TAC BONG CUA MOT SO YEU TO MOI TRUONG KHOI NGHIEP TOI DU DINH KHOI NGHIEP Nguyén Thu Thiy Tredng Dai hoe Kinh té Quoc dan Email: thuynigtkd@neu.edu.vn Nady nhin: 01/6/2020 ‘Nga nhin ban stra 24182020 Ngdy duy@t ding: 15/4/2071 Tom tit: Nehién ciru nay kiém dinh sc déng cia mét sd nhdn t6 cdm nhin vé mai tredng khoi nghiép 161 die dinh khdi nghiép ctia sinh vién dai hoe chink quy tai Vigt Nam. Mau nghién cttw gom 640 sinh vién & 1 truéng dai hoc gom ed khdi ky thudt vd Khoi kink té - quan tri kink doanh trén dia bin Ha Noi. Két qua khdo sat cho thay cdc yéu t6 méi trudng gém cam nhdn vé réo edn trong méi treéng khoi nghiép, moi tréug khuven khich khoi nghiép o trong dai hoc va quan nigm xa hi vé nghiép chi c6 anh Incong dén dee dink khai nghiép ciia sinh vién Tir khéa: Dy dinh khéi nghiép, cam nhan vé rao can trong méi trudng khoi nghiép, mdi trang khuyén khich khoi nghigp 6 trudng dai hoc, quan nigm xa hoi vé nghiép chi. MA JEL: 126, M13 Impact of perceived environmental conditions on entrepreneurship intention Abstract: This empirical study test the impact of environmental determinants on entrepreneurial intention of university students. A cross-sectional quantitative research was conducted with a sample consisting of 640 students in business- economics and technical majors at 11 universities in Vietnam. The results reveal that perceived entrepreneurship environment barriers, university entrepreneurship environment and entrepreneurship social identification significantly relate 10 students’ entrepreneurial intention. Keywords: Entrepreneurial intention, perceived entrepreneurship environment barriers, university entrepreneurship environment, entrepreneurship social identification. JEL Codes: 26, M13 1. Gidi thigu chung Khoi nghigp gan lién vai phat trién kinh té va tao cua cai, gidi thigu cdc san pham, chu trinh giai phap va dich vu méi cho ngudi tiéu ding va cée nha san xuat, la céng vige c6 ¥ nghia cho nhimg ngudi thich quyén Ic, thich thitc va la co héi dé phat huy tinh sang tao (Lim & cng su, 2010). Khoi nghigp 1a bién quan trong trong phat trién kinh té cde qudc gia duge goi la bién vén khoi nghiép (entrepreneurship capital) bén canh 3 bien truyén théng la vén vat chat, nhan lye va tri thie (Audretsch, 2009). Khoi nghigp gia tng thé day ting trong kinh té, gop thay ddi céng nghé, tao ra nhiéu vige kim. Chinh phil céc nude phat trién cing nhw dang phat trién déu danh nhieu chinh sich hd trg va né luc dé thuc day vige khoi nghigp trong gidi tré, dac biét trong gidi sinh vién khuyén khich ho khong di lam thué ma hay tw to vige lam, gia ting 86 lugng doanh nghigp cho phat trién kinh té (Fayolle & Lifién, 2014). Do vay, nghién etru vé 16 anh huong téi Khoi nghigp sinh vin la dé tai doc quan tam hing dau trong linh vye kinh doanh va khéi nghiép (Ghulam & Litién, 2011). Cac nghién eiru trude day trén thé gidi da chi ra ring ede yéu 18 méi truémg khdi nghigp nhur digu kién xd hdi, gia dinh déng vai tré quan trong 46i voi qua trinh khai nghiép (Gnyawali & Fogel, 1994). Nhing yéu té méi trong hoan canh hign tai cia doanh nhan twong lai cé thé hé tr ho&c ngan can qué trinh khoi nghigp (Elfving & Carsrud, 2009). Méi truéng khéi nghigp cia ca nhan 6 thé la yéu t6 té mai Sé 286 thang 4/2021 88 hinhtesPhat triéntruong kinh doanh thyc té hodc 1a chinh cam nhan ctia cd nhan vé cae diéu kign méi trrong khoi nghiép. Nhiéu nghién ctru vé khoi nghiép trude diy cho thay, cde diéu kign méi truéng khoi nghiép hay néi chinh xc hon [i cam nhan cua ca nhan vé diéu kién cla méi trrdmg khoi nghiép co tac