Tests

TESTS D' ANGLAIS
du secondaire au superieur
Sylvie BAUER Stephane GRESSET

Cornelius CROWLEY Claude LEVY
Daniele FRISON Veronique RAULINE
-.,Ce tecueil de tests par QCM s'adresse aux eleves des classes
ter..;.inales qui preparent leut ~ntree a l'universite, mais aussi aux
eleves des classes preparatoires, aux etudiants de 1re et ze annee du
Superieur et a tous ceux qui desirent perfectionner leur·connaissance
· de la grammaire et du vocabulaire anglais et evaluer leur niveau tin- .
guistique.
· L'ouvrage contient 25 tests par QC.Ni, ·dont 13 tests d 'annales et
12 tests nouveaux, confus pour permetj:re aux etudiants de parfaire
leur entratnement ~t leur mise a niveau.
Chaque test comporte 20 questions· portant 5111' la grammaire
et 20 questions destinees a ".erifier la comprehension d'un texte
ecrit. Les questions de comprehension portent sur des textes authen-
tiques choisis dans la presse britannique OU americaine. Elles COUVrent
· toute la gamme des questions de comprehension possibles : ainsi,
certains tests de comprehension sont COnfUS pour verifier Unique-
ment J'etendue du vocabulaire et la richesse des expressions idioma-
tiques des candidats et portent sur des enonces tres precis, tandis
que d'autres verifient la comprehension globale d'un texte ou de ses
differents paragraphes.
L'etudiant dispose de 25 grllles-reponses vierges regroupees a
la fin de l'ouvrage, (qu'il peut decouper ou photocopier pour plus de
facilite) . Chaque test est accompagne d'un corrlge. Les corriges sont
donnes en fin d'ouvrage, afin d'encourager les etudiants a s'entrai ner
dans des conditions d'examen.
IllustTatlon de couvertui'e : Jonathan Eastman Johnson, La vieille diligence, 1871.
ISBN 2-7298-2546-0
Du meme auteur, chez le meme ~teur
• Histoire constitutionnelle de la Grande-Bretagne, 2• Mition

• Introduction au droit anglais et au.x institutions britanniques, 3• ~tion
• Guide culturel du Royaume-Uni
• La societe anglaise en gue"e (septembre 39-aoQt45) (coord.)
• Civilisation britannique. Documents constitutionnels (collab.), 2° ~tion
• Pauvrete et inegalites en Grande-Bretagne de 1942 1990 (coord.) a
• Le schisme d'Henri VIII
• Les annees Wilson (1964-1970) (coord.)
• English Law and British Institutions. Documents (collab.), 3• ~tion
• Expansion of the Anglo-American World (1688-1900) (collab.)
ISBN 2-7298-2546-0
C Ellipses Mtion Marli:eting S.A., 2006
32, rue Bargue 7574-0 Paris cedex 15
Le a.le de la p r ~ intelloctuelle n'a-..i. aux - de l'utlde Ll22,S.2' e<
3'a), d'IU!t pan. que Jes• cop; .. ou rq,roducliom - - - l l'-privf du
copi81£ e, non deslintes lune utililllllion collective•· OI d'...,.. l*t...,. lel llllllly... et lc1
cour1e1 citlliom din• ua but d'exanple et d'iDUIUatioa. • toutc rep6ient.ation ou
~ irdpalc ou pmt:ielle faite 11m le comentement de l'autcur ou de se& ayaots
droit OU lyaob came <II illicibo • (Art L 122-4).
C.U. "'(ltbeuU!ioo ou ~prucluction, .- quelque pndcM que a, IOit conotituenit une
contref~n llJICtiono6e par lea articles L. 335-2 e< 1uivants du Code de la proprittf
intellectuclle.
www.editiOIIHlllpaes.fr
A vant-propos
CONTENU DE L'OUVRAGE
L'ouvrage comporte 25 tests par QCM. Les 13 premiers tests sont des
annales: il s'agit des tests donnt~s. entre 1989 et 2005, aux candidats a
l'entree de filieres requerant un bon niveau d'anglais a la fin des etudes
secondaires, comme les « bi-Deugs » Anglais I Droit et Anglais I Eco-
nomie. Les 12 autres tests sont des tests nouveaux, confectionnes par les
enseignants pour permettre aux eleves et etudiants de parfaire leur
entrainement et leur mise a niveau.
PUBLIC VISE
Ce recueil de tests par QCM s'adresse principalement aux eleves des
classes terminales qui preparent leur entree a l'universite, aux eleves des
classes preparatoires qui preparent un concours d'entree dans une Grande
Ecole, ainsi qu'aux etudiants de ire et 2e annee du Superieur desireux
d' affiner leurs connaissances de la grammaire et du vocabulaire anglais
et d'evaluer leur niveau linguistique.
CONTENU DES TESTS ET REPONSES ATTENDUES DES CANDIDATS
Chaque test comporte d~x parties : la premiere consiste en 20 questions
portant sur la grammaire ; la seconde (20 questions egalement) est un test
de comprehension d'un texte ecrit. Les tests d'annales different parfois
! peu dans leur presentation, qui rend fidelement les tests reellement
onnes.
• Pour la partie (( grammaire », qui vise a verifier les connaissances
grammaticales des candidats, les reponses attendues doivent etre don-
nees en reference a l'anglais standard ecrit (c'est-a-dire aussi bien
l'anglais britannique ecrit que l'anglais americain ecrit), et non par re-
ference a la langue orale OU a Un niveau de langue tres recherche. Les
enonces de grammaire qui donnent lieu aux questions sont tous des
enonces authentiques, pris soit dans la presse, soit dans des ouvrages
de fiction.
• La partie (( test de comprehension » est elaboree egalement apartir
de textes authentiques, choisis dans la presse britannique ou la presse
americaine. Les annales, ainsi que les tests nouveaux proposes, cou-
vrent toute la gamme des tests possibles : certains tests de comprehen-
6 Tests d'ang/ais du aerondaire au suplrieur
sion sont ainsi con~us pour verifier uniquement l' etendue du vocabu-
laire et la richesse des expressions idiomatiques des candidats et por-
tent uniquement sur des enonces tres precis; tandis que d'autres veri-
fient la comprehension globale d'un texte, de ses differents paragra-
phes, ou de certaines phrases.
GRILLES-R£PONSES ET CORRIG£S
Les grilles-reponses sont les grilles-reponses-types que les candidats
doivent remplir lors des epreuves reelles. L'6tudiant dispose de
25 grilles-reponses vierges (regroup6es ala fin de l'ouvrage), qu'il peut
decouper (ou photocopier) pour plus de facilite.
Les corriges ne soot pas donnes immediatement a la fin de chaque test,
mais se trouvent en fin d'ouvrage, ce afin d'encourager les eleves et
etudiants a« jouer le jeu » et as' entrainer dans des conditions d' examen.
TEMPS DE PR£PARATION
Afin de s' entrainer au mieux, il est conseille aux candidats de se mettre
dans les conditions d'examen prevues pour ce type de test et de
s'entramer a faire chaque test en 50 a 55 minutes, la duree totale de
l'epreuve etant normalement de 60 minutes.
BIBLIOGRAPHIE INDICATIVE
Pour ameliorer Jes connaissances grammadcales: lorsqu'ils auront
pris conscience de certaines lacunes apres avoir fait un ou deux tests et ·
avoir pris connaissance des corriges, et qu'ils auront constate leur inca-
pacite a repondre a certaines questions, les candidats auront interet a
verifier les points de grammaire qui leur posent probleme dans l'un des
ouvrages suivants, au choix :
• P. Larreya, C. Riviere et R. Asselineau, Grammaire anglaise
(Nathan) ;
• R. Huddleston, English Grammar: an Outline (Cambridge University
Press) ;
• R. A. Close, A University Grammar of English: Workbook
(Longman) ;
et a s'entra.tner a repondre a des QCM de grammaire a l'aide de
l'ouvrage suivant:
• M. Skopan et F. Terrier, Le QCM anglais systematique. Examens et
concours (Ellipses).
Pour etendre le vocabulaire et ameliorer la connawance des expres·
sions idiomatiques de l' anglais contemporain, les etudiants pourront
consulter avec profit l'ouvrage suivant:
• C. Bouscaren et F. Lab, Les mots entre eux (Ophrys)
Jre PARTIE:
· ANNALES
I"' partie : Annales 9
[ TESTl
GRAMMAIRE
1. The projects, as ... , drew a lot of support.
a) expected b) were expected to
c) to be expected d) not expected
2. I wish ... me more fully last time.

a) you have informed b) you to inform
c) you informed d) you had informed
3. It's high time ... a better pastime.

a) you chose b) you choose
c) you had chosen d) that you choose
4. Interesting ... it may be, I am sick and tired of it.

a) yet b) however
c) although d) though
5. The interest of the programme ... in its flexibility.

a) lies b) lays
c) is laying d) laid
6. All he had said was true, . . . must we forget that he had warned us
repeatedly.
aj~ ~~ tj~~ ~m•
7. Allow ... for food, and the rest for entertainment.
a) such and such b) such
c) how much d) so much
8. England at the time of its supremacy did not so much scorn other
peoples as ... them.
a) to ignore b) ignore c) ignored d) ignoring
9. Everyone enjoys it, ..• ?

a) isn't it b) doesn't he c) don't they d) arent' they
10. What's the point ... your car if you can't park?
a) to take b) of taking c) with taking d) for taking
10 Tests d'anglais du secondaire au superieur
11. The witnesses never showed up in court, presumably ....

a) in fear b) by fear c) for fear d) out of fear
12. The question ... the government and the unions will get on together is
extremely worrying.
a) of how b) which c) what d) about what
13. She could hear the opening and closing of her neighbour's door and
then the knocking on ....
a) her b) her own c) herself d) one's own
14. He may be dead, for .. . we know.

a) everything b) all c) so much d) anything
15. In spite of his self-satisfied attitudes, he is not really ... smart.

a) very much b) so much
c) all that d) jolly well
16. She won't accept ... like that.

a) they would speak to her b) being spoken to
c) be spoken to d) we speak to her
17. I heard a noise which I took ... the hiss of a snake.

a) being b) to be b) to being d) it was
18. . . . to the government's dismay, the majority did not support their
project.
a) Much b) All c) A great deal d) A lot
19. It's been tried, but ... be made ....

