

Carrier Frequency = 1000Hz; Frequency of modulating signal = 100Hz Kf = 100 Am = 10 Here = 10, So according to Carsons rule B

= 2200 Hz.

According to above waveform, B is approximately 2200Hz.

Carrier Frequency = 1000Hz; Frequency of modulating signal = 10Hz Kf = 10 Am = 10 Here = 10, So according to Carsons rule B = 220 Hz.

According to above waveform, B is approximately 1111Hz 891.1Hz = 219.9Hz.

Carrier Frequency = 1000Hz; Frequency of modulating signal = 10Hz Kf = 1 Am = 10 Here = 1, So according to Carsons rule B = 40Hz.

According to above waveform, B is approximately 1022Hz 979.6Hz = 32.5Hz Conclusion: Carsons Rule approximately gives right Bandwidth of angle modulated signal. MATLAB CODE:
%let m(t) = Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t) %integration(m(t)) = (Am/(2*pi*fm))Sin(2*pi*fm*t) % input kf % delta f = kf * Am %beta = (delta f)/fm %carson's rule => band width = 2(delta f)(1+1/beta) clc; close; Ac = 5; kf = input('enter kf :'); fc = input('enter carrier frequency :'); fm = 10; Am = 10; t = 0:.00001:.3; delF = kf * Am; beta = delF / fm; fmd = Ac * cos(2*pi*fc*t + beta * sin(2*pi*fm*t)); fs = 100000; N = 2^nextpow2(length(t)); f = fs * (0 : N/2) / N; z = (2/N)*abs(fft(fmd,N)); plot(f(1:fc/1.5),z(1:fc/1.5)); grid on;