d6ng lén ti dy dinh khoi ighigp cia ed nhdn vi ve ban chat, Khoi nghiép hay Iya chon nghé nghigp la két qua cia nhdn thire con ngudi (Baughn & eng su, 2006). Nhiéu nghién ciru trade day da quan tim t6i tic dong cua cae rao can trong méi trong khéi nghiép toi dir dinh khoi nghigp (Hadjimanolis, 2016; Litthje & Franke, 2003; Schwarz & cng si, 2009; Robertson & cOng str, 2003; Turker & Sonmez, 2009). Tuy nhign, cdc nghién ciru truée day cho cic bing chimg khéng dong nhat vé mdi quan hé niy. Nghién cttu cua Hadjimanolis (2016); Shahid & c6ng su (2017): Schwarz & cng sy (2009) cung cap bang chimg cho thay cdc nhan t6 rao cin méi truémg khing 6 tae dng t6i dy dinh Khoi nghigp trong khi méi quan hé dé trong nghién ciru cua Liithje & Franke (2003) lai cé y nghia. Schwarz & cng sy (2009) cho rang véi sinh vin dai hoc, ngoai vige bj anh hudng bei mai tradmg khoi nghigp noi chung cia m@t ving hoe qude gia, edn chiu tic dong 1én bei méi truéng khéi nghigp o trudmg dai hoe. Turker & Sonmez (2009), Fayolle & Lifidn (2014) cho rang mdi trudng dai hoc két hop voi moi truémg khoi nghigp quée gia tgo ra boi canh chung cho khoi nghiép va tie dong 61 quan nigm va din hudng Iya chon nghé nghigp ctia sinh vign, mt m6 hinh két hp gitta ede yéu t6 moi trang chung v méi truéng dai hge s giai thich duge tét hon dir dinh khoi nghigp cua sinh vign, Hon nia, cdc nghién ctu truée thye ie qudc gia phat trién, c6 dic diém xa hoi tong déi kha & Viet Nam, mot 446i cia xa hi vin hoa A Bong. G mot x3 hoi tip thé nhur 6 ede nude A Béng, méi trudmg xa hoi e6 tae dong on t6i suy nghi, quan diém cua ed nhan (Begley & Tan, 2001). Do vay, nghién ciru nay két hop yéu t6 quan digm x8 hoi vé nghigp chi, moi tru’ng dai hoc va rao can moi trudng khoi nghigp chung vio trong cing mét mé hinh nghién iru téc dng dén dy dinh khoi nghigp 6 sinh vién dai hoc trén ca 2 nhém ngainb ky thuét va kinh té - quan trj kinh doanh 6 Vigt Nam, mot nen kinh té dang phat trién va chuyén déi, kinh té chuyén 2. Tong quan, mé hinh va gia thuyét nghién cru Diedinh khai nghigp Khoi nghiép (entrepreneurship): Begley & Tan (2001) dinh nghia khoi nghigp la bit dau h mét céng vige kinh doanh méi Xuét phat tir cdc Iy thuyét vé nhan thite x2 hoi (social cognitive theory) va ly thuyét vé hanh vi hop ly, Ong thar véi quan diém cho ring khoi nghigp [a mOt logi hanh vi c6 ké hoach, cée nghién ctru tase day cho ring mac dii cc doanh nhn khoi nghigp li dé khai thc, tan dung mt co hdi cia th trudng nhung trade hi di toi quyét dinh thanb lp doanh nghigp. m6t doanh nhin da phai nghi t6i, ham thich va co ¥ dinh kha nghigp, tir €6 ho méi tim kiém co hi, tim kiém tai chinh va doi tac (Begley & Tan, 2001; Linan & Chen, 2009; Krueger & céng sur, 2000). Dy dinh khoi nghigp c6 thé duge dinh nghia la y dinh cua mot cd nhan dé bat dau mot doanh nghigp méi, mot qué trinh dinh hudng vige lap ké hoach va trién khai thye hign mot ké hoach tao lap doanh nghigp (Krueger & cng su, 2000) Dy dinh khoi nghigp duge bat nguén tir vige nh4n ra co hoi, tin dung céic ngudn lye c6 sin va sur hd tro cia moi truemg dé tgo lip doanh nghigp cua rigng minh, Theo quan diém cua ly thuyét vé hanh vi c6 ké hoach, dy dinh khoi nghigp co kha nang dit bao cc hinh vi Khoi nghigp trong tuong lai (Ajzen, 1991). Trén co sé nay, vige nghién cifu vé dir dinh khoi nghiép thyc sy cd ¥ nghta trong cate nghién eifu trong linh vc khéi nghigp (Linan & Chen, 2009) Méi quan hé gitea cde rao cin trong méi trading khéi nghigp va dye dinh khoi nghiép Trong cae nghién ciru truée diy, cde nha nghién etru da xée dinh dy dinh