a) couldn't I working b) hasn't been able to I work
c) couldn't I to work d) couldn't have I to work
20. There are politicians, but there are also statesmen. Only ... concern us
here.
a) the latter b) these
c) these ones d) the last ones
F partie : Annales 11
,
COMPREHENSION
Lisez trl!s attentivement le texte suivant, puis repondez aux questions.
MUST IT HAPPEN?
Why are people suddenly so glum about Mikhail Gorbachev's chances? Abroad, the
Gorbachev smile has transformed Russia's image from g!owerjng bully. all big boots and
bayonets, to good citizen, brjmmjng with goodwill and glasnost. At home its owner will
soon be ceremoniously reconfirmed as Soviet president with more powers, at !east on paper,
than any of his predecessors. He is also visibly more popular than they were. Plenty of people
think he is secure, despite his troubles. But others, both inside and outside Russia, worry that
Mr Gorbachev may not even last out the year. What is going wrong?
The truth is that being the communist world's pin-up has brought Mr Gorbachev
p:,re fame than good fortune. Four years into his campaign to make the Soviet Union a
modern superpower, he ought to have gathered enough momentum for the big push
needed to prepare the economy for the 1990s. He hasn't. He claims that the future of
perestroika does not hang on the fate of one man. Unfortunately, it does.
Transforming Russia was never going to be easy. Two generations of Stalin-inspired
oentrally-planned mismanagement have cost the Soviet union dear. Much of the country has
yet to reach the technological and competitive standards achieved by capitalist economies in
the 1950s; two-thirds of farms are still served only by unpaved road. But as Mr Gorbachev
stomps round the country exhorting his street-corner audiences to get the perestroika habit,
it is becoming clear that all this effort is getting him nowhere.
After decades of being told that the state will provide, many ordinary Russians (if not
some of their more business-minded comrades in the smaller republics round Russia's rim)
expect it to go on doing just that. When Mr Gorbatchev rattles on about the need for
competition and a market, even a "socialist" one, he meets blank incomprehension. Talk of
unemployment and higher prices provokes outright hostility. Too many factory managers,
given the chance to compete for supplies and customers, have scurried for the coyer of
Mstate orders" that guarantee them raw materials and predictable prices if they do what the
men from the ministry tell them. The entrepreneurial sparks that glowed briefly at the start
of the century have long since been snuffed out.
Mr Gorbachev has been hoping that the farmers will step jn to give perestroika jts
much-needed push. Better storage and transport could save the third of each harvest that
rots before it gets to the shops. But Mr Gorbachev's attempt to boost food production by
letting families !ease !and for up to SO years and farm it themselves, thus almost breaking up
the old collective farms, has been met with a collective raspberry. That is partly because
farming profits are still limited by state quotas and wonky prices. More seriously, as Mrs
Tatyana Zaslavskaya, a Soviet sociologist, has pointed out, years of farming-by-decree have
wiped out Russia's farming classes. Most of today's farmers have no interest in the land.
The Economist, March 11, 1989.
12 Tests d 'ang/ais du secondaire au superieur
21. so glum about

a) so excited, hyped up b) so keenly interested in
c) so sanguine, optimistic d) so morose, pessimistic
22. glowering bully

a) an overworked bureaucrat
b) an awe-inspiring, mean-looking tormentor
c) a loyal and obedient soldier
d) a career-minded party official
23. brimming with goodwill

a) displaying good feelings
b) suffering great hardship
c) unable to show firmness of purpose
d) unable to tell right from wrong
24. at least on paper

a) as reported in the Soviet press
b) his first priority will be to reorganise a strong paper industry
c) at least in theory
d) he will be, unlike his predecessors, a paper tiger of some sort
25. last out the year

a) still be in office come next January
b) the year will drag on, and nothing will be achieved by Gorbachev
c) he will be the last Russian leader of his kind for a long time to come
d) his impact on Russian society will be long-lasting
26. more fame than good fortune

a) he was not able to amass fortunes, as some of his predecessors did
b) his popularity has not turned into real political gains
c) he was satisfied with being one of the world's most famous leaders: this
was his foog fate
d) fortune-tellers had predicted his rise to international prominence
27. gathered enough momentum

a) his reforms should have gained enough support
b) his reforms came too late: the time when they were needed is long gone
c) these reforms only brought momentary relief to a sick Soviet economy
d) he should have realised how difficult the task would be, and given it up
altogether
28. does not hang on the fate of one man

a) hang Gorbachev: such is the slogan of his critics
b) according to Gorbachev, should he be dismissed as a leader, perestroika
would continue
c) perestroika would not survive Gorbachev's fall from power
d) Gorbachev does not care too much about what happens to perestroika in
the long run
29. stomps round the country

a) Gorbachev plays on patriotic feelings, perestroika and country
b) country people, farmers, can be more easily convinced than city folk
c) Gorbachev has realised that the country would never buy his ideas,
regardless of how many thousands of miles he travels
d) he is trying to sell perestroika by speaking out loud in its favour, from the
Urals to the Soviet Far East
30. the state will provide

a) the state stifles private initiative, which runs counter to good economic
sense
b) the state adopts an attitude of neutrality concerning economic matters
c) the state is in charge anyway, so why bother?
d) provided the state changes its ways, the economy would grow
31. round Russia's rim

a) independent countries, outside Soviet jurisdiction
b) parts of Soviet territory, on the periphery of the Soviet Union
c) former Soviet republics, now fully independent
d) Soviet republics, right in the country's heartland
32. rattles on
a) carries on and on on the same subject
b) makes occasional allusions to the subject
c) has now given up all hope of convincing anyone
d) comes out against the need for ...
33. have scurried for the cover of "state orders"

a) have rushed to take advantage of economic protection extended by the
government
b) have always obeyed orders coming from the top
c) economic activity has been organised in an orderly way
d) have consistently rejected government orders
14 Tests d 'anglais du secondaire au superieur
34. predictable prices

a) prices will be raised if they obey orders
b) a form of guaranteed prices, no uncertainty allowed
c) price-fixing is best done by the market
d) should orders not be obeyed, prices will be lowered as a form of
punishment
35. entrepreneurial sparks
a) all prospect of industrialisation was ruled out from the start
b) short-lived attempt to industrialise
c) electricity was the first industry introduced in the country
d) foreign businessmen acting in their own interest
36. snuffed out

a) heartily encouraged
b) nipped in the bud
c) nobody seems to have cared much, ever
d) profits were soon squandered
37. step in to give perestroika its much-needed push
a) will go along with the initial steps taken to revamp the economy, and
stop there
b) will give Gorbachev the push
c) will throw their weight behind perestroika at this critical juncture
d) stay on the sidelines and watch Gorbachev stumble
38. letting families lease land
a) land-ownership will be allowed again, permanently
b) individual farmers will be denied the possibility to own land, but families
will be welcome to do so
c) land will be given back to the farmers, for a limited period of time
d) "land-to-hire" signs will soon be put up in the Russian countryside
39. a collective raspbeny
a) wild enthusiasm
b) lukewarm approval
c) violence erupts in the countryside
d) a public outcry, a flat refusal
40. farming-by-decree
a) the state called the tune on the farms
b) inconsistent, changing policies applied to farming
c) farmers were very much left on their own
d) results and output were the only things that mattered
TEST2
GRAMMAIRE
1. The dog will come when it ... hungry.
a) gets b) has got
c) will get d) will have got
2. It's usually colder in Lille ... in Nice.

a) like b) than c) as d) so
3. Emperor Hiro-Hito ... in 1989.

a) has died b) is dead
c) has been dead d) died
4. I wish she ... here more often.

a) come b) comes c) will come d) would come
s. I remember ... this book at school.

a) to have read b) to read
c) to having read d) reading
6. Don't worry, you ... help me.

a) may not b) must not c) have not d) need not
7. She has made the same mistake ... you have.

a) which b) that c) than d) as
8. . .. of them had any money.

a) All b) Some c) None d) Any
9. Could you remind me what ... ?

a) this word means b) means this word
c) does this word mean d) does mean this word
10. The great train robber was fifty-seven ... when he was assassinated.
a) of age b) year c) old d) years old
11. I'd rather you ... this pornographic film.

a) don't see b) didn't see
c) won't see d) wouldn't see
12. Martin Luther King ... for over twenty years now.
a) is dead b) was dead
c) died d) has been dead
13. I am not looking forward to ... at 4:30.

a) have to get up b) getting up
c) get up d) have got up
14. Can you tell me when the concert ... ?

a) would start b) has started
c) was started d) starts
15. You had better .. . smoking.

a) give up b) giving up
c) to give up d) have given up
16. "Why doesn't the secretary answer the phone?"

"She ... have gone out, I suppose."
a) should b) has to
c) ought to d) must
17. ... Europeans are afraid of German unification.

a) The most b) Most
c) Most of the d) The most of the
18. You haven't told me ... of these films you want to see.
a) of which b) what
c) the one d) which
19. Dr Jones isn't in tonight because he ... to the hospital.

a) should have gone b) was able to go
c) might have gone d) has had to go
20. Anyone could speak English if .. . tried.

ajo~ ~tt
c) they d) he
I"' panic : Annales 17
COMPREHENSION
usez tr~ attentivement le texte suivant, puis repondez aux questions.
W ELCOME TO THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
A new world has developed like a po1arojd phot09raph a vivid, surreal awakening.
The effect has been contradictory : a sense of sunlight and elegy at the same time, of
glasnost and daustrophobia.
Whenever the world's molecules reorganize themselves, of course, someone
announces a new reality- "All changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born", in W.B.
Yeats' smjtten lines about the Irish rebellion of Easter 1916. Seventy-three years later, .the
lli5b troubles proceed. dreary, never beautiful -an eczema of violence in the margins.
But the world in the past few years has, in fact, profoundly changed. In Tiannanmen
Square last week, many of the demonstrators' signs were written in English. The students
knew-..X were enacting a planetary drama that their words and images in that one place
-..w powder into electrons and then recombine on millions of little screens in other places,
other minds, around the world.
The planet has become an jntrjcate convergence - of acid rains and rain forests
burning, of ideas and stock markets that rilw!e through time zones, of satellite signals and
worldwide television, of advance-purchase air-fares, fax machines, the miniaturization of the
universe by computer, of T-shirts and mutual destinies.
The planetary circuits are wired: an integrated system, a microchip floating in space.
Wired for evils - for AIDS, for example, for nuclear war, for terrorism. But also for
entertainment, knowledge and even (we live in hope) for higher possibilities like art,
excellence, intelligence and freedom. Justice has not gone planetary and never will. But .the
. . . . has indeed become global - Marshall Mcluhan was right. No island is an island
~ : the earth itself is decisively the island now.
Travel and travel writing are enjoying a sort of brilliant late afternoon, what
photographers call the magic hour before sunset. But the romantic sense of remoteness
~ - Even the trash announces that the planet is all interconnection, interpenetration,
black spillage ( ... ).
The definition of conquest has changed. Japan has proved that territory, sbrn
ag:ea_ge, means nothing. The Soviet Union's geographical vastness has availed little in
productivity.
The deepest change may be a planetary intuition that military war is pojntless ... Why
conquer land? The new world's battlegrounds are markets and ideas. The Japanese and
Germans, havjng learned their military lessons the hard way. reentered the war by other
means.
Cities like Cairo, Lagos. Nairobi, Mexico City are slouching toward the new world in
the darkest way. Life and death struggle with one another: great birth rates. great death
rates. This is the new world's suffocation. of population, poverty, pollution. The country
people crowd into the cities. Their continuities are broken, their communities, their village
frameworks wrecked, with nothing to replace them.
In the new world, America has lost some of its radiant pride of place. Japan has risen.
Europe is organizing itself into a new collective power. The Soviet Union is struggling to
escape the dustbin of history.
What is the meaning of the new world? It is, on balance, better than the one before,
because it is more conscious.
Time, 29 May 1989.
21. has developed like a Polaroid photograph

a) has revealed its transparency
b) has improved its image
c) has very quickly come into existence
d) has expanded slowly
22. smitten lines

