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THERMAL & CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF CURRENT
Joule's laws of heating effect :
When some potential difference V is applied across a resistance R then the work done by the V2 electric field on charge q to flow through the circuit in time t will be w = qr = vit = i 2 RT = t R Joule. This work appears as thermal energy in the resistor.

Electric power :The electric power of a device

P W t vi i2R

Resistances in series :-

As the current i is same, the power (Heat) developed is proportional to the resistance P1 R1 H H2 greater the resistance, larger will be the power consumed. or 1 P1 R2 R1 R2 An electric bulb of low wattage will glow more in series because its resistance is more than a high wattage bulb.

Resistances in Parallel :

When resistances are connected in parallel, V is same P

1 , ,ie., power (Heat) is inversely R proportional to the resistance ie, P1R1 = P2R2 or H1R1 = H2R2.

More power is consumed in smaller resistance of the Combination. Note : The price of electricity consumed is calculated on the basis of electrical energy and not on the basis of electrical power.

Variation of emf with temperature :

When the cold junction is at 0C and hot junction is at tC, the thermo emf developed is given by

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Thermocouple

The electrical conductivity in a metal is due to motion of electrons. Different metals have different free electron densities.

When two dissimilar metals are joined at the junction a potential difference is developed due to diffusion of electrons from one metal to the others. The rate of diffusion depends upon temperature of the junction. When the two junctions of loop are at the same temperature, the two junctions will be at the same potential and no current passes through it. If the two junctions are kept at different temperatures, their potentials will be different and a current passes through it. The electricity developed is called thermo-electricity. The emf is called Thermo-emf. The current is called thermoelectric current. The phenomenon is called Seeback effect. The arrangement is called thermo-couple. Seebeck arranged the metals in an order that can form a thermocouple. This order is called thermoelectric series.

Ma

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V2 R

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E= t+
1 2 t where and are thermoelectric constant having units are volt/C and volt / 2 2 C respectively (t = temperature of hot junction)

For E to be maximum at t = tn, tn =

dE dt

0, i.e.,

+ tn = 0

The rate of change of thermo emf with temperature is known as thermoelectric power (P) or Seebeck Coefficient (S). P=
dE dt d dt t 1 2 t 2

t.

Peltier Coefficient :- ( )
H q or H = q=

Peltier Coefficient is defined as numerically equal to the amount of heat evolved or absorbed at a junction when 1 A of current is passed through it in 1s (or) 1 coulomb of charge passes through the junction.

Thomson Coefficient : ( )

W
H= where =
T d2E dT
2

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S.I. unit : Joule/ Coulomb. Dimensional formula is M1L2T-3A-1 H Q Q
T dS =T dT

In Thomson's effect it is found that heat released or absorbed is proportional to Q

= Thomson's Coefficient. It's unit is Joule/Coulomb C or Volt/C.

It can be proved that Thomson's co-efficient of the material of conductor

= Thermoelectric constant =

Ma
it. Where

When current is allowed to pass through a thermocouple, heat is evolved or absorbed at one junction and heated up, and heat is absorbed at the other junction and it is cooled. This phenomenon is called 'Peltier effect'. If the direction of flow of current is reversed, the hot and cold junction are also interchanged. Peltier effect is reversible.

is a constant known as Peltier coefficient.

ds . dt

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Thermo-electric power :- (Seebeck coefficient)

Neutral temperature is independent of the temperature of cold junction. Temperature difference between neutral temperature and cold junction is equal to the temperature difference between neutral and inversion temperature i.e., ti tn = tn ti t t tn = i c . 2

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CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF CURRENT
Electrolysis is the process of splitting up or decomposing a liquid by passing an electric current through it. Electrolyte is the compound, whether fused or in solution, which undergoes decomposition by an electric current.

Faradays laws of Electrolysis (a) First law - The total mass of ions liberated at an electrode, during electrolysis, is proportional to the quantity of electricity which passes through the electrolyte. i.e. m m Q it But Q = it

i.e. m
m1 m2

E (chemical equivalent)
E1 E2

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Hence the first law may also be stated as follows The mass of ions liberated at an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to (i) the current flowing through the electrolyte, and (ii) the time for which the current flows (b) Second law - If same quantity of electricity is passed through different electrolytes, the masses of the substances (ions) deposited at the respective cathodes are directly proportional to their chemical equivalents (equivalent weights).