khoi nghiép chiu tic dong cia cam nhan vé cae rao ean tt hé sinh thai khoi nghigp, cdc digu kign moi truéng khoi nghigp (Lim & cng su, 2010; Clereq & cng su, 2011). Trong dé, cam nhin vé rio can trong moi trudmg khoi nghigp (perceived entrepreneurship environment barriers): la cam nhan cua mt e4 nhan vé nhimg dieu kién kho khan trong moi trudng c6 thé gip phai trong qua trinh khéi nghigp (Schwarz & cOng sy, 2009). Mai trutmg khoi nghigp bao g6m tat ca cdc nhan t6 c6 téc déng t6i qua trinh khéi nghigp cia ca nhan tir thé ché, tinh trang canh tranh thj trudng, chinh sach ho tg, cae dich vu cung img lién quan ti khéi nghigp (Gnyawali & Fogel, 194). Theo mé hinh dy dinh khéi nghigp dé xuat wr ly thuyét hinh vi c6 ké hoach ella Ajzen (1991), hoat dong khoi nghigp khdng phai hanh dong ca mot thai diém ma né Li két qua cba ca mét qué trinh, Qué trinh nay ft dau tir ca nhan c6 thai 46 tich cue véi khéi nghiép, trong nhing diéu kign khdc nhau cia moi truéng thai d9 tich eye sé ¢6 thé hoc khéng bao gity bién thanh dy dinh va hanh dng khoi nghiép thue té. Mot dy tao dung S6 286 thang 4/2021 89 inh (Phat rieninh khoi su céng vige kinh doanh méi cé6 thé khong duge hinh thinh do i trong diéu kién hodn cinh moi trudng xung quanh (Krueger & cOng str, 2000). Schwarz & cng su (2009), Robertson & céng sit (2003) cho ring cam nhn vé diéu kign kh6 khiin, rio can trong moi trong khoi nghigp 1 mt mhan t6 quan trong anh hurong t6i dy dinh khoi nghigp. Rao can trong mdi trong ¢6 thé khién mot ca nhan o6 thai dé tt véi kh nghigp khong bao gid tién han céc hanh vi khoi nghigp (Turker & Sonme: 2009). Néu sinh vién cém nhan ring ho sé khé vay von, kh6 dua ra ¥ twong moi, chinh sach hign khong thudin gi cho vige ra di cde eng ty khoi nghigp thi dy dinh khoi nghigp sé thap (Luthje & Franke, 2003) HI: Cém nhén vé réo cain trong moi trudng khai nghigp téc dng nghich chiéu t6i die din khoi nghiép. Méi quan hé giita quan nigm xa hgi ve cha doanh nghigp va dy dinh khoi nghigp ‘Quan nigm xa hoi vé chi doanh nghigp (Entrepreneurship social indentification) ka cam nhdn cua mot ca han vé vige mét doanh nhén sé dugc nhimg nguéi khae trong x3 hOi danh gia cao hay thap khi la chon ur kinh doanh (Nasurdin, 2009; Baughn & cOng sit, 2006). Quan nigm x3 hoi vé chu doanh nghigp thé hign vj tri trong xa héi cua chit doanh nghigp. Quan diém cita x3 h6i c6 thé tae dng tich cuc hode tiéu e tdi suy nghi cua m6t cd nhan vi ban thin con ngudi [2 sin phim cua nigm tin ctia méi trudng xa hoi. Cée nghién ciru Trung Quée, Nhat Ban, Philippin déu cho thay trong cae nén van hoa phyong Dong, van hoa thé céc cd nhan thuong nhay cém hon va quan tm hon t6i céc danh gid, nhin nhdn ctia x8 hoi vé hanh déng cua ci nhin minh (Begley & Tan, 2001; Shahid & eng sit, 2017). Cach thire ma xa hoi nhin nan ve nghiép chit va doanh nhan dong vai trd mdi trudng tim ly quan trong trong cae nghién ciru vé khoi nghigp cua cé nin (Baughn & c6ng si, 2006), Cac nhain t6 xa hoi e6 vai trd quan trong trong dng vign cdc cd nhan khai nghiép gidng nhu sur sn ¢ cde nguén yc khoi nghiép, cdc hé tro ky thuat hay théng tin (Kristiansen & Indarti, 2004). Cam nhan ve vi tri, sv ton trong ctia xa hi véi nhimg ngudi chip nhan ri ro Lim chit doanh nghiép, sé tae dng t6i thai d@ cua cae ced nhain trong xa hi khi dig truée sy Iya chon nghé nghigp. Dac bigt Begley & Tan (2001) da khang din trong nghién eiru cua minh 6 nén van hoa phuong Déng. nghé nghigp thé hign vj tri xa hoi cua mot cé nhin Vi tri xd hoi la co so cia ding edp xa héi. Vi vay lua chon nghé nghigp cia cé nhan chinh 