a) lines written by a war correspondent
b) war poem
c) deeply-felt emotional poetry
d) poetry composed on a typewriter
23. the Irish troubles proceed

a) civil unrest in Ireland continues
b) the worried Irish keep going on
c) troubles originate in Ireland
d) the Irish institute a legal action
24. they were enacting a planetary drama

a) they were going through a tragic experience being shown all over the
world
b) they were not able to play all over the world
c) they were performing a miracle play
d) they were acting in a Star Wars film
25. powder into electrons

a) be covered with dust
b) atomize
c) be turned into ashes
d) plant a bomb
ire partie : Annales 19
26. an intricate convergence

a) a difficult combination
b) a complex network of interactions
c) a delicate situation
d) a hard place to be in
27. ripple
a) cascade b) tear
c) flow d) stagger
28. an integrated system

a) a system connecting different elements together
b) a computer
c) a microchip
d) an electronic circuit
29. the village has indeed become global

a) every village has indeed its own idiot
b) small is indeed beautiful
c) the earth has indeed become as small as a village
d) the village has indeed become complete
30. no island is an island any more

a) no place can be isolated from the rest of the world
b) pedestrians can no longer find refuge from street traffic
c) the British isles will no longer be cut off from the Continent
d) no man is an island unto himself
31. the romantic sense of remoteness shrivels

a) the romantic feeling of isolation is on the decline
b) the romantic idea of distance survives
c) the romantic sensation of separateness is growing
d) the loneliness of romanticism is evil
32. the trash

a) the poor b) rubbish
c) foolish ideas d) nonsense
33. sheer acreage

a) arable land
b) land for land's sake
c) precipitousness
d) actual surface area
34. has availed little

a) has been of minimal usefulness
b) has done more harm than good
c) has hidden few aspects
d) has been a little useful
35. military war is pointless

a) armies no longer use swords
b) war is a waste of time
c) war is useful
d) war prepares peace
36. having learned their military lessons the hard way

a) having learned to be tough with the army
b) having taught their army to be stoical about pain
c) having learned about war from cruel experience
d) having taught their military courses with difficulty
37. are slouching toward the new world

a) are pushing on toward the new world
b) are marching bravely toward the new world
c) are moving awkwardly toward the new world
d) are entering the new world
38. their village frameworks wrecked

a) their homes bulldozed
b) their buildings in ruins
c) pictures of their villages smashed
d) their traditional social structures destroyed
39. America has lost some of its radiant pride of place

a) America is not as arrogant a country as it used to be
b) America is no longer the leading country in the world
c) America has cut down on its nuclear plants
d) America used to be a nicer country to live in
40. struggling to escape the dustbin of history

a) trying to run away
b) trying to avoid being left on the sidelines of history
c) fighting to forget the past
d) making an effort to get away from a wasteful economy
ye partie : Annales 21
TEST3
GRAMMAIRE
1. Thanks for the chocolate but you . . . !
a) oughtn't have b) hadn't to
c) shouldn't have d) needn't to
2. I really appreciate ... Early English Gothic architecture.

a) an b) the c) each d) 0
3. Leconte .. . a lot of matches this year.

a) has won b) wined c) won d) had won
4. . .. her being exhausted, she went on to win the race.

a) In spite b) Unless c) Despite d) However
S. I'm afraid I can't lend you my suit. It ...

a) is cleaning b) was been cleaned
c) is being cleaned d) is cleaned
6. His ruthless politics have made him ... friends.

a) few b) lots of c) a few d) little
7. On my way to the concert I met Robert, who asked me ...

a) where am I going b) where I was going
c) where was I going d) where I am going
8. My wife didn't get home until 9 last night. She ... work late.
a) should b) has had to
c) should have to d) had to
9. I thought you had told him, ... ?

a) hadn't I b) didn't I
c) didn't you d) hadn't you
10. I wish she ... saying such stupid things.

a) will stop b) would have to stop
c) would stop d) stops
11. Now she has received her back pay she .. .

a) is making a new kitchen put in b) makes a new kitchen put in
c) is having a new kitchen put in d) has a new kitchen put in
12. She will receive a gift when she ....

a) will retire b) retires
c) is retiring d) is going to retire
13. I really enjoyed ....

a) Spielberg's latest film b) the Spielberg's last film
c) the latest Spielberg's film d) the last Spielberg's film
14. Between 1945 and 1951, Japan ... achieve economic growth.
a) could have b) was unable to
c) has been unable to d) shouldn't
15. ... people go to the cinema now than they did in the 1960s.
a) Lesser b) A fewer c) Fewer d) A lesser
16. Australia ... an economic power to be reckoned with.

a) is becoming b) was become
c) becomes d) is become
17. When he was a child, he lived in Exeter ... four years.

a) during b) for c) since d) while
18. The Queen spoke to ... children individually.

a) every b) all
c) any of the d) each of the
19. How awful! In Britain we .. . warmer tea than this!

a) are used to drink b) used to drink
c) used to drinking d) are used to drinking
20. This is the first time I ... a multiple choice test - and I am hating every
minute of it!
a) I ever did b) I have never done
c) I have ever done d) I am doing
I"' panic : Annales 23
COMPREHENSION
Lisez attentivement le texte n• 1 et r~pondez aux questions sur ce texte, puis le texte n• 2 et
r~pondez aux questions sur ce texte.
Texte n• 1 :
PROTECTED BY KING ALFRED'S SWORD, WHEREVER IT MIGHT BE
Is everyone in Chirk, and a good part of Oswestry, beyond the reach of English law?
Can anyone avoid giving evidence by insisting that the court administer the oath in some
impossible form 7 And will Glyndwr council ever get the £1,203 .it is owed in rates by Mr
John Pierce, of Ley Farm, Chirk, self-proclaimed Saxon freeman and beneficiary of King
Alfred's last will and testament?
Mr Pierce startled magistrates at Llangollen this week by claiming that his farm lies in
a strip of land between Offa's Dyke and Wat's Dyke that has never been brought within the
royal prerogative. Instead, he says, it lies still under Saxon law, protected by King Alfred's will
of AD 901, which guaranteed the West Saxons freedom from such novel calls on their
finances as rates.
Furthermore, Mr Pierce and his son Ian, who attended court in the full dress of Saxon
thanes, insisted that the only oath that would bind their consciences was the old Saxon
oath, last sworn at Sarum in 1086. Mr Pierce could not actually recite the oath but had it all
written down for production when necessary.
Ian Pierce did read the oath to the bemused Llangollen magistrates (his father having
supplied a three page script). It was all to no avail, for Mr Arthur Burt, clerk to the justices
had to admit that the Saxon Sword of State, on which all Saxon thanes did their official
swearing, was not in court. In fact it has not been seen since 1086. So neither Mr Pierce
could give evidence.
Llangollen magistrates found for Glyndwr council and ordered Mr Pierce to pay £950
costs. The matter is unlikely to rest there.
Mr Pierce, an engineer from Clwyd who salvaged treasures from the Lusitania, helped
to pinpoint the site of the Titanic and invented the inflatable bags which refloated the
Rainbow Warrior, also has a formidable record as a stubborn litigant. Previous successes
include establishing that persons of sufficient means might self-insure agricultural tractors
and then use them, without benefit of insurance certificates, for private motoring.
More recently, a year's research enabled him to establish that the Crown had no right
to unclaimed contents of wrecks found outside territorial waters.
It was during his legal research in the Lusitania case (from which he emerged
~umphant with the ship's bell), that Mr Pierce discovered the laws that form the basis of his
present argument.
He now says he will appeal, though he admits he has not decided what to do about
the oath if he gets a rehearing.
24 Tesrs d 'anglais du secondaire au superieur
Mr Edward Lunt, Glyndwr' s senior rating officer, said yesterday: "The council has
never encountered this King Alfred's defence before. We had never even heard of Wat's
Dyke, and do not really know where it is."
Mr Pierce's argument revolves around an aircraft hangar on which the council want to
levy rates, opencast mining on his land, Glyndwr's plans for an industrial estate there, and a
proposed Chirk by-pass.
"I do not mind too much about the by-pass," Mr Pierce said yesterday. "You have to
use a bit of common sense."
Questions sur le texte n° 1
21. Glyndwr council

a) is beyond the reach of English law
b) wanted the court to administer the oath in an impossible way
c) has not been able to obtain rates from Mr Pierce
d) will never obtain £1,203 in rates from Mr Pierce
22. Mr Pierce' s argument was that

a) King Alfred would come to protect him
b) his property did not come under English law
c) his farm lies in a strip of land
d) Saxon law protected King Alfred' s will of AD 901
23. The Pierces failed in their attempt because

a) Mr Pierce was unable to swear the oath
b) the Llangollen magistrates were bemused by the oath
c) all the Saxon thanes were not in court
d) they did not have the Saxon Sword of State
24. Mr Pierce also

a) drives a tractor as a private vehicle
b) has illegally pirated treasure from a wrecked ship
c) refloated Rainbow Warrior single-handed
d) has proved that the Crown cannot claim treasure found beyond the 3 mile
limit
25. The reader also learns that

a) Mr Pierce is not totally hostile to technological progress
b) Mr Pierce has a private plane
c) the council had never heard of Wat's Dyke before
d) the council wants to sink a mine shaft on Mr Pierce's land
26. 'rates' as used in the text are

a) a calculated percentage used for the exchange of currencies
b) liquid cash
c) taxes paid to the local council
d) money paid directly to the government in accordance with one's own
income
27. "the only oath that would bind their consciences" means
a) the only thing that would make them attend court
b) the only sworn statement to which they would attach any value
c) the only solution they felt it was right to adopt
d) the only swear word that would shock people
28. "it was all to no avail" means:

a) it served no purpose
b) it did not cause as much fuss as they had hoped
c) nothing of what they said had any meaning
d) it was a hopeless cause
29. "the Crown had no right to unclaimed contents of wrecks found outside
territorial waters" means
a) any object found in a sunken ship outside the territorial limits could be
kept by the finder
b) the Queen could not fish in waters that did not belong to Great Britain
c) if objects in a sunken ship outside territorial limits had no owner, they
could be kept by the finder
d) any wrecks having no owner found outside territorial limits should be
claimed by the Crown
30. The best paraphrase for "by-pass' would be

