!"$%& $* +, $.

/01*
Definition

Notion

$"234 $"$1%6 $78$78 $9&:;%8 2;4 2> &@ &@ A%.B EFFG
$7H"2, JK L/M NO2PB 27QR T& VG W/X @/Q*Y,$7Z7B2%8
,@74Y T& L/M [* $\P%8:& $78
^70.B [X :`, 2\P%bc :d& 2Q& ^ef* L/8 L9g +&$%&$4 +G
h,$Hi 2, +,$HQ& $`.& $9i2B 27*TB :d& k/B EPm h*2R
W& 2\P%bc :d& AHg W/X $H& T7nE& h,$HQ& $9g W/X $\P%8Y
.$`.& h/n2*

:"#$%&'* +,&-.

E;`& 2p$8 2H& h"2qbP& TXEH& $f6s$4 h7dfKt 207b&

hu/%vc

:"/"0'* +,&-.

+fP" $\4 +K$v& EKE& W/X h0/b& 207b& w78EB h8$78 +G

xy$f* EKE4 207b& TG EqB .$"Ey2d*s hg$7z / $b%R
VG x/0" . $1%6Y h78$7b& x"2y [X 207b&$4 T& k/B A>
[\O EKE* Ng$R h9p$B W/X 207bB +%& T& W/X 27dP%&
1860 $X TP4 T"TZ& h7&$"2d*Y T4 T6 207bc h&T& h"Ey2d*
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1#'*/234.
:Imperialism

+G . 2.& EB| dm $P4 h7&T& $6:P& +, E./* [b.B

TP4 hz$> $d& 2.& $* $9%g TP4 2qbPc $9PdB h8$78
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:5' '"7289.

TXE6 $8 h7q/c AHg h7/\X $y +, h/H%bc h&T& $94 2\B h/n2* EG

$Q* $9bug W&\@ 7*B 2" $* h7q/* $K4 h&T& EHB 7.4 $7b&
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.EHn [* $9& $* $dK *[ $97/X

:#4;&'
:Nationalization

wO W& E8 [G2& wOE&[ X 2v& +G +8$78 |/01\R EFFQ&

A`,
LP3&@ iT." V& 277;%& EG h iTn 2QRt 2z$Pc^ 9u&" 2P%& $*
x7H.%& h7v"$B $71vm :> [* " h./bc EH&$R" @B :> [*
*$g24 V7uf%& $nE\0& VG h7d/B [X JK$P&^ q.& $eg 277;%& @B$nE\y

:Revolution '>=

Definition

Notion

$qb& *[ hu/%v* $X$\K $9,2y Eq" +%& $* T/4 +, h7/>T& 2.&

W/X WHd" T"2" [* +, TX +, 2" $97, 2, AR .h7/G $42n W\bB
.+42%&^ 7bH%& ug +, @P* A\P& Y @ P* "$P%&[ q\" Y $fp$> $7.&
2QRt A.& WHd" h7/Gt 2.& E3f& h*THc $d8t EfB TP%4 [q&
+\/b& $u%& E1P& T* W/X $9& hX$Zg

Civil 1#$?@ 2B'

: War

+623&"[ 2qbPc 4 +KE&E"T"s +dGVc 21& W/X T" |/01*

@7, N*Tv%8 T.%c $"YE& h*$XJ4 +42;& +B$7,Eb& $.Bs h*$XJ4
:b& TX $* Ap$8E& w7\K

Cold *3' 2B'

: War

$97/X w76E%&^ B +%& +b/yt $\m TG$P* +/X $f4 1949 $X 8B

AbR24 +, /.& $76 2H* TKE" .1949 hf8 A"24 4 +, [0fm +,
T& h7bg2u& h"J7/ZgY $\G $%7\8 $%;& /./& $q7Z/4 h\z$X
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h&$P& $"$`H& 2z$f* N6E& ug +, (+%7,Eb& $.BY h7q"2*t
T& xn :H%8Y h"2.& +, 2\P%bc EP3& xn AQ* ^&$P& +,
h"2qbP& :nt h4$.* h7fyE& $9B2i +, 21%& +,

5D$E@* +G' H$I

: NATO

5J*0/.* #B'
: Neutralism

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E&[ )0fmE4 +q"2*t 74t N7d& 4 2\nt v&$4 +\8 4 +uB$G
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:2+I@ KL'

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..$G$ZBY w7\K +, +m W/X E1./& 29/& ( 2, Y)
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1#-*4=$J"'
: Diplomacy

Tn 2, T" +, hH/0* h0/b&@ 7, EqB ^q.& $qm *[ Aqm +G

T1c +/\" ( dictate) APu& *[ h"EB$%R h\/R( EB$%R)
T7H%& Tn 2u& x/0c^ q.& *[ Aqm W& 273" dictation
+%& h&T& A> +X$\%K +8$78 A*$X gEH& E%8T&$4
$9\q."