1a thé bign ding clip xf hoi, ld co so dé mét ca nhan c6 durge vi the, uy tin site manh va su gi e6 trong x8 hgi. Trong mot xa hi c6 thai d6 tich eue vé chit doanh nghigp, nhimg c4 nhan trong x3 hoi coi trong va dé cao chu doanh nghigp. chit doanh nghigp due coi la thuc dang cap, dia vi cao so vii cae nghé nghigp khie va duge ton vin thi gia ting mong mudn cia cé nhan khoi nghigp trong twong lai (Beyleg & Tan, 2001; Baughn & cng sit, 2006). H2: Quan niém xa hgi vé chi doank nghiép tic déng thugin ehiéu t6i die dinh khoi nghiép. (Méi quan hé gitta mai truing khoi nghiép 6 truéng dai hoc va dy dinh khoi nghi¢p Cie trimg dai hoc déng vai trd quan trong trong thic day tinh than doanh nhan 6 sinh vien vi cae thé ché gido duc Ia noi ly tog nat dé trayén tai vé van héa, tu duy, suy nghi mang tinh sng tao, doi mdi khong ngai ri ro ctia doanh nhan cho sinh vign (David & cng suf, 2007). Thye tién cho thay, cée trumg MIT, Havard cé ti I@ sinh vign Khoi nghiép rat cao vi truéng cé mét méi trong nhiéu sinh vien khoi nghigp va khoi nghiép thinh céng, cdc ¥ tuémg sing tgo, doi méi duge Khuyén khich (Luthje & Franke, 2003). Nhiew nghién ctru da ting hé quan diém gido duc va dio tao 1é m6t trong nhimg nhan 16 quan trong nh trong phat trién con ngudi va nguén luc con ngudi (Ghulam & Liitin, 2011; David va cng sy, 2007). Theo do, sau nay v6i syrndi len cia cde nghién cira dura trén tim ly hoc x2 hoi vé hinh vi dy dinh thi nhigu nghién citu trén thé gidi da chi ra churong trinh dio tao dai hoc, moi truémg hoc dai hoe, cc hd tro cia trubng, cdc host déng cia sinh vién o tnrimg dai hoc 6 te déng tich cue t6i mong muén, st quan tim va dinh huéng khoi nghigp trong tuong lai ccua sinh vign (Luthje & Franke, 2003), HB: Méi traéng bhai nghiép 6 tredng dai hoc tic dng thudn chiéw 164 die dink khaii nghiép. Trong nghién eiru nay, dé dam bao kiém sodt m6 hinh, téc gia sir dung thém 3 bién kiém soat la gidi tinh, nginh hoc va truyén théng kinh doanh gia dinh (c6 b6 me ty doanh) trong m6 hinh nghién etru, Céc bién kiém soat nay da duge Linan & Chen (2009), Hadjimanolis (2016), Shahid & cng su (2017) sir dung lam bién kkiém sod trong mé hinh trong cde nghién ctu trude day. 3. Phuong php nghién ciru Dé chun hoa mé hinh nghién ciru ly thuyét, kiém tra thang do, dau tién nghién cau nay da sir dung phuong phap nghién citu dinh tinh véi 10 cue phong van séu v6i cic chuyén gia va sinh vien dai hoc ndm cudi cha ccc trudng trén dia bin Ha Noi. Boi tong phong v we nhau g6m ca khoi ky thudt va kinh 16- quan tri kinh doanh, mét s6 ngudi da co kinh nghim mo cong ty hoc gop von mé céng ty. Cae gid thuyet S6 286 thang 4/2021 90 inh tesPhat trien3 néu trén duye két quai nghién citu dinh tinh bude dau ung ho. Cac thang do ciing duge chudn héa vé mat tir ngit va phii hop v6i boi canh Viet Nam dé sir dung trong nghién ciru chinh thite. Sau nghién cttu dinh tinh, te ja cling da thy hién mét cudc dieu tra dinh lugng so b6 trudc khi tién hanh diéu tra chinh thite dé danh gid va higu chinh thang do véi mau nho. Digu tra chinh thie bing bang hoi duge thyc hign trén sinh vién dai hoc nam cuéi. Nghién citu sir dung ding théi 2 phuong php thu thap dir ligu diéu tra: diéu tra trac tuyén (online survey véi bang hoi duge piri qua email) va giti phiéu digu tra try tiép. iéu tra duge tign hanh & 11 trugng khu vac Ha Néi trong khi tae gid kiém soat tinh dai dign cua miu theo gidi tinh va nganh hoc. Tac gid cudi cing thu duge 652 phiéu tra loi, Trong s6 phiéu thu vé c6 12 phiéu bj loai do khéng dat yéu cau do khéng dung déi tong didu tra. Bang hoi