a) a road which avoids a town centre
b) a road where drivers are not allowed to stop
c) an area where motorists can rest and have refreshments
d) a road which goes over another road
Texte n• 2
OTHER EUROPEANS
Nothing will get your dinner-guests heading for the door faster than the subject of
EFTE-EEC relations. Why is this worthy theme such a conversation-stopper? Partly because
none of the six members of the European Free Trade Association - Austria, Finland, Iceland,
Sweden. Switzerland and Norway - is arrestingly unreasonable. Partly because any talk of
the way an Association might relate to a Community is bound to be bloodless. But mainly
because EFTA's identity is negative - its members are chiefly not-in-the-EEC - and any
attempt to make non-members of a club feel more like members is an attempt to square a
circle. The topic becomes more interesting when it turns to particular EFTA countries and
asks: what is it that prevents Austria or Sweden or Norway joining the Community?
Once upon a time, in the 1950s and the 1960s, EFTA had a stronger identity: it was a
rival view of a European Community; one that eschewed supranational institutions where
the EEC from the start embraced them. That vision lost out. Members defected to the EEC -
first Britain, then Denmark and Ireland, then almost Norway but not quite, and most recently
Portugal. Nevertheless, in the 1970s, EFTA membership retained its attractions. It allowed its
geopolitically neutral members (Sweden, Austria, Finland and Switzerland) to remain
uncompromised. It had helpful EFTA old-boys within the EEC in the shape of Britain and
Denmark. It still had work to do in removing the remaining tariffs and restrictions on trade
with the Community. It could watch the EEC going through a dispiriting phase in the wake
of the oil shock, and count itself lu_cky to be out of the squabbles about farm prices and
money.
From the mid-1980s onwards those comforts ebbed away, as Mr Thomas Pedersen
has explained with clarity in a recent paper for Chatham House. The ex-EFTA members of
the EEC became less supportive. The comfortable assumption that the EEC would develop
haltingly became less tenable. By 1984 the EFTA-EEC tariff-free zone had been achieved. So
what next? In Luxemburg that year, the French foreign minister, Mr Claude Cheysson,
speaking as president of the EEC Council of Ministers, suggested that EFTA and the EEC
work towards a "European Economic Space" - a vaporous concept said to embrace, among
other things, a truly free internal market. But within a year, Mr Jacques Delors had launched
the EEC's own internal-market project, whose full measure made it clear what an unEFTAlike
pooling of sovereignty a truly free internal market entails.
Suddenly, EEC club-membership has become both harder to eschew and harder to
contemplate. The EFTA countries share most of the fears already listed for America and
Japan. But their stake is far higher because 65% of their non-mutual exports go to the EEC,
equivalent to 14% of their joint GDP. In addition, they fear trade-diversion. Where Sweden
and West Germany, say, are now equally placed to sell to, say, France, the Germans will
soon have an inside track. The EFTA countries will be in the grip of EEC laws and product
regulations without being able to affect their framing. All good reasons to join fast: But
pe partie : Annales 27
Austria, Sweden, Switzerland and Finland know that the mounting foreign-policy
cooperation between EEC members is becoming ever less compatible with their neutrality.
The programme to flesh out the idea of a European Economic Space will go on: much
work is being done in such areas as standards, rules of origin, procurement, frontier
documents and technical collaboration. This will temper the discomfort of non-membership
of the EEC for determinedly neutral Switzerland and precariously poised Finland. For the rest
of the EFTA six, starting with Austria and Norway, a snowballing bid for membership seems
probable. And this must affect the ultimate goal of the Eur~pe-builders.
Questions sur le texte n• 2 :
31. EFfA
a) has lost five members to the EEC
b) is a strong rival to the EEC
c) has never attempted to impose institutions that threatened loss of
sovereignty
d) has suffered from arguments concerning farm prices
32. Britain and Denmark

a) helped EFTA join the EEC
b) back EFTA countries less than before
c) had a lot of work in abolishing customs barriers on trade with the EEC
d) were the most recent countries to join the EEC
33. The EEC internal market

a) was launched by Jacques Delors a year ago
b) is also referred to in the article as "European Economic Space"
c) involves loss of national sovereignty in order to be really free
d) is becoming harder and harder to achieve
34. The EFfA countries

a) are afraid of losing trade with EEC countries
b) are afraid of losing 65% of their exports
c) all have good reasons for wanting to join the EEC fast
d) are all politically neutral and so cannot subscribe to EEC politics
35. The main underlying assumption of the article is that

a) EFTA's attempts to achieve a free internal market are economically
questionable
b) EFTA is a failure
c) all EFTA countries will have to join the EEC
d) Delors' vision of Europe does not include EFTA
36. The "dinner guests" 0'ill "head for the door" (paragraph 1) because
a) they are anti-Eurofe
b) they will feel sick
c) EEC-EFTA relatidns is too complicated a topic for dinner discussion
d) the subject bores u1em
37. The expression "ond upon a time" (paragraph 2) is used by the author
a) to suggest that a uPited Europe is like a fairy tale
b) to hint sarcasticall7' that EFTA' s power and influence belong to the past
c) to stress that 30 or 40 years is a long period of time
d) to show that he believes that EFTA should no longer exist
38. "those comforts ebb&d away" (paragraph 3) means

a) the advantages of pot being a member of the EEC suddenly disappeared
b) non-membership of the EEC became a more and more comfortable
position to adopt
c) non-membership vf the EEC suddenly became an uncomfortable position
to adopt
d) the advantages o( not belonging to the EEC gradually became less and
less
39. "EEC membership pas become both harder to eschew and harder to
contemplate" (parag{~Ph 4) m~ans that
a) EEC membership is more difficult to avoid than before but less difficult
to accept .
b) it is more difficult to thmk about becoming a member of the EEC
c) it is more difficult to abstain from membership of the EEC and to think
about joining it . .
d) EEC membership is difficult to swallow and even harder to look on from
the outside
40. "to flesh out" means

a) to diminish
b) to add more details to
c) to bring to life
d) to have constructive arguments about
)ff partie : Annales 29
TEST4 J
GRAMMAIRE
1. It's ten o'clock, so they ... for an hour by now.
a) will drive b) had been driving
c) will have been driving d) are driving
2. I hadn't seen John Smith since we ... room-mates at college.

a) were b) have been
c) were being d) had been being
3. He hid it carefully away in case they ... it.

a) see b) will see c) should see d) may see
4. As soon as they ... , I'll let you know.

a) called b) call
c) will call d) will have called
S. Cassius Clay ... forever ... that he was the greatest.

a) should I proclaim b) would I proclaimed
c) was I proclaiming d) has I been proclaimed
6. Please hurry up and get the car out, ... ?

a) shall we b) will you c) don't you d) do you
7. It was very kind of you to finish it but you ... so.

a) mustn't have done b) needn't do
c) can't have done d) didn't need to do
8. Since she was given that new job, she ... dreadfully hard.
a) was working b) had worked
c) has been working d) had been working
9. Had they not left much earlier than planned, they . . . for hours by the
traffic.
a) might have been delayed b) might be delayed
c) could be delayed d) couldn't have been delayed
10. The day when you ... yourself out on your own, it won't be easy.
a) are finding b) have found c) would find d) will find
11. While he . .. , the hospital's electricity system suddenly broke down.

a) has been operated on b) used to be operated on
c) was being operated on d) would be operated on
12. . .. do make a fuss over nothing.

a) Much people b) A people c) Any people d) Some people
13. The doctor ... he was referring to was an eye-specialist.

a) which b) whose
~~ ~~w~m
14. His son's ... into Oxford came as a big surprise.

a) been getting b) getting c) to got d) got
15. If we consider various African species, is certainly the most in

danger of extermination.
a) the elephant b) an elephant
c) elephants d) any elephant
16. There was an old mansion, .. . were coated with rust.

a) which gates b) the gates of which
c) the gates of whom d) whom gates
17. ... officers expect from their troops is obedience.

a) The fewest b) The much least
c) The very lesser d) The very least
18. We can't stand the sound of ... a moment longer.

a) them having hammered b) them hammer
c) their hammering d) their to hammer
19. I have never met . .. person in my life.

a) some such b) any such c) the such d) no such
20•... approach to economic policy might bring the Conservatives down .

a) The Thatcher b) The Thatcher's
c) Thatchers' d) Thatcher
pe pmtie : Annales 31
COMPREHENSION
Lisez tres attentivement le texte suivant, puis repondez aux questions.
A KISS FOR A WHALE

Concern for the endangered species grows in Japan
The sun beats down on the grayish-blue whale as it moans softly. Children run up to
the creature and tap the tip of its wide mouth. "Whales are disappearing, you know",
whispers a father to his 1-year-old son, who gleefully points to the nose. The 10-meter-long
fiber-glass<oated model is a smaller but faithful reproduction of the blue whale. It is
displayed in the greenhouse-like entrance hall of the Parco department store in Tokorozawa,
about 20 km north of Tokyo. Says Hirotsugu Shibata of Parco's promotion department:
•until recently, we only thought of whales as big, cute and something once served in school
lunches. Now people are looking at photographs and learning that whales make sounds.
There's finally an interest in the real thing."
~onmentalists around the world seem convinced that Japan is determined to hunt
down and eat the whale, one of the world 's most intelligent, endearing and endangered
species. But though sentimental antiwhaling arguments still have little support in the
country, attitudes are beginning to shift. Few Japanese today eat whale meat since the
international ban on whaling has made it a scarce commodity; beyond this, a growing
fascination with whales has also taken hold.
~changing whales from a resource to eat to a resource to watch" is the slogan used
to promote whale-watching tours out of the Ogasawara Islands, a small chain south of
Tokyo Bay. Town fathers in the former whaling center speculated that the springtime
approach of humpback whales and their sucklings could be a tourist attraction, and began
the tour last year. This season about 1,500 people boarded small fishing boats to see the
humpbacks. Several other former whaling towns have followed their lead, and the Tosa
Trawl Aqency today takes whale watchers on a 6,500-ton car ferry to see sperm and Bryde's
'Nhales off Cape Muroto on Shikoku Island.
The whale boom is also visible in bookstores. Two expensive photo volumes, Whales
and Dolphins and Living Whales, have each sold more than 30,000 copies since they
appeared this year. Businesses other than publishing are joining in the trend. Parco is
exhibiting the Living Whales photographs of Mitsuaki lwago in a new promotion campaign
called "A Kiss for a Whale ". The store also has a whale shop that sells T-shirts, jewelry and
mugs decorated with whales, as well as whale videotapes.
The government views whale chic with ambivalence. Japan would like to revive the
hunting of minke whales, since some studies indicate they are not endangered. Some
officials welcome the increased awareness of the animal but are wary that this will turn into
an emotional attack against all whaling. Nobuyuki Yagi of the Far Seas Fisheries Division
does not expect that to happen. Says he: "The debate over whaling will grow, but the
background in Japan is different from the U.S. Americans have raised the whale as a symbol
of conservation. Mix that with the calls for animal rights and memories of watching Flipper,
and you get the notion that whales are innocent and Japan is bad."
The interest in whales, though, has changed the dining taste of at least Toru Yano, an
official at Kodansha, which published Whales and Dolphins. Says he: " I've seen whales two
or three times, and if you look at their photos over and over again, you don't want t o eat
them anymore. "
Time, September 10, 1990.
21. "A Kiss of a Whale" is

a) the title of a book
b) the title of a film
c) the title of a promotion campaign
d) the title of a new magazine
22. The text aims at

a) poking fun at environmentalists
b) showing Japan' s increasing awareness of the whales' plight
c) raising funds in aid of whales
d) describing the whales' hazardous living conditions
23. The main interest of the text is

a) ecology b) business
c) entertainment d) tourism
24. Whales are said to be

a) child loving b) very clever
c) very cruel d) very sociable
25. In Japan, whales used to be

a) symbols to be worshipped
b) part of the population's diet
c) potentially dangerous creatures
d) a bone of contention within the government
26. The whale is on display

a) in a botanical garden b) in a circus
c) in a museum d) in commercial premises
27. The striking feature about the whale on display is that

a) it moves gently
b) it complains mournfully
c) it can hold a child in its mouth
d) it answers visitors' questions
pc partie : Annales 33
28, People are now learning that whales

a) have no teeth
b) can make sounds
c) are the biggest of all animals
d) can be taught to perform circus acts
29, How many species of whales are mentioned

