TENSE

USE
o
something happens repeatedly how often something happens one action follows another First I get up, then I have breakfast. My friend often draws nice posters. things in generaL: lThe sun rises in the East. after the verbs of state (to love, to hate, to think, etc.) I understand English. future meaning: timetables, programmes The plane flies to London every Monday.

FORM
I,We,You,They work. He,she,It works.
(WH)DO (WH)DOES I,We,You,They He,she,it work? I,We,You,They He,she,It DONT DOESNT work.

Present Simple

o
Never changing/always true

o
every day sometimes always often usually seldom never

Infinitive he/she/i t + -s

o o

Present Progressive

o something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it Peter is reading a book now. o something is happening these days Implaying guitar these semesetar

TO BE (am,are,is)

I You He,she,it am are is I, You,they,we He,she,it

am are is I You He,she,it

working.

o
Happening during a period around now

future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged fixed plan trendsMore and more people are using their computers to listen to music.

working?

o
now at the moment Look! Listen!

+ infinitive + -ing
am not are not isnt working.

Present Perfect

present results more importantthan when the evant happened

just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for

Result of an action in the past is important in the present I have already eaten so I am not hungry. o Recently completed action He has just played handball. o Action beginning in the past and still continuing We have lived in Canada since 1986 o together with lately, recently, yet I have been to London recently. o

I,You,they,we He,she,it have have/has + Past participle has

have has I,You,they,we He,she,it gone.

gone?.

I,You,they,we He,she,it

have not has not

gone.

We use the present (not 'will') after when/if/while/before etc.

TENSE

FORM
action started in past and: o continuing now I have been waiting for an hour I,We,You,They have He,she,It has have/has +been Hav e Has I,We,You,They havenot He,she,It has not been working. I,We,You,They He,she,it been working_ been working.

Present PerfectProgresive

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

o finished but evidence remains

I have been sunbathing in the garden thats why my face so red. + inf + -ing

Past Simple
yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

o action took place in the past I visited Berlin last week.

The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past. They were playing cards when the telephone rang. o regular: inf+-ed irregular

I,We,You,They,He,she,It worked.

(WH)DID I,We,You,They He,she,it work? I,We,You,They,He,she,It DIDN T work.

USED TO

USED TO+GERUND

used to indicates something that happened regularly in the past but doesn' t happen now I used to work at night. {= I often worked at night, some time ago) I'm used to working at night. (= it is normal for me to do this )

Past Progresive

While,when, as long as

action going on at a certain time in the past Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.actions taking place at the same time


I,You,they,we was/were He,she,it +inf + ing were was

were was You,they,we I,He,she,it working working?

While she was driving ,she was talking.



I,You,they,we He,she,it

were not was not

working

action in the past that is interrupted by another action

Past Perfect

While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. o action taking place before a certain time in the past By 1988 Oprah Winfrey had become famouos o sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive

I,We,You,They,he she had worked had +

(WH)Had I,We,You,They He,she,it worked?

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day,by.. if sentence type III (If I had talked, )

o putting emphasis only on the fact (not +

the duration) I saw Billy Idol last night.I have never seen him before

past participle I,We,You,They,He,she,It had not worked.

Past Perfect Progressive

o talk about an action that was in

progress before specific time in the past I sow Rob at 4.He had been waiting 2 hours.
I,You,we,they,He,she,it had been working
HAD +BEEN +INF_ing

o Relationships with other past event

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

When the race started ,it had been raining .(it wasnt raining during the race) *When the race started ,it was raining (it was still raining)/Past Progressive

Had I,You,we,they,He,she,it been working?

o conclusions about past events The streets were wet.It had been raining.

I,You,they,we,He,she,it HADNT BEEN Working.

predictions FUTURE

be going to He is going to be a new director(100%) will He is going to be a new director(maybe). Look!He is going to fall.( NOT He will fall) be going to I m going to see Jessica tonight will **decisions at the moment of speaking There is Marry.I ll go and speak to her . Present Continuous(+time reference),already arranged plans I m seeing Jessica tonight.

intentions,plans

offers

will I ll help you

sheduled future evants

Present Simple The train leaves at 10:00 pm tomorrow.

TENSE

USE
o o o
action that is going on at a certain time in the future

FORM

Future Continuous

l,you,he she,it,we they will be working. will + be + inf+ ing

When I come to school, the other kids will be waiting for me.

in one year, next week, tomorrow , for

will l,you,he she,it,we they be working? l,you,he she,it,we they wont be working.

action that is sure to happen in the near future. We'll be going to the disco

on Saturday.

Future Perfect

To look ahead to a time in the future when:

o An expected event or activity will be in

the past
by+time expresion already yet

will + have + past participle

I,We,You,They He,she,It will have worked.

Ill have finished work by five oclock tonght

Will I, You,he,she it, We, ,They have worked?

o Duration of time will be in the past:

Ill have been here for a year in January.

(infinitive + -ed)

I,We,You,They He,she,It will not(wont) have worked.

Future Perfect Progressive

o With for to describe a period of time

which precedes apoint in the future Well have been living here for two years in July.

will(ll)+ have been+ verb_ing

I,We,You,They He,she,It will have been working. Will I, You,he,she it, We, ,They have been working? I,We,You,They He,she,It Will not(wont) have been working. will l,you,he she,it,we they be working?

for

o To describe an activitywhich leads up

to a point in the future: Ill be dirty because Illhave been playing football

C O N D I T I O N A L

IF CLAUSE

RESULT CLAUSE

If Baker wins, he will raises the taxes. If Baker wins he could raises the taxes.

FACTUAL

If +present simple

future(GOING TO,WILL) (B Baker will raises the taxes If he wins

What will happen under certain conditions.

If he doesnt lower taxes,bussiness wont return. W Will he lower taxses if he wins?

instead if,unless,ifnot(negative condition)

IF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE

If +past simple meaning is not past! UNREAL

would+inf
MODALS

If he loved Marry, he would marry her. (But I dont love her ,so I wont marry her) If I had time, I could read more. If I were you,I d read Twighlight.(giving advice) not I was If he didnt love Marry, he wouldnt marry her.

unreal, untrue, imagined,or impossible conditions and their results.

S
IF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE

Would he marry Marry If he loved her?

Past Perfekt had+past participle

would have+past participle

UNREAL

Past unreal conditions and imagined results that never happened.