trong nghién ettu nay bang Tiéng Vigt duge hinh thanh dua trén co sé ké thira thang do cdc bién da duge sir dung trong cae nghién eiru trude diy va drge kiém tra qua bude nghién ciru dinh tinh, phign ban tiéng Viét ctia bang hoi, tac gia da nhis 2 chuyén gia Tiéng Anh c6 kinh nghiém trong Tinh ve quiin tri kinh doanh dich xudi tir Anh sang Vigt va sau d6 dich nguge teé lai tir ban Ti Anh dé dim bio vige chuyén di ng6n ngir 1a chinh xéc, r9 ring, mach lac va khong lim thay déi dang ké § nghia cia thang do, Thang do cae bién trong mé hinh déu ké thira thang do da duge str dung 6 cdc nghién cia trade (Bang 1). Cé 4 thang do cho 4 bién trong mé hinh véi 17 bién quan sit (items) duge ky higu theo tén g0i - viet tit theo tir khéa thé hign tén khai nigm cén do ludng va theo thir ty xuat hign trong thang do, théi gian tra loi bang hoi mat khong 10 phat. Tat ca cdc sit dung thang do Likert véi 5 cap dé (1- hoan ton khong dng y, 2- khdng ding §, 3- trung lap, 4- ding ¥, 5- hoa toan dong ¥. Méi trudmg khoi nghigp dai hoc (UE) véi 4 bién quan sat gée duge sit dung tir nghién citu cua Schwarz & cng sur (2009). Sau bude phan tich d6 tin cy va tinh Oi tu, bi loai trie | bién do khong dat tiéu chudn nén cn 3 bién quan sat duge sir dung gdm céc cau hoi nh: O truéng dai hoe cia t6i, sinh vin durge khuyén khich theo dudi y tuéng kinh doanh moi; méi trrong sang tao 6 truéng thu hut ching t6i phat trién cde doanh nghiép moi; trudng cung cap cac kién thire can thiét cho viée bat dau doanh nghiép méi. Rao can méi trudmg khoi nghiép (EB) véi 6 bién quan sat duge str dung tir nghién ctru ciia Luthje & Franke (2003) va sau niy Schwarz & cng sir (2009) da sir dung, 6m céc cau hoi nhu: Doanh nghigp méi rét Kho vay von tir cdc t6 chite tin dung; Quy dinh va luét Ié ciia chinh phi khéng thufn loi cho thanh lap céng ty; Rat khé c6 thé tim ra y tuéng kinh doanh méi & Viét Nam; Cac dich vy tr van hé trg c6 chat lugng doanh nghigp tre rat thiéu o Viét Nam; Doanh nghigp mai rat kho gia nhap thi trudng; Rat thiéu cac hd tro cho doanh nghigp méi Dy dinh khéi nghigp (DD) véi 5 bign quan sat duge sit dung tir thang do EIQ cua Linan & Chen (2009). Cae bién quan sat gam: Toi da sn sang kim moi thir dé tro thanh chit doanh nghigp; Toi sé nd hue hét site dé Khoi nghigp trong thei gian ti; Toi d& quyét dinh sé khoi su kinh doanh trong twong lai: Myc tiéu ctia 461 10i la tro thanh chi doanh nghigp; Ti tin sé c6 ngay t6i Khoi sy kinh doanh Quan nigm xa hoi vé nghiép chit (SE) str dung thang do tix thang do cia Nasurdin (2009) gdm 3 bién quan sat: Néu toi tro thanh chu doanh nghigp, t6i sé duge danh gid cao; Néu con t6i hode ho hang t6i tré thinh chit doanh nghigp, ho sé duoc gia dinh, ban bé va x4 hoi dan gid cao; Néu mét ngudi ban cia t6i tro thanh chit doanh nghiép, ho sé duge gia dinh ban bé va xa hdi dinh gia cao, Sau khi thu nhéin céc cau tra Iai, tae gid ma héa va nhdp sé ligu, sau d6 tién hanh phan tich di ligu bang phin mém SPSS phién bain 22. Céc thang do trong nghién ciru nay duge kiém dinh qua dénh gia d6 tin cy Cronbach alpha va phutong php phan tich nhan t6 Khim pha EFA (exploratory factor analysis). Cudi cling tic gi phan tich twong quan vi phan tich hoi quy da bién dé kiém dinh gid thuyét nghién citu, 4. Két qua nghién cru 4.1. Dac tinh mau diéu tra Miu 640 phiéu digu tra trén sinh vién nam cudi, trong dé sinh vién nganh kinh té va quan tr kinh doanh 6 6 tnsong gm Dai hoc Kinh té Quéc din, Dai hoc Ngoai Thuong Ha Néi, Dai hoc Thuong Mai, Dai hoc Céng Nghigp Viét Hung, Dai hoc Céng Doan va Dai hoc FPT. 33,5% ddi tong diéu tra trong mau 1a sinh vién dai hge Kinh té Quéc dan, tuy nhién nhém sinh vién nay duge la chon da dang tir nhigu hé véi ede chuong trinh hoc Khe nhau, bao g6m 2,3% déi tugng diéu tra trong miu 1a sinh vién thude chong trinh tién tign va chat lurgng cao; 14.4 % sinh vién hoe chuong trinh dio tao chink quy tai trong; 9,7% sinh vién hoc h¢ dao tao lién thong tir cao dang lén dai hoc; 7,1% sinh vién cia churong trinh lién ket dao tao quéc té IDB va chuong trinh POH). 