~3 ~4 ~5 ~6
30. A mug is
a) aclock b) acup c) ahat d) a scarf
31. to act "gleefully" is to act

a) with fear b) with pleasure
c) with interest d) with determination
32. ''sucklings" means

a) babies
b) spurts of water above whales' heads
c) huge waves
d) whaling boats
33. 1be "whale boom" is

a) the weapon with which to catch whales
b) the noise whales make before plunging
c) the big flat tip of a whale's tail
d) the economic growth generated by whale-linked activities
34. What Japanese officials fear most is that

a) whaling may be threatened
b) the Japanese may be corrupted by American ideology
c) whales may proliferate
d) the outside world may boycott Japanese products
35. Anti-whaling activists value most the fact that whales are
a) lovable creatures
b) a traditional feature of Japan's sea life
c) part of a delicately-balanced ecosystem
d) an invaluable source of profit
36. "The international, ban on whaling has made it a scarce commodity"

means
a) There are fewer whales because gangs of foreign hunters come to capture
them
b) The Japanese have changed their views on whales due to growing world
concern
c) whales are in short supply because of new regulations
d) officials from all over the world have gathered to debate the whaling
issue
37. businesses other than publishing join in the trend because

a) they consider the campaign useful and praiseworthy
b) it opens up a new range of sales
c) they think it is an easy way of clearing their leftover stocks
d) they also hope to be given government money
38. the consequence of the growing interest in whales is that

a) whale hunting has developed enormously
b) eating whale has become fashionable in Japan
c) American tourists are pouring into Japanese resorts
d) whales have become an object of curiosity
39. "the government views whale chic with ambivalence" means that
a) their attitude towards the whale craze is not devoid of ambiguity
b) they think that foreign enthusiasm for whales may be turned to advantage
c) they are apprehensive about launching a campaign for the protection of
whales
d) they are concerned about the widespread sale of whale artefacts in
fashionable shops
40. The text shows that conservationists in Japan

a) have won a lot of people to their cause
b) have forced the government to pass legislation about whale and animal
rights
c) have antagonized business circles and food suppliers
d) have missed their point altogether
TESTS
'RAMMAIRE
, French people don't need to take planes to go to the World Cup and ...
do other Europeans.
a) so b) nor c) neither d) none
She said we would go as soon as everyone ... ready.

a) were b) was c) will be d) would be
, Graham Greene ... for one year now.

a.) is dead b) died c) has been dead d) was dead
You will understand English much better when you ... here another
month.
a) will be b) will have been
c) have been d) are
He ... Russian for five years and then he gave it up.

a) had studied c) has studied
c) studied d) has been studying
It ... nearly half a century since he ....

a) has been I has died b) was I was dead
c) was I died d) is I died
, They ... called yesterday, when we were out.

a) may b) might c) may have d) can have
, You .. . take an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.

a) must not b) needn't c) haven't to d) ought not
, By the end of the year he ... speak good Turkish.

a) can b) know how to
c) is able to d) '11 be able to
10. I'm not going simply because I don't see why I ... .
a) will b) would c) shall d) should
36 Tests d' anglais du secondaire au superieur
11. He's always wishing he .. . more money.

a) have ' b) had
b) will have d) would have
12. They'd left at six o'clock, ... ?

a) had they b) hadn't they
c) would they d) wouldn't they
13. The employers ... an ultimatum by the union.

a) have received b) were received
c) have got d) have been given
14. Oh yes, I remember my parents ... to the scheme.

a) object b) objection c) objecting d) to object
15. We're not used ... spoken to like that.

a) be b) to be c) being d) to being
16. I can run twice ... you can.

a) as fast as b) fast as c) so fast as d) faster than
17. ... people have died of starvation.

a) hundreds of thousands b) hundred thousand
c) hundreds of thousands of d) hundred thousands of
18. They left the building, putting .. . on ....

a) their hat I their head b) their hats I their heads
c) a hat I the head d) their hats I the head
19. This issue was totally ignored under ... administration.

a) Reagan b) the Reagan
c) President Reagan d) the President Reagan
20. Most ... feel concerned about it.

a) the French b) French
c) ofFrench d) of the French
37
OMPREHENSION
It will be a year of elections. The campaigns in America, Britain, Italy and, maybe,
, 1 w ill inspire little and change less. The problem is finding anyt hing serious to disagree
l eolitics is happily becoming dull. Expect elections in an unusually high number of
ring countries. Black Africa is turning to the ballot box; even some Muslim countries
1111'with democracy.
World leaders will spend 1992 in talks. Watch out for the meeting of Spanish-
~ 111 heads of state in Madrid in April or for the United Nations environment meeting in
next June or for the host of European conferences throughout the year as examples of
new politic. There will be disarmament conferences too. Look for a total ban on
•illll'"-"'-'e"'a¥0'1Jncc,s, a dramatic reduction in all nuclear arsenals and troop-cuts everywhere.
1 11ran dominance, through stealth technology, will keep the peace.
Wbat are the shadows over this bright year ahead? Most of them are in the continent
I 11tope. The Soviet Union's continuing collapse will move Europe's eastern border to
h ,,, 1Choolmasters•always said it was: the Urals. The harshness of that collapse will bring
1uvr and deprivation. In Eastern Europe, which from 1992 should more properly be called
r tr, tl Europe, it will be the year of test: will the siren voices of regional tribalism be
he s n r I so e n i wth ? Much will depend on the European
111rm 1t11ly. As it completes the moves to a single market at the very end of the year, it w ill
·~rafting new treaties. which need to be attractive enough to beckon new members
111~.
Dudley Fishburn, Editor, The World in 1992. The Economist, Dec. 1991.
21 .... paving the way for a yet better 1993.

a) 1992 will make it possible for 1993 to be even better.
b) There is no reason why 1993 should not be better than 1992.
c) 1992 will be such a good year that 1993 can't possibly be any better.
d) 1993 will be all the better as 1992 won't be such a good year.
22.... , managed to engineer a recession in the midst of plenty.

a) Those countries fought the recession more successfully than others.
b) In spite of the recession those countries saw an increase in their wealth.
c) However paradoxical, those countries went through a recession whereas
the rich world prospered.
d) The recession those countries were responsible for spread to most of the
other rich countries.
23. . .. even they will be out of their mess . ..

a) The rich world, except for those countries, will be prosperous .. .
b) The rich world, including those countries, will be prosperous .. .
c) Those countries will have lost their leading position ...
d) Those countries will still be undergoing recession ...
24. What makes this extraordinary period of wealth-creation continue

unchecked?
a) Why shouldn't such a period of wealth go on for years?
b) Isn't it about time experts looked into the reasons for such prosperity?
c) How can such ongoing prosperity be accounted for?
d) What could possibly put an end to this period of affluence?
25.... there will be a consensus, regardless of a country's political hue, to

follow the tenets of capitalism:
a) Capitalism can no longer be applied, whatever the country's political
regime.
b) Everybody agrees that the principles of capitalism must vary from one
country to another.
c) Capitalist countries around the world will more than ever stick to
capitalism.
d) The principles of capitalism will now be applied all over the world.
l"' partie : Annales 39
26. .. . and the scope for prosperity seems unlimited.

a) There is no reason why prosperity should ever stop.
b) There is no reason why prosperity should go on for ever.
c) Appearances may be misleading.
d) And yet prosperity is bound to come to an end.
27. The ... of Asia will increase their prosperity at almost twice the rate of
their American and European counterparts.
a) Thanks to the lower prices of their products Asian countries will outstrip
their American and European counterparts.
b) It will take Asia much longer than Europe and America to reach
prosperity.
c) Prosperity will grow much faster in Asia than in Europe and in America.
d) Asian prosperity won't last as long as European and American
prosperity.
28. China too will stir from its isolation.

r'
a) No shift at all in China's attitude to the West can be expected.
b) China will no doubt remain isolated too.
c) China, however, will suffer from its isolation.
d) China will do more business with the rest of the world.
29. Its economic performance will put it on course to be one of the world's
biggest economies within a decade.
a) In spite of its economic difficulties China will no doubt be one of the
world's most powerful countries by the end of this century.
b) In the last ten years China has shown that it is one of the world's biggest
economies.
c) China's economic performance is evidence that it will sooner or later be
an economic superpower.
d) China's current economic achievement is evidence that it will join the
leading nations of the world within the next ten years.
30. . .. power in the globe will click a notch further to the East.
a) The West will lose some of its power to the benefit of the East.
b) Power will be equally shared between the East and the West.
c) China will become a serious threat to Western countries.
d) There will be a radical shift from the West to the East in the balance of
power.
31. The problem is finding anything serious to disagree about.

a) There is no consensus at all.
b) There is general agreement about everything that matters.
c) How hard it is to find something everyone agrees about.
d) The problem is so serious that agreement can't possibly be reached.
32. Politics is happily becoming dull.

a) Politics is more exciting than ever.
b) Fortunately enough, politics is undergoing some change for the better.
c) People will hopefully get more and more interested in politics.
d) Everybody tends to be bored with politics and that's a good thing.
33. Black Africa is turning to the ballot box;

a) Black Africans have all been granted the right to vote.
b) There will soon be elections in Black Africa.
c) The media have a growing influence on Black African politics.
d) Black Africa is not about to turn democratic.
34. . .. toy with democracy.

a) turn into democracies.
b) organize mock elections.
c) join forces with other democracies.
d) take steps towards democracy .
35. . .. a total ban on chemical weapons, ...

a) Chemical weapons will all be destroyed.
b) It will become illegal to produce and/or use chemical weapons.
c) The production of chemical weapons will be drastically cut down.
d) The protest movement against chemical weapons will spread to the
whole world.
36. What are the shadows over this bright year ahead ?
a) What stands in the way of such promising prospects ?
b) Won't the future be bright once we've dealt with the few remaining
problems?
c) Yet isn't the past likely to slow down the process towards prosperity ?
d) Why should anything jeopardize such a bright outlook ?
37. The harshness of that collapse will bring danger and deprivation.
a) The break-up of the Soviet Union will trigger very severe effects.
b) The sudden setting up of private enterprise as a consequence of that
downfall will be felt as dangerous.
c) The end of the Soviet Union will mean more peace and less economic
difficulties.
d) The downfall of the Soviet Union will make it easier for each new
country to face the dangers of deprivation.
38. will the siren voices of regional tribalism be spurned for the saner
pleasures of economic growth ?
a) May not regionalism spoil the promising prospects of a growing
economy?
b) Aren't economic worries going to get everybody to work happily
together?
c) Will nationalistic concerns be rejected and economic ones prevail ?
d) Aren't nationalistic interests fortunately going to prevail over economic
ones?
39 •... , it will also be drafting new treaties, which need to be attractive

enough to beckon new members from the East.
a) The European Community can't cope with the desire of most Eastern
European countries to become members.
b) In order to do business with Eastern Europe the EEC should not put
forward conditions that are too attractive.
c) The new EEC treaties must make it clear to the Eastern European
countries wishing to join that they must meet strict requirements.
d) Unless the EEC new treaties suit their needs, Eastern European countries
won't apply for membership.
40. Which continent does Dudley Fishburn express most doubts about?
a) Africa
b) Asia
c) America
d) Europe
42 Tests d' anglais du secondaire au superieur
TEST6
GRAMMAIRE
1. She must be made ... with the rules.
a) to comply b) comply c) complying d) complied
2. After a few days in England, you will ... on the left.