: 1/=M*&N/"'

Definition

Notion

[X T.B $c Am23B E%bg +g$0"2d& E& 7p@ /\P%8 E9u*

W/X $"T"Tn $%8 N&T8 $9g $H, h7P8E%& +%7,Eb& $.BY $\y
Tz$6 . +q7B$"Y W/X $%7b"2B $f7* W& x70/d& hH0f* [* $4
VG [* hf8 TP4 . +q"2*t $P& 2/& $7,Eb& $"Eg W/X 3q&
N,2X $4 $ZB T"TK h8$78 [X $*2B +q"2*t 7p2&[ /X $0v&
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:"/"B'&* D'

W/X 207b& W& +*2B h78$78 hR2n h7X$\%K h"2eg +G h7XE73&

2>[ X 2, $%\" Y $b%&$4 w\%Zc 2,&| $1& @BTH* w\%Zc
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EG $97, x7d0%& $4$%q& +, ^98 h7XE73& h"2ef& +, AMEB [*
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h"23d&

1#O=#G'
: Communism

TPB h7KE&Efq%& h7&$c EH&$4 J7\%B $q%nY $qm *[ Aqm EG

$7bfZ& /%v* EB k&VR $6 [* 2QR A\3%& $9B$y$3g

h"E9" h& h*$64 A7p28 TZ* $X W& T9B h78$78 h"E9" hR2n +G
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$GT* :> [* hR2.& VG $Zgs T.%c $"YE& $7g$0"24 [* AR E9K
.:b& $c$4

",&P* R2G'
*#DS0'
MULTINATIONAL
:COMPANY

:Zionism 1#9=#TU'

Definition

W/X h&YT&@ 4 T1H" +,$Hi +X$\%K $1%6 +8$78 |/01* EG

h7X$f1& T& $\G +g$Q& t c$P& W& +\%fB Y +%& T&
T& .1952 $X (@7*E8 T"2u&| )/01c VG Tv%8 *[ .h*TH%c
Y h*TH%c T&$4 hg$H* uvfc +37Pc E%bc +G h7*$f&
$1%6Y TH%& hK $qb& E\g hX28 4 E%& $97, ^7H%b"
8T& P4 2" $1%6Y /v%& *[ T& VG +g$PB
h7X$f1& 23X w8$%& 2H& EFFi [* Tu%bB ^& +%& +G &$Q&&^ $P&
27dPB A\P %F8 $\R ...... .hu/v%* Y E\f& +, V> Y TPB VG W/X
+g$qb& $1%6:& Tz h&$H* +, 1952 hf8 2* t &$Q&&^ $P&
hXE\Z* W& +\%fB Y +%& T& W& $m +, +,E8 T"2u& +bg2u&
W& Y( ...$7&2%8 h742;& $4 h7&$\3& $q"2*" )h742;& T&"
T6 .(...h7623& $4 1& +%7,Eb& $.Bs )h7XE73& hXE\Zc
$fi +bg2u& w\%Zc +, hQ&$Q& hu& *[ h7\b%& VG +,E8 WnE%8
.h7bg2u& EFFQ& Ad6"^ TH& $ef&

Notion

V'*>' :'*,'
TheThird World

$Zc +, $*THB NHHn hXE\Z* EG h*TH%c T& TH%c&^ $P&

h37Pc E%b* $uB$4 T& VG J7\%B ,(hX$f1& $8$8 ) $1%6Y
. h7*$f& T& qX W/X +&$\Ks +*EH& B$f& $uB $94

: "%&P :'*,'

[* bg2u%c *[ E6 ["EqB W& +XT& E;" h8$78 @BJ7* |/01*

LP3&^ 8$4 T.%& 2pJZ& A7Q\%& h"EK24 h7/.* hHdy ^G :\P&
@f* +fyE& 2"2.%& h9dK $P4 271c 2"2HB xn $1* AK *[ k&
+c$P& $P& 2& A7/eB