3,9% doi twong diéu tra trong mau la sinh vién cua Dai hoc FPT, cdn lai thuge ‘S6 286 thang 4/2021 91 inh te Phat triéncée tring Dai hoe Neoai thong Ha Noi, Thuong Mai, Cong Doan va Vigt Hung. Sinh vién nginh ky thugt duge digu tra 6 6 trudng gdm Dai hoc Khoa hoc Ty Nhién- Dai hoc quéc gia Ha Noi (chiém 2,3% trong mau digu tra), Dai hoc FPT (22,2%), Bai hoc din kip Phuong Bang (2.7%), Dai hoe Bach Khoa Ha Noi (9.5%), Dai hc Cong Nghé - Dai hoc quéc gia Ha Noi (2%), Dai he Mo Ha NGi (5,2%). Ty le nit trong mu twong doi thap (37.3%) do sinh vién ede trudmg khdi ky thuat phan lémn la nam. 364% sinh vién trong miu cé bé me ty kinh doanh nho o nha. 4.2. Kiém tra dang phan phdi ciia die ligu Gia tri nho nbat cua thang do t6i gid tri lon nhat la tir | dén 5, Gid trj tuyét doi cua hai thang ké Skewness va Kutosis ttong img déu nho hon | va 3. Kiém tra céc thang do e6 dang gan phan phdi chun, dap tmg yéu cau cho cae phan tich tiép theo. 4.3. Dinh gid thang do Ci thang do trong nghién citu nay duge phan tich nhan t6 khém pha EFA cing lie cho tat ea ede nhém nhan td, sau dé due danh gid d6 tin cay Cronbach alpha. Két qua thong ké KMO & Berlett c6 gid tr 0.834, nim gidta khoing cho phép ti 0.5 dn 1. 17 bién quan sat hoi tu vao 4 nhom nhain t6 theo diing thang do ban dau vGi hé 36 tai cae bign nho nhat 1a 0.663. . gid tri Eigenvalue > | va gidi thich khoang 59,8% su bien thién cua dit ligu (Bang 2). Hé s6 Cronbach’s Alpha ciia tat ca cae thang do déu trong khoang tir 0.72 dén 0,86 (Bang 2). Tat ca cic "u c6 hé so tong quan bién - tong higu chinh lén hon 0.3 Nhu vay, sau khi kiém dinh, cae thang do cuia cdc nhan 16 déu thé hign la dat d6 tin cay va tinh higu lye. 4.4, Kiém dinh gid thiét Bang 1: Thong ké mé ta miu 1 Miu Ty IEC) H Gigi tinh Nam 27 Nir 373, 2 Nghé nghigp bé me Ty doanh 364 Nehé khie 636 3 Cac hogt dng Khoi nghigp da sham gia C6 kinh nghigm khoi nghigp 18 Khong c6 kinh nghigm a2 4 DA tham gia khéa hoc khdi nghigp khong 65.2 ey 348 5 Nganh hoc Kinh té- Quan tj kinh doanh 558 Kj thuat 7 442 ‘Nguon: Diéu tra cia tac gid. ‘Trude khi chay hdi quy kiém dinh cdc gia thict da dé cap 6 trén, tac gia Kip bang twong quan cdc bien. Cac hé s6 tuong quan nam Pearson trong Bang 3 cho thay méi quan hé cde bién trong déi hgp ly ca vé hudng lin mite 6. Cac hé s6 tung quan c6 diu phit hyp véi cae gid dinh va m6 hinh nghién eitu ly thuyét. Ngoai ra, d6 lon cia eae hg sé tuemg quan cho thay khéng c6 hign tugng da céng tuyén, Nhur vay 6 thé sir dung cdc théng ké khée dé kiém dinh méi quan hé gitra cdc bién, Bang 4 trinh bay két qua hdi quy bi theo phuong phép OLS cde nhan t6 digu kign moi trudg anh huang iy dinb khai nghigp. Trong mé hinh kiém soat 1: mé hinh kiém soat kh6ng c6 ¥ nghia thong ké. Khi ba é chinh déc lap cua mé hinh duge dura vao, mé hinh 2 tro nén cé ¥ nghia théng ké (F= 8.640, p=.001, 133, sig. <0,005). Két qua nay pha hop véi cdc ket qua nghién etru trude day cia Wilson & cng stt (2007) khi noi ring co sv khic biét gitra nam va nit vé \’ dinh lua chon nghé nghigp twang lai va dy dinh khoi nghigp. ‘Neganh hoc va vige bé