a) use to drive b) used to drive
c) be used to drive d) be used to driving
3. How long . . . him ?

a) do you know b) have you known
c) are you knowing d) have you been knowing
4. . .. children get, . .. they will ask for.

a) more I more b) the more I the more
c) most I most d) the most I the most
5. Of all my pupils, she is the one who works .. . .

a) less b) the less c) least d) the least
6. . .. more than 3,000 languages in the world.

a) It is thought to be b) There is thought to be
c) They are thought to be d) There are thought to be
7. Their 57-hour-a-month burden is light in comparison with that ... by

their German and Italian counterparts.
a) beared b) born c) borne d) borned
8. It ... the first time he ... so rude!

a) is /is b) was I was
c) was I has been d) was I had been
9. The question of . .. of them will be their representative has not been

solved yet.
a) which b) what c) who d) whom
10. I must apologize .. . to meet you.

a) not to be able b) not to have been able
c) not being able to d) for not being able
I'" partie : Annales 43
11. I wish I ... him when I was younger.

a) knew b) would know
c) have known d) had known
12. I ... one good film these last three months.

a) didn'tsee b)can'thaveseen
c) wasn't able to see d) haven't been able to see
13. He liked to go running before breakfast, unless it ....

a) rains b) rained c) has rained d) would rain
14. The day will come when you ... it.

a) are regretting b) regret c) will regret d) would regret
15. Up to now, he ... this suit only twice.

a) wore b) was wearing
c) 'sworn d) 's been wearing
16. They wouldn't let him out of the hospital until he ....
a) completely recovered b) has completely recovered
c) had completely recovered d) will have completely recovered
17. If he were to give up smoking he ... get fat.

a) has to b) will c) might d) should
18. A long time ago, I ... in New York State for a year.
a) lived b) have lived
c) have been living d) had lived
19. Why ... now? And where ... ?

a) to go I to go b) go I go
c) go I to go d) to go I go
20. They have four children, three of ... live abroad.

a) them b) which c) whom d) whose
COMPREHENSION
Lisez attentivement le texte suivant, puis repondez aux questions.
LET THE PEOPLE SPEAK
The gru_dgiDg French endorsement of the Maastricht treaty should bring equally
grudging celebration in Downing Street. John Maior whose popularity has crashed at a
record rate in response to his economic mismanagement, must now use his leadership of the
EEC to shape a fresh treaty. Then he should ask the British people to support the result.
Until now Mr Major has rejected the use of a British referendum. To remove the
decision from the safety of Parliament has seemed to him both politically unwise and a sign
of personal weakness. Yesterday his foreign secretary, Douglas Hurd, reiterated the
govern ment's antipathy to giving the British people the same rights as the Danes, the Irish
and the French.
Mr Major would be wise to change his mind in favour of a referendum rather faster
than he bowed to the pressure to leave the ERM last week. To lose one battle with more
powerful forces can be considered foolish : to lose a second could cost him his job.
It is not hard to understand Mr Major's passion for boldness. To follow one of the
most reso lute prime ministers of modern times was never going to be easy, especially for .a
man then thought too nice to be a politician. Mr Major has shown great resolution. But he
has failed to choose the targets of his resolution with the necessary care. An exchange rate
of DM 2.7780 was one foolish choice . Now that the French have voted their narrow "yes",
opposition to a British referendum could be another.
Mr Major might recall that Mrs Thatcher was frequently more flexible than she liked
to appear. The lady was for turning w hen politics dictated it except, fatally, over the poll
tax. After the French result, the prime minister must swiftly reassess his resolve.
Whatever his stated preference for a "yes" vote, it has landed him in a far stickier
polit ical position than a rejection of the treaty would have done. With a small parliamentary
majority and in the teeth of a growing group of sceptical MPs (one of whom yesterday
predicted "trench warfare"), Mr Major will have to persuade Parliament to ratify a_tre_aty
whose terms, if they are not amended, would be wide ly reviled.
Mr Major's slide so far has been cushioned by a lucky coincidence of circumstances.
The next general election is a long way away. Both opposition parties had locked themselves
into agreement with the government over the ERM: so their criticism has been unnaturally
subdued. No obvious successor has yet shown himself ready to take advantage of Mr
Maior's plight . Neither of the last two strokes of fortunes, though, will necessarily last.
Calling a referendum would help Mr Major. Apart from earning him popularity with
voters, w ho show in poll after poll that they want to be consulted, it would also appease the
voluble criti cs in his own party. Mr Major may be holding back for fear of an eventual "no"
vote. If so, that would be both dishonourable and foolish. He ought not to impose any
constitutional change on a country that does not want it. Nothing, in the long run, would
make him more unpopular.
yre partie : Annales 45
A referendum is not simply a politically pragmatic option· it is also the right one. Mr
Hurd was arrogant to suggest yesterday that a ratification of the treaty by Parliament would
be democratically sufficient. MPs may be, as he says, "newly elected", but none has an
electoral mandate to press ahead with Maastricht. At the last general election British people
were not given the chance to vote for a party that did not support Maastricht. It is precisely
because policy on Europe has not divided along traditional party lines that a referendum is
called for, just as it was in 1975 when both main parties were split over whether Britain
should remain in the EC.
Britain is no Switzerland. This country holds referendums only on matters of
constitutional importance. The Maastricht treaty or any likely successor is just such a matter.
If the people of Britain do not want it, they should not be forced to accept it. But if they do
vote for it, their decision could at last lay to rest the country's debilitating ambivalence about
European union, just as the 1975 poll established that the question of Britain's EC
membership was no longer at issue.
This is why it is important that in the remaining months of the EC presidency, Mr
Major should seek to negotiate a package for which he could sincerely recommend a "yes"
vote; and one that is likely to attract such an endorsement. In the circumstances in which the
Maastricht treaty was agreed, he probably did win for Britain the best deal he could. But
circumstances have change.d. The Danes have rejected the treaty. Nearly half the French -
perhaps the most Europhile people of the Community - have expressed their reservations.
The Germans have shown themselves in opinion polls to be three to one against jettisoning
the mark. The present economic and monetary union proposals are now unachievable.
All this points to some form of renegotiation of Maastricht. It is idle to suppose that
the wholehearted support of the European people can be won simply by appending the odd
"clarification" to the treaty. As president of the EC and as the country with the strongest
reservations about over-extension of the European Commission's competence, Britain is well
placed to address the anxieties of those in Denmark and France who voted no. Mr Major
should come back from his October summit with the outline of a treaty that more than a
bare majority of Europeans can back. If he achieves that, he should be able to win the
support of the British people too.
The Times, Tuesday September 22, 1992.
21. The grudging French endorsement

a) the surprising endorsement
b) the resigned acceptance
c) the reluctant approval
d) the final ratification
22. John Major, whose popularity has crashed at a record rate

a) his popularity has been recorded as rising
b) his popularity has been recorded as falling
c) his popularity has plummeted
d) his popularity has broken all records
23. he should ask the British people to support the result

a) to bear the consequences
b) to back out of Europe
c) to approve the Maastricht treaty
d) (none of these)
24. he bowed to the pressure to leave the ERM

a) he resisted the pressure to leave the ERM
b) he yielded to the pressure to leave the ERM
c) under pressure, he bowed himself out of the ERM
d) he was afraid to be obliged to leave the ERM
25. a man then thought too nice to be a politician

a) a man who, at that time, thought it very nice to be a politician
b) a man who then thought it too difficult to be a politician
c) a man who used to be regarded as too gentle to be a politician
d) a man who used to be regarded as too scrupulous to be a politician
26. opposition to a British referendum could be another

a) another narrow yes
b) another bold choice
c) another foolish move
d) another show of resolution
27. The lady was for turning when politics dictated it

a) she was a weathercock
b) she frequently turned toward other people for advice
c) she never changed her mind
d) she made her own final decisions on grounds of expediency
28. the prime minister must swiftly reassess his resolve

a) reaffirm his determination
b) restate his position
c) reconsider his decision
d) recover his determination
29. in the teeth of a growing group of sceptical MPs

a) in spite of
b) at the mercy of
c) in the wake of
d) with the support of
30. a treaty whose terms, if they are not amended, would be widely reviled
a) would be widely discussed
b) would not be broadly accepted
c) would be mildly criticized
d) would be widely inveighed against
31. Mr Major's slide so far has been cushioned

a) Mr Major's image so far has been improved
b) Mr Major's image so far has been softened
c) Mr Major's authority so far has been scathed
d) Mr Major's downfall so far has been prevented
32. their criticism has been unnaturally subdued

a) their criticism has been unusually muted
b) their criticism has been surprisingly vocal
c) their criticism has been unusually fierce
d) their criticism has been unexpectedly subtle
33. No obvious successor has shown himself ready to take advantage of Mr

Major's plight
a) obviously, no politician is willing to try and derive profit from Mr
Major's experience
b) Mr Major's position is so difficult that no politician would like to take
his place in the present circumstances
c) so far, no suitable candidate has shown himself willing to make use of
Mr Major's troubles to supplant him .
d) Mr Major's position is still too strong for an aspiring politician to make
an obvious bid for his succession
34. A referendum is not simply a politically pragmatic option; it is also the

right one
a) because leaving it for Parliament to decide would result in the rejection
of the treaty
b) because leaving it for Parliament to decide would result in the ratification
of the treaty
c) because leaving it for Parliament to decide would take too much time
d) because it is the most democratic procedure
35. none has an electoral mandate to press ahead with Maastricht

a) no MP has a right to vote for or against Maastricht
b) no MP should think he has to hurry to make a decision on Maastricht
c) MPs should put their heads together and think it over before making a
decision on Maastricht
d) MPs have not been clearly commissioned to go on with the Maastricht
process
36. the question of Britain's EC membership was no longer at issue

a) at last b) ruled out c) at risk d) at stake
37. The Germans have shown themselves in opinion polls to be three to one
against jettisoning the mark
a) 75% of the Germans think the mark should not be devalued
b) 75% of the Germans think the mark should not be revalued
c) 75% of the Germans think the mark should be discarded
d) 75% of the Germans think their national currency should not be thrown
overboard
38. It is idle to suppose that the wholehearted support of the European

people can be won simply by appending the odd "clarification" to the
treaty
a) It is futile to suppose that the European people would warmly support the
treaty if it were written in clearer language
b) It is futile to suppose that the European people would warmly support the
treaty if some clauses were added to explain its oddities
c) It is futile to suppose that re-writing all the odd-looking passages in plain
language would increase popular support for the treaty
d) Adding a few clauses to the present text would not be enough for it to
win the support of the European people
39. The Times thinks that

a) European unity is a utopian dream that cannot be achieved
b) economic and monetary union is unachievable through the Maastricht
treaty
c) some form of renegotiation of the treaty should take place
d) the British people might approve the treaty in its present state, should Mr
Major call a referendum
(Exceptionnellement, la question 39 comptait double; ce qui explique qu'il n'y avait pas de
question 40)
f"' partie : Annales 49
TEST7
GRAMMAIRE
1. She'd like ... more often.
a) that he phoned b) he should phone
c) him to phone d) him phoning
2. Frenchman ... I am, I am interested in cricket.