:1>'*>'= %'

$.BY "`^ 1949 hf8 8B $1%6Y $d%& $P%& /Z*

$4ER$7R$,E/8Eq73B$7g$*$"$;/42Zc h7623& $7g$c +%7,Eb&
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: =N4=N'

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$R E3f* ^G .h7XE73& h"$XT& 4 @,TG^ G $R1947 $X
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27M T&@ %*$6 V& EB$f& +b/yt $\m /.& +XE73& APu&
^B . 1956 $X 2*t h"$9g +, EFFuf*Eq& A n .1949 $X h7XE73&
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: =8S4=N'

Definition

4 $9& J*2"( Commonwealth of Nations :h"J7/Zgs$4) &Ef*Eq&

$.B[ X $dX EG ,+g$0"2d&& Ef*Eq&& Ef*Eq&$4 k&VR h,2P* (CN)
$FH4$8 h7g$0"2d& h"Ey2d*s $"Y *[ $9P7\K h& 53 [* Eq* +XEy
T.%c hq/\c x7d*E* $fQ%8$4
h"EK2d& hHd0& E9 h7X$f1& EFFQ&$4 EFF9 2%6 +&$\8 LGV*
h7X$f1& hHd0& 2z h7&2d7/& AQ\B h74t $P\%Zc +, W08E&
h7X$06s h"T7/H%& EH& TO h7X$f1& EFFQ& w* 29 +%& h"$Z%&
hb7fq& h"Td%8Y h7q/c 4 w\ZB Ng$R +%&
:%nY $0/8 $97& Z& +%& hd7G2& h7P\H& Ap$8E& Tn Ng$R
2b6 w7\ZB) LP3& JX x"2y [X k& EFFQ& xf> T16 +bg2u&
VG [* T"TP& $3g4 N*$6 +\f9Z& $900v* $Zgs $9fX( $qb/&
[yE& $K h,$R N\X A4 hf7P* hH0f* +, 21.fB ^& +%& T3%.c
LP3& xn +, +*2K A\X W/X N/d6 T6 :%nY $0/8 EqB V94
@BEFFi 2pJZ&
$g$Z* $97, A\P" +gTc w\%Zc$4 2PB h11v%* h7c$X h"27> $7G +G
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Notion

V'=S4=N'
Commonwealth of
:Nations

(1/2BM) 1#'23#'
:Liberalism

:"G&BP

2#Y *+ZSP
: 1#4=NB'

4 1946 2d\b" +, Jf& 29 Vf* [/P& W& hR2.& VG 29

$4$v%gY 2d%X +X23& $`f& 2q, $\%X A`, V& $.& +&$1*
LbR LP3& Jn L&$0* $9ms &$Zc h78$78 h*$H* h/78
M$4 c h*$XJ4 EO$Pc $R .T%Pc \7& +bg2u& $b7& T7"B
$b> W& " h\8$.& hR2P\/& TXs $bn W/X Eq" k& 2"
hR2./& t 2\Bc +,.h"$\P%8Y h8$7b/& `,2& "EQ& /O$fc
$3g W/X 2\Bc x, h\z$P&$4 1947 2u7, 16 15 +*E" THPg V&
VG [X Yb* E/4 T\.* X hz$v& h\efc 2qbP&@ dm ^7ef%&
^7ef%&

:1[*L' 1+ZSP

@7, $m 1955 $X h7b7gTgY gTg$4 hf"T* +, THX +& 2\B* EG

E%7B( Tf9& ) 29g Y 2GEK W& h,$Os$4 2z$f& TdX 7p2&
h742P& $"$`H&&| $1& 2H& *[ hXE\Z* 2\Bc WfdB .( $7,:bME" )
h7f7B:& $q"2* h7H"2,s h"E78t