mg lim kinh doanh khOng téc dng t6i dy dinh khoi nehigp caa sinh vien (sig. >0. bién R2 digu chinh = 0.268). GiGi tinh 6 tic dong t6i dy dinh Khoi nghigp cua sinh vien (B chun hoa Sé 286 thang 4/2021 92 hinhtePhat (rienBang 2: Két qua EFA Thanh pha 3 a DDI Db? DDS | D4 Ds SEI 765 SED, 869 SE3 855 UEI 73 UEZ 857 UES 769 FBI 663 EB? | 753 EBS 718 EBS 745 EBS 780 EB6 692 = (Chit thich: Die dink Khoi nghiép (DD). Mai rein kha nghigp doi hoc (UE) Rao can mai trading Khoi nghigp (EB). ‘Quan nigm xa hoi vé nghiép chit (SE) (gudn: Diéu tra ciia tic gid Cam nha vé ac rdo can trong méi truéng khoi nghigp tic déng nghich chiéu co ¥ nghia théng ké tai dur dinh khéi nghigp (B chun héa = -0,111, p< .005). Két qua nay thong nhat véi cdc bing chimg thye nghiém ctia Liithje & Franke (2003), khi nghién ciru vé rao can mdi trudng véi dy dinh khoi nghigp. Nehién ciru nay 1a cor sé lan nia ting hé quan diém ly thuyét béi canh vé tée déng quan trong cla mdi trudng toi dr dinh kha nghigp ma theo d6 qua trinh khéi nghigp va cdc cam nbn cd nhan vé khoi nghigp bi chi phoi beri moi trudmg Khoi nghigp. (Elfving & Carsrud, 2009; Krueger & cng sur, 2000). Tuy nhién, két qua nay co su khde biét Gi nghién ciu cua Schwarz & cng su (2009), Hadjimanolis (2016) dugc thyc hign 6 cée nude phuomg Ty khi mdi quan hé gitta rao cin moi truvmg va dur dinh khoi nghigp Ia khong c6 ¥ nghia. Cae nghién citu tong lai c6 thé tip trung vao ly giai sw khde bigt nay bang vige xem xét k¥ hon moi quan hé gitra mdi tradng va dy dinh khoi nghigp voi cdc bién trung gian va didu tiét, Moi truéng thie diy khdi nghigp o truting dai hoe tic dng thuan chigu co ¥ nghia théng ké toi dy dinh Khoi nghiép (f chuan héa = 0,159, p <.001). Day 1a nhan to tac déng thudin chigu va manh nhat toi dy dinh, Bang 3: Ma tr§n hé sé twong quan Db EB SE UE Db Pearson Corelation 1 ~098" 15 ise Sig. (2-tailed) O13 000 000 N 640 640 640 640 EB Pearson Correlation -.098 1 053 ~027 Sig. (2+ailed) 013 7 505 __N 640 oo 640 640 SE Pearson Correlation 1587 053 1 a Sig. (2-tailed) 000 177 000 N 640 640 640 640 UE Pearson Corvelation 1887 027 2 i Sig. (2+ailed) 000 505 000 N 640 640 640 640 Chi thich ; * Pnghia of mire 0.05 (2-tailed): **, ¥ nghia 6 mire 0.01 (2-tailed) Dae dink khdi nghigp (DD). Méi wing khoi nehigp dai hoe (UE) Réo edn moi raeéng Khoi nghigp (EB), Quan niém xd hdi vé nghigp chi (SE) S6 286 thang 4/2021 93 Kinlete Phat (rienkhoi nghigp cita sinh vién. Ciing giéng nhur nghién ciru cua Turker & Selcuk (2009), Schwarz & cng sit (2009), Fini & cng su (2016), nehién citu nay lin nita khing dinh vai tro cia giao duc dinh hudng khoi nghigp cho sinh vién. Mét truéng dai hoe ¢6 co ché, m6i trong khuyén khich khi nghigp sé tao ra mot ting lap sinh vign yéu thich va c6 du dinh Iya chon nghé nghigp tuong lai tr thanh chit doanh nghigp. Quan nigm xa hoi vé nghiép chi tac dong thudn chiéu c6 ¥ nghia théng ké ti dy dinh khoi nghigp (B chun héa = 0,120, p <.005). Két qua nay tuong déng véi nghién ciru ciia Begley & Tan (2001), Lim & cong sur (2011), Shahid & céng su (2017) khi cho rang @ cée x8 hoi mang tinh chii nghia cng dong, cae quan digm, nhin nhan chung cua x& hdi cé tae dng lén toi dy dinh nghé nghigp ca mot ca nhan. Nhu vay, tat ca cde gid thuyét HI, H2, H3 duge ung hé. Cudi cing, nhim dim bao 46 tin cy ctia phurong trinh héi quy duge xay dung cuéi cing la pha hgp, mét loat cde dé tim su vi pham cua gia dinh can thiét trong hdi quy tuyén tinh eting di duge thye hign. Cac gia dinh duge kiém dinh trong phan nay ebm li u dé phan tan Scatterplot), phuong sai cua phin