a) though b) yet c) as d) however
3. He needn't .. . so rude about it.

a) to have been b) have been
c) having been d) had been
4. Few people came, ... ?
a) didn't they b) isn't it c) have they d) did they
!. If he ... find out one day what you have done, he will never forgive
you.
a) had to b) were to c) will d) must
6. Cities ... London, Glasgow and Birmingham are divided into postal
areas.
a) as b) like c) as such d) such
7. The man ... you want has just left.

a) that b) whose c) which d) who
8. You had better ... where you are.

a) stay b) to stay c) staying d) you stayed
9. My sister wishes ... to practise music.

a) having the time b) having time
c) she has time d) she had time
10. ... you may do, he will always complain.

a) Despite b) Nonetheless
c) Whatever d) Notwithstanding
11. Christ told the sick man to ... and walk.

a) have arisen b) raise c) rise d) arise
12. I ... in bed for a rest all yesterday.

a) lied b) was lying c) laid down d) lay
13. What's the point ... to him, he won't listen.

a) of talking b) to talk
c) with talking d) for talking
14. If you ... earlier, you would have got a better seat.
a) should come b) came
c) had come d) have come
15. He did not turn up this morning; he must ... his train.
a) miss b) have missed
c) have been missing d) be missing
16. We'll let you know as soon as the problem ....

a) is settled b) has settled
c) will have been settled d) will be settled
17. Profits went up by 4% last year, and ... this year.

a) have not decreased b) were not decreased
c) had not decreased d) did they decrease
18. Mrs Brown ... for over six years now.

a) is dead b) died
c) has been dead d) was dead
19. Everyone thinks so, ... ?

a) don't they b) doesn't he
c) do they d) isn't it
20. They'd rather . .. until tomorrow.

a) he stays b) him staying
c) him to stay d) he stayed
ire partie : Anna!es 51
COMPREHENSION
Lisez le texte suivant et repondez ensuite aux quest ions.
W HEN WORK IS A PERK

Guy Standing thinks every citizen should get welfare benefit
As the unemployed slum-dweller in Jamaica said when quizzed by a visiting

economist: "Man, I don't want a job, I want to work." But in an era when jobs are
increasingly - perhaps permanently - scarce, the distinction between a "job" and "work" is
no longer a matter of semantics only. According to Dr Guy Standing, the economist of the
anecdote, it becomes the starting point for a humane response to a struggling labour
market and shrinking welfare state. If we are to help the unemployed, we must change our
definition of employment.
Standing, an officer of the UN International Labour Organisation, has studied the
labour markets of western Europe, eastern Europe and Russia. For the past five years, he has
been privately promoting the idea of a "citizenship income guarantee". The idea is
seductively simple: give every citizen, regardless of age, work or marital status, a guaranteed
minimum income. Children might receive a portion, the poorest a supplement.
For non-earners, it could be an automatic payment or a life-time credit acquired at
birth and drawn when needed. For earners, it would take the form of a tax credit. The aim,
says Standing, is to combine the virtues of labour flexibility (giving people more choice about
when and how they work) with the justice of income security. And the way to do it is tQ.
sever the link between welfare and work.
His project is not new: in its various guises, it has been called a negative income tax,
social dividend, social cred it or basic income. And, as Standing confesses, it has in the past
attracted its fair share of cranks as well as the academically respectable. But with
unemployment in the European Union heading towards 18m, and in Russia towards 20m,
he says the citizens' wage is winning converts .
Standing's underlying assumption is that while there will be work, t here will not be so
many jobs. Does that mean, I asked him, that people will have to be paid not to join the
labour market - at least, not full-time?
"Yes. It's a regrettable fact that the era of full employment in the old sense is past;
1nd while the notion of full work opportunities for all is something we should cherish and
promote, the idea of everybody being in full-time, regular, protected employment is now not
llkely to return ."
You have said that full employment is not all that wonderfu l. What do you mean?
"Full employment would not be wonderful if it meant putting large numbers of
people into low-wage jobs with poor working conditions and a lack of basic rights.
'
" If you remove all protective regulations and institutional support - including trade
unions - the labour market you create at the bottom is very unedifying. After all the social
and economic progress that Europe has achieved, to return to that model would be a
monumental historical defeat."
He sees the citizenship wage as an answer to the failure of full employment strategies
(communist as well as capitalist) iJnd as a counter to the growing popularity of workfare -
the principle that the unemployekJ should be compelled to work for their welfare cheque.
Workfare, he said, was both immoral and uneconomic. "You create a low-wage stratum of
people who would bump out others who w ere doing the w ork before. It can be an obstacle
to skill development."
It also corrected the failure of the benefit system. (Only 30 per cent of unemployed
Britons actually receive unemployment benefit. The fraction in Russia is even smaller.) In any
system, people fall t hrough the net. Meanw hile, payments are being reduced and qualifying
criteria stiffened. Means testing is on the increase.
Standing is cha irman of a little-known body known as Bien, a punning acronym for
Basic Income European Network. His 15 minut es of fame came aged 23, when , fresh from a
PhD in labour economics at Cambridge, he combed the UK census f igures and announced
that the unemployment rate was really 1m, not the 700,000 the government had
announced.
Offered a job at the UK Department of Employment, he chose t he ILO instead. Why?
"Because I believed, and I still believe, that to have civilised labour markets requires an
institutional approach. " These days, he works in Budapest, directing a team of ILO field.:
workers throughout central and eastern Europe. Significantly, the ILO has not adopted t he
basic income idea itself.
I asked Standing how he would sell his ideas to governments.
"The politicians have gone for efficiency and improving the flexibility of labour
markets. These are worthy objectives. With income support, more people will be able to ta ke
part-time jobs, to take risks, to experiment w ith training, to move in and out of the market."
The poor would be helped out of the unemployment trap lwhen loss of benefit is a
disincentive to working) and the poverty trap (when the loss is a disincentive to working
harder).
What about the black economy and w elfa re-scrounger argument ?
"Politicians are ambivalent. Sometimes they talk of scrounging, sometimes about
personal initiative and entrepreneurial talent. Most people doing w ell in the informal
economy are the ones who tend to have regular jobs - savings, cont acts, etc. - whereas
most unemployed do not have these things.
"You either go for more policing, which leads in rather worrying directions, or you
have to find ways of legitimising many forms of activity that are only illegitimate in
dysfunctional systems."
Would the basic income be enough to live on?
"We're hoping that. gradually you move in the direction of providing an jncome
where people could if necessary, survive without earnings for a period. But we're not so
naive as to think this is a realistic possibility in the near future."
How would you sell it to workers for whom unemployment is the great stigma?
rrc partie : Annales 53
"Look, unemployment is a reality in Europe now. Most people are afraid of it,
particularly those in manual jobs. You offer them different types of work, w aged jobs for a
certain period, or training, or self-employment. I am convinced of the attractions, particularly
to those who feel frustrated in a narrow, static job.
"And despite what some trade union leaders say. this prevents sweated labour. You
wouldn't be forced to take the terrible jobs any more."
What you describe sounds like communism, I said. It's the iron rice bowl again.
"No, it's moving away from old labels altogether. Under the Leninist model, there was
.1guarantee of some sort of income, but it was for workers. If you were not a wage labourer
and usually a manual labourer - then you didn't have any entitlements to society's surplus
and you were regarded as a social parasite. And t here was a compulsion to do waged
11.bru!!: "
But wouldn't it be fabulously expensive?
"No, because there is a lot of churning in the existing system: benefits to middle-
Income groups, waste, duplication, administration . The Dutch have costed it and found they
could provide a reasonable level of basic income w ith only a small rise in t he average tax
rete.
"Then, if you turn benefit receivers into tax-paying workers, you are increasing the tax
11'il!. One of the problems of recent years has been t he erosion of the tax base, with people
it both ends of the income scale bypassing it."
So, some of the middle-class tax perks would be removed?
"I think that's essential. "
The 1990s, he said, was an era for experimentation: with new kinds of working, social
lrotection and wealth distribution. A citizenship wage was only one of the many techniques
I I be employed on the road to economic and social democracy without which political
Dmocracy could not survive.
"In the end, it's a question of what sort of democracy you want to create." People
!lltached from the labour market had to be re-attached. "Should it be by paternalistic
llrection and regulation, or by maintaining a liberal attitude and letting them make their
own choices - giving them education, training, the opportunity for different
, , l,lpations ... ?"
Including the opportunity not to work?
"Exactly. But if they t ake that opportunity, the consequences are a pretty low income.
11 "" never met anyone content to live on a bare survival income. It t akes a very strange
11w of human nature to th ink that large numbers of people would want t o be idle. Human
111 11111, are not like that."
Financial Times, 13/14 November 1993.

21. A citizenship income guarantee would consist in

a) giving the same amount of money to any citizen whatever his or her
position might be
b) giving a minimum amount of money to any unemployed citizen
c) giving variable amounts of money to citizens, according to their position
d) giving all citizens a job
22. to sever the link between welfare and work

a) to tighten the connection between benefits and wages
b) to dissociate the notions of welfare system and work
c) to abandon the idea that working can lead to happiness
d) to make sure everyone is happy by giving them work
23. it has in the past attracted its fair share of cranks as well as the
academically respectable
a) the project and the academically respectable have attracted many cranks
b) the project has attracted nobody, neither mad people nor respectable
intellectuals
c) the project has appealed to many people of every description
d) the project has appealed only to limited numbers of people of every
description
24. Standing's underlying assumption is that while there will be work, there
will not be so many jobs
a) basic principle b) main idea
c) implicit belief d) false premise
25. Workfare, he said, was both immoral and uneconomic. "Workfare"

means that
a) unemployed people cannot claim any benefits if they haven't worked
before
b) unemployed people should do some work to be granted unemployment
benefit
c) people who don't work are not entitled to any benefits
d) those who work must contribute to the financing of unemployment
benefit funds
26. You create a low-wage stratum of people who would bump out others
who were doing the work before
a) increase the number of people uselessly doing the same work
b) take the place of people who were paid to do the work
c) result in too many jobs and not enough people to take them
d) lead to work being done by incompetent people
27. In any system, people fall through the net

a) people remain prisoners of the system
b) people are overlooked by the system
c) people can't live on their net salaries
d) people become social drop-outs
28. to have civilised labour markets requires an institutional approach

a) labour markets needn't be controlled by an institution if they are civilised
b) labour markets should be institutionalised
c) labour markets cannot become humane if they are not dealt with 'in
institutional terms
d) it is illusory to rely on institutions to have civilised markets
29. he works in Budapest directing a team of field-workers throughout

central and eastern Europe
a) unskilled peasants b) social workers
c) skilled agricultural workers d) intellectuals
30. The politicians have gone for efficiency