: \9"9*J 2+M]4

Definition

Notion

Y $9p$`X 2d%P" $7H"2, 8t 23& +, `^ B h\ef* +G

3& +, $`Xt T& 4 x7bf%& W/X $96$Q7* f" h742X
h7,$HQ& $6:P& Y$1BY h"$Z%& $6:P& $9\O [* h"$1%6Y
^pT& 2Hc .h.1& h7X$\%KY $6:P& 2ub& $g xp$i $7bfZ&
2\X EG $P& $9f7* .21* 2G$H& hf"T* EG h742P& T& hP*$Z&
^R 041,953,13 h\efc +, $`Xt T& hn$bc +/q& E\Zc .W8E*
7n $97, h\bg 535,510,339 EK W& 2007 $1n 273B
$9%fR$8 E\Z* $78 TP4 $7c$X +g$Q& EG +42P&&^ $P& hn$b* E\Z*
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:1#J2,' '" 1,4*^

|f\" $d8 T4*[ t /Zc TH" 26 W/X 2%XY xn EG

1& $78 : ^G [*t /Z* +, h"E`P& E\pT& \v& $`X&
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: veto =&#8'_ I

$P%& h6T1& TG$P* +\82& $9\8 )E8 TG$P* E8 /n

W08E& $4 T& hH4$8 h"2qbX h\ef* EG (R2%3c TX$bc
T"T9%&@ KE%& 1955 $X h\efc VG Nb8 .h7XE73& h7623&
Ju.c 24 *[ $R( EB$f& )+b/yt $\m /n $`X *[ hm$f&
."$4 $6$uB 26 TP4 EB$f& /.& h742;& $7g$c $\`g EG $9p$3gs
h\egt EH8 W%n $d& 2.& 2%, :> $9/\X +, h\efc 2\%8
T4 $9%6 ( 1991 $X) +%7,Eb& $.BY kquB h74t h7XE73&
. 1991 E7&E" +, $7\8 /.& An .2> E/B Tn $9f* L.bfB T&
$,:%>Y $H, 1968 $X $7\8@ f* Nd.bg )$7g$d& +%7,Eb& $.BY
24E%R +, Nd.bg 1956 +, N\`g )h7623& $7g$c( $q,t 2&
2Zc $7g$* $7R$,E/8Eq73B Tf&E4 $"$;/4 ( 1990

:=- H$I

h&T& +, ^q.& $eg T." EG :d&$4 W\8t Eg$H& EG E%8T&

29& +, hdB2* Wgt gEH& AR @4 J%/B :Q& $9B$0/8 $z$1%>
h"E%8T& TXEH/& $7>E%* Eq" LZ" Eg$H&$, +P"23%&

:&=-"'

23& +, h7f71& Tf9& +, h7q"2*t T.%c $"YE& $9%Hdy h8$78

+, $bg2, J9g TP4 k& $78$78 $"2qbX A>T%& +, AQ\%B 8t
$*TfX 8t 23& hH0f* +, A>T%& h&$.* VR 1954 h7f71& Tf9&
1957 $9gJ" 23* x"2y [X 21* [* $7g$0"24 NK2>

:*,0G' :$-

$q"2* +, Y$\m hK 30 +0> +4EfK hP6E& T& W/X x/0" E9u*

TP* ^&$X EG $7&2%8 Tf/"E7g TX$* $7H"2, $4 4 Y$\m 35

:=S0' :'*O

Definition

Notion

+&$\3& 2q& 1f& +, +fM $P7f1B 2QRt T/d& W/X x/0" E9u*
^v%* ^&$X EG

:*+G' :'*O

E/8 +, $9H.4 2.& $9B4 T&@ 4 V>B +8$78 E9u* $7.gY TX

T& w* $9%6:X +, h7*EH& $9%./1c hd8$f* $G2B +%& h8$7b&
hf7P* $F6EHn T& Ev" Y +gEg$6 E9u* $7.gY TP& 7& 2>t
h&T&@ uHB V& $7.& 6E* J%& Y hz$> $dK $97/X 2u"
.2.& E3g $n +, T"$.c

*#B9." O
:Nonaligned nations

un [X bc 2d%P" T.%c*^ t J9K^ G E6*[ t /Z*

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$.BY^ G ( E%7u& xn ^9&) \p $`X hb\> ^9f*
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Security a4@ b$04

: Council

.T.%c*^ t h\efc +8$8t +p$`H& V& +G h7&T& TP& h\q.*

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h7,$Hi h7X$\%K h"$1%6 h" LgEK TX Nb* +%& hpT9%&
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1#'" '",' 1+NB4

International Court
: of Justice

: &*-=- 2G4

*N/2&D/2#J
: Perestroika

: 5+$D' d/*,&'

Definition

EH& $1* [* $q/%\B %\7eX BE6 EKE4 +&T& $ef& T.%"$97,

w6E& VG A +, EH& $6:X .2> h7& E6 h"t $%" Y $* Euf&
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