du khong déi (ding hé s6 trong quan hang Spearman), phén phdi chuan cua phan du (ding Histogram va Q-Q plot), tinh de lap cia phan dr (Durbin-Watson), hign tugng da cong tuyén (cae he so Bang 4: Két qua hai quy nbn t6 anh huéng téi dy dinh khéi nghigp | - 7 Sea Chuan | ~ Collinearity | Mé inh _Phichudn hoa | “hoa! it) Sig Statistics - _[ 8 TSid Bor] Beww _|Tolerance| Vi THing <3 - [tad 25.623 _.000[ | GiGi tinh — =194| 068] -.117] 2.874 004) 947 1.056 , Nginhhos - 021 Oot) 014) 344731 938) 1.066 Hingss [29407 260 [71.301 | 000 Nghe nghigp bo mx ~020] 067} 01) -297| 766 aE) 1 tinh - =220| 066] -.133| -3.336[ 001] _.934[ 1.070] ) [Neann a o4ot 059] 027] 675) 500] 925] 1.081 ‘Mai trutmg khoiinghigp trudmg dai hoe isd] _046| 159] 3.972! 000,915! 1.093 | _FoQuan nigm x h6i ve nghigp eh 139) 046| 120! 3.005] _.003| 920] 1.087] VIF déu < 10 — Bang 4). Sau khi kiém tra 6 thé khing dinh m6 hinh ‘hi quy tuyén tinh duge xéy dung khéng vi pham céc gia dink cin thiét trong hdi quy tuyén tinh 5. Két lujn, Két qua nghién cin cho thy cae nhan 16 moi trudng khéi nghigp gom moi truéng khuyén khich khéi nghigp 6 trong dai hoc, quan nigm xa hoi vé nghigp chu va cde rao can trong mai trudng khai nghigp c6 tée dng t6i dy dinh khoi nghigp cua sinh vign, Khoi nghigp kinh doanh la déng Ie cho xay dung mot nén kinh t€ nang dng tng trueng bén ving, mudn tang cumg hogt dng khoi nghigp kinh doanh, cin thiét Jap chinh séch, thé ché, mai trudng hé trg thudn Igi, coi bd han ché céc réo ean. Chinh phu cin ting euong truyén thong trong xa hoi dé tao ra mot méi trudng x3 Oi coi trong doanh nhan, tén vinh cde nghigp ehu thanh cng. Ngoai ra, gido due dai hoc cing cé thé gép phan tao ra mot thé hg nhiing con ngudi c6 khat vong cae doanh nghiép méi bing eich tgo mai trudng sng tao, déi méi trong trudng dai hoc thi day tinh thin doanh nhén cia sinh vign ngay tir khi con ngdi ghé nha trudng, Nghién citu co mét sé han ché va cling ggi mé cdc hung nghién citu tiép theo, Nehién ctru nay la nghién ciru mét thi diém. Nehién ctu mot théi diém khong cho ching ta biét téc dOng ca cac yeu t6 moi trad; 161 hanh vi khdi se kinh doanh, hamh vi nay c6 thé dign ra mt thoi gian dai sau khi e6 dir dinh. Cac nghién ciru tuong lai cin tng cuéng cac nghién ciru thye nghigm kim 13 mi quan hé gitta dy dinh va qu khéi nghigp. Cac nghién ctu ttrong lai cting can khdm pha ede nhan t6 ve nhdn th tao dai hoc c6 thé ngin can hoac thuc day vige bién tiém nang, dy dinh thanh hanh dong, va ciing rat can cic nghién ciru moi dé khdm pha céch thire, co ché dé tiém nang chuyén thanh hanh vi trong thye t&. Nghién ‘eiru nay chua thé tra ldi edu hoi ligu cae nhan t6 moi trumg tc dng téi dy dinh khoi nghigp ¢6 thy sy tae dong wi hanh vi khéi nghigp. Dé c6 thé theo doi m6t hanh vi mang tinh an trong théi gian dai nhu vay, cic nghién eifu méi cn két hop sir dung nhiéu phuong phap thu thp va phan tich dit ligu khde, bao gdm ea dir ligu mot thoi diém va da thoi diém (longitudinal) thi méi 6 the giai quyét cdc cau hoi trén. Sé 286 thing 4/2021 94 inh tesPhattrienAjzen, L., (1991), ‘The theory of planned behavior’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211 Audretsch, D. B. (2007), “Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(1), 63-18, Baughn, C., Cao, J. 8. R., Le TM.L., Victor A-L., Kent E. N. (2006), "Normative, social and cognitive preditors of entrepreneurial interest in China, Vietnam and Phillippin’, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, \\ (1), 57-67, T.M,, Tan, W.L. 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