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Adsorption from Solutions, Acetic acid on Charcoal

Mangila, J.
A

Department of Chemical Engineering, Cebu Institute of Technology University, Cebu City, Philippines 6000

Date Submitted: February 26, 2011

I.

INTRODUCTION

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, biomolecules or molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate of the adsorbent. It differs from absorption, in which a fluidpermeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid The term sorption encompasses both processes, while desorption is the reverse of adsorption. Similar to surface tension, adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements of the constituent atoms of the material are filled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption process is generally classified as physisorption or chemisorption .It may also occur due to electrostatic attraction. Adsorption is present in many natural physical, biological, and chemical systems, and is widely used in industrial applications such as activated charcoal, capturing and using waste heat to provide cold water for air conditioning and other process requirements ,synthetic resins, increase storage capacity of carbide-derived carbons for tunable nanoporous carbon, and water purification. Adsorption, ion exchange, and chromatography are sorption processes in which certain adsorbates are selectively transferred from the fluid phase to the surface of insoluble, rigid particles suspended in a vessel or packed in a column. Adsorption is usually described through isotherms , that is the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure ( gas) or concentration if liquid at constant

temperature. The quantity adsorbed is nearly always normalized by the mass of adsorbent to allow comparison of different materials . One of the earliest attempts to described mathematically the adsorption isotherms was the Freundlich equation X/ m = kC1/n In this purely empirical equation, the units of X/ m are moles adsorbate per gramadsorbent, C is the concentration (mol/L), and k and n are experimentally determinedconstants. Since the equation is valid only for a given adsorbed phase and adsorbent atconstant temperature, it is sometimes called the Freundlich isotherms. To test the validityof the Freundlich isotherm, take the logarithms of both sides: Log10 X/m = log10 k + 1/n log10 C If log10 X/m is plotted against log10 C, a straight line results with the slope equal to 1/n and the intercept equal to log10 k.[ II. EXPERIMENTAL

A six 2 gram (need not to be exactly 2g, it should be known to the nearest mg.) ofactivated charcoal was weighed and then placed into each of the six numbered 250mlErlenmeyer flasks. After which, a volume of 100 ml of acetic acid starting with a 0.500M solution was added to the 1st Erlenmeyer flask. The concentrations of the other fiveshould have the following concentration values: 0.250M, 0.125 M, 0.0625M, 0.0313Mand 0.0156M. The flasks were then covered and let it stand for about an hour and areshaken at frequent intervals. To standardize the original acetic acid solution (0.500 M CH3COOH in terms ofthe NaOH solution, two 5-ml samples were titrated with 0.100M NaOH usingphenolphthalein as an indicator. After the 6 solutions have stood for about an hour, thefinely powdered charcoal was filtered and samples were taken from the filtrate. The 6filtered charcoals were set aside for future use. In the first concentration (0.500 M), two 5-ml samples were titrated with 0.100 MNaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Then, in the 2nd concentration (0.250 M),two 10-ml samples were also titrated with 0.100 M NaOH and in the third concentration(0.125 M), two 25-ml samples were also titrated with 0.100 M NaOH. In the last threeconcentrations, a 50-ml sample of each concentration was titrated with 0.100 M NaOH. To demonstrate that this type of adsorption is reversible, the filtered charcoal thatwas set aside before was punctured and washed using a wash bottle into a 100mlvolumetric flask. It is being added by distilled water until the total volume is 100

ml. Themixtures were allowed to stand for about 20 to 30 minutes and shaking it at frequentintervals. After 30 mins, the charcoal was filtered off and a 50-ml of each of the mixturewas titrated with 0.100 M NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. It should berealized that the last experiment is only semi- quantitative since no allowance is made forthe original solution which adheres to the charcoal. III. RESULTS IV.ANALYSIS Solid surfaces can adsorb dissolved substances from solution. When a solution of acetic acid in water is shaken with activated carbon, part of the acid is adsorbed by the carbon and the concentration of the solution decreases. From the table and graphs, it is realized that K increases as the concentration of CH3COOH decreases. The plot of the natural logarithm of the specific adsorption (ln Y) versus the natural logarithm of moles adsorbate per gram adsorbent (ln X/m) is linear. This shows that the system follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.[1] And since the graph is a straight line, we can readily obtain the values of the two constants based on the values if the slope(1/n) and its intercept (ln k).

V. CONCLUSION The adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal is an example of physical adsorptionwhere dipole and van der Waals forces are the predominant sources of attraction. Theamount of acetic acid (adsorbate) adsorbed per gram of charcoal (adsorbent) will dependon the surface area of the charcoal, the temperature of the solution and the adsorbateconcentration in solution.

REFERENCES: 1. Atkins, Peter and de Paula, Julio. Atkins Physical Chemistry, 7th edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, 2006 2. Laidler, Keith and Meisler, John. Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company 3. Maron, Samuel and Lando, Jerome. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry. New York, USA: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1951

4. Brown, Theodore E., Lemay, Eugene H, et al. Chemistry the General Science9th Edition Pearson Education , Inc.2003

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