a) they are not interested in efficiency
b) efficiency is their main priority
c) they are not well considered because they are inefficient
d) they have been replaced by technocrats
31. The poor would be helped out of the unemployment trap (when loss of
benefit is a disincentive to working)
a) unemployment benefit puts people off finding work
b) losing unemployment benefit puts people off working
c) losing unemployment benefit encourages people to find work
d) being granted unemployment benefit encourages people to find work
32. Sometimes they talk of scrounging

a) stealing
b) working hard
c) trying to get money without doing any work
d) saving money
33. to find ways of legitimising many forms of activity that are only
illegitimate in dysfunctional systems
a) the black economy is only considered illegitimate because the system is
dysfunctional
b) illegitimate activities turn healthy systems into dysfunctional ones
c) dysfunctional systems necessarily lead to illegitimate activities
d) in dysfunctional systems, the black economy is not illegitimate
34. We're hoping that, gradually, you move in the direction of providing an
income where people could, if necessary, survive without earnings for a
period
a) we hope that, one day, people won 't have to work so hard anymore to
make a decent living
b) we hope that the guaranteed minimum income will progressively
increase so that unemployed people should be able to live on it for a
limHed period of time
c) we hope that unemployment will gradually disappear, so that it should no
longer be necessary to resort to the guaranteed minimum income for
more than short periods of time
d) we hope that salaries will be redistributed in such a way as to eradicate
unemployment
35. And despite what some trade union leaders say, this prevents sweated
labour
a) contrary to what union leaders say, this is not incompatible with manual
work
b) contrary to what some union leaders say, this helps people bear difficult
jobs
c) according to this system, workers will have to be warned when a job is
physically arduous, which certain union leaders disagree with
d) contrary to what some union leaders say, this system will make it
impossible to exploit workers
rre partie : Annales 57
36. And there was a compulsion to do waged work

a) working for a salary was compulsory
b) people were not encouraged to take up liberal professions
c) people were reluctant to do any work
d) all salaries were paid by the state
37. there is a lot of churning in the existing system

a) there are many advantages to the existing system
b) there is a lot of variety in the existing system
c) the existing system is very wasteful
d) the existing system is very complex
38. Then if you turn benefit receivers into tax-paying workers, you are
increasing the· tax base
a) you are raising the tax rates on the highest incomes
b) you are increasing the number of tax-payers
c) you are raising the tax rates on the lowest incomes
d) you are raising VAT rates instead of income tax rates
39. So, some of the middle-class tax perks would be removed?

a) drawbacks b) improvements
c) privileges d) limitations
40. large numbers of people would want to be idle

a) many people would like to do nothing
b) many people would like to work more
c) many people would like to be poor
d) many people would like to be supported
c ~~ -T_ES_T_8~ ~-=1
~
GRAMMAIRE
1. Nothing really important has happened since the day he ....
a) has left b) left c) had left d) leaves
2. I wish ... come and dine with us.

a) you should b) you to c) you would d) you've
3. When I was younger I ... a pipe.

a) used to smoke b) use to smoke
c) used to smoking d) was used to smoke
4. She ... for two hours when I finally arrived.

a) was waiting b) has waited
c) had been waiting d) waited
5. He hasn't arrived yet. He must still ... lunch.

a) have b) be having
c) have had d) to have
6. Unless safety regulations changed, this car will have a promising

future.
a) were b) will be c) are d) would be
7. She ... in London for five years and then moved to Germany.
a) has lived b) lived
c) has been living d) had lived
8. The program was watched by three ... viewers.

a) millions b) million c) millions of d) -million
9. Between their diverging views, there is ... for negotiations.

a) a room b) the room c) one room d) room
10. He was so exhausted that I suggested .. . to bed.

a) he go b) he goes
c) he would go d) he went
11. The death of ... left the party without ....

a) Prime Minister I leader b) the Prime Minister I the leader
c) Prime Minister I a leader d) the Prime Minister I a leader
12. Joan is a good friend of ....

a) them b) they c) theirs d) their
13. They promised to help ... unemployed and ... homeless.

a)0/0 b)the/the c)0/the d)an/a
14. The Reading study suggests that most people ... much rather gaze at
their own gardens or a city park.
a) 0 b) had c) will d) would
15. He was not in his room, so I thought he ... in the garden.

a) must play b) might be playing
c) may be playing d) may play
16. She's feeling better now so you ... call the doctor.
a) must not b) ought not
c) needn't d) haven't to
17. - He stayed too long. - So ....

a) you did b) you
c) did you d) you too
18. ... nothing has been agreed yet, we are very hopeful.
a) Despite b) In spite of
c) Though d) However
19, He thought he didn't know her, but he suddenly remembered ... before.
a) to see her b) to have seen her
c) seeing her d) of having seen her
20. He is ... to have been very busy at that time.

a) told b) mentioned c) pretended d) said
-J
60 . Tests d'anglais du secondaire au superieur
COMPREHENSION
Lire attentivement le texte suivant, puis repondre aux questions.
LETTER FROM GEORGIA: WELCOME TO NEWT'S NEIGHBORHOOD
In the bustling Atlanta suburb of Marietta, 35-year-old Danny Williamson is savoring

the prospect of his congressman, Newt Gingrich, as Speaker of the House of
Representatives. Williamson built a thriving restaurant - and counts on Gingrich t o impose
the work ethic that pervades his prosperous community upon America. "It's hell to work like
we do, 60 to 70 hours a week, and see a welfare system out of control", he gripes.
Ten miles away in Kennesaw - the site of a Civil War skirmish - Confederate-
memorabilia shop owner Dent "Wildman" Myers has other requests for Gingrich: Overturn
Washington's ultraliberal Establishment and repeal the new gun-control laws. "Clinton
doesn't care about the normal people", grumbles Myers, brandishing pistols.
Welcome to Newt's Neighborhood, otherwise known as the sixth congressional
district of Georgia. Gingrich's "Contract With America" - the campaign platform House
Republicans ran on this fall - may horrify liberal critics. Yet a trip through Gingrichland
reveals that the Contract simply echoes the ultra-conservative values of his district. From the
locals' perspective, Gingrich's objective is simple: He wants America to be like his
hometown .
Contempt. The district's culture combines rugged individualism born of an agrarian
past, old-fashioned religious values, and a disdain for Washington - particularly for President
Clinton. Gingrich supporters are ecstatic at the prospect of their man's shaking up the
capital elite. Gingrich took 64% of the district's vote in winning reelection . Now, on a local
radio station, talk-show host Neal Boortz gloats that the Speaker-in-waiting has become "de
facto President of the United States."
Contempt for anyone who isn't ultra-conservative is pretty much the rule in these
parts. But aside from their politics and their racial homogeneity, Gingrich's constituents are
diverse. Stretching north from the well-to-do Atlanta suburbs to the red-clay foothills of the
Blue Ridge Mountains, the district straddles the fault line that awkwardly joins the Old and
New South. Yuppies in Jaguars share the road with pickup drivers who work at the massive
Lockheed Corp. plant and truckers who sport Confederate flags on the grilles of their 18-
wheelers.
Gingrich's message strikes a chord with both crowds. The incoming Speaker talks of
creating an "opportunity society" because explosive growth in the local economy has
created opportunity for residents. And if Gingrich has a reputation for being a political
bomb-thrower, so do his fellow citizens. When Atlanta enacted a law extending spousal
benefits to the companions of gay city employees, Cobb County passed a resolution
declaring gay lifestyles incompatible with community standards - costing it the chance to
host events for the 1996 Olympic Games.
In the northern hamlets, Gingrich's populist call for restoring family values plays well
with the blue-collar crowd. At the Shanty House, a meat and three vegetable diner in
Kennesaw, construction-equipment repairman Darold Ledford backs Gingrich's plan for
I s,artie : Annales 61
hool prayer. "We've got to restore morals and values in this country", he says, fuming
, , •1 a court order last summer forcing the removal of a display of the Ten Commandments
l1n111 a local courthouse.
Transplants. Further south are Atlanta's bedroom communities. Because of an influx

r,f white-collar workers, this congressional district ranks 11 th out of 435 in its percentage of
1111Jege graduates and 25th in median household income. Many residents, such as realtor
Thomas Lutz and his wife, Mary, are Northern transplants. So, of course, is Gingrich, who
was born in Harrisburg, Pa., but moved to Georgia as a teenager, whe n his adoptive father
was stationed at Fort Benning.
These constituents are rooting for their representative to cut the government down,
w ithout compromising his principles. Says John F. Smith, a manager of the tony Galleria
• hopping complex: "I like to see him push." So do most folks in the Neighborhood. Newt
likely won't disappoint.
Business Week, November 28, 1994.
21. the bustling Atlanta suburb

a) rich b) animated
c) poor d) violent
22. Danny Williamson is savoring the prospect of his congressman, Newt

Gingrich, as Speaker of the House of Representatives
a) Danny Williamson is pleased with Newt Gingrich's program
b) Danny Williamson is happy that Newt Gingrich may become Speaker of
the House of Representatives
c) Danny Williamson is Speaker of the House of Representatives, and is
pleased with his congressman, Newt Gingrich
d) Danny Williamson is pleased that Newt Gingrich is Speaker of the House
of Repre.sentatives
23. a thriving restaurant

a) a vegetarian restaurant
b) a successful restaurant
c) ·a restaurant currently undergoing financial difficulties
d) an expensive restaurant
24. the work ethic

a) work laws and regulations
b) system of values in which the emphasis is put on work
c) the obsession with work
d) the need to do overtime
62 Tests d'anglais du secondaire au .rnperieur
25. to pervade
a) to invade insidiously
b) to be found everywhere
c) to pervert
d) to prevail
26. "It's hell to work like we do, 60 to 70 hours a week, and see a welfare
system out of control"
a) We are fed up with working so much without receiving any welfare
benefits
b) We are fed up with working so much while contributing to a welfare
system that does not work properly
c) We are fed up with people receiving welfare benefits for doing nothing
while we work 60 to 70 hours a week
d) We are fed up with having to work 60 to 70 hours a week because the
welfare system does not work properly
27. Confederate memorabilia

a) souvenirs of the Civil War related to soldiers who fought for the North
b) souvenirs of the Civil War related to soldiers who fought for the South
c) souvenirs of the War of Independence
d) old weapons
28. repeal the new gun-control laws

a) make the new gun-control laws harsher
b) abolish the new gun-control laws
c) draft the new gun-control laws
d) fight the new gun-control laws
29. the campaign platform House Republicans ran on this fall

a) the program on which House Republicans based their campaign last fall
b) the program which cost House Republicans their election
c) the collapse of the platform on which House Republicans ran during the
campaign
d) the campaign platform which led to the election of House Republicans
30. to gloat
a) to complain
b) to express overt jubilation
c) to affirm
d) to denounce
31. Gingrich' s constituents

a) those who vote for him
b) those who vote against him
c) those who live in his congressional district
d) those who militate in his favor
32. the fault line that awkwardly joins the Old and the New South
a) the mistake that consists in confusing the New and the Old South
b) the guilt that the New and the Old South share
c) the imaginary line where the Old and the New South meet as best they
can
d) the fissure which separates the Old and the New South
33. Gingrich's message strikes a chord with both crowds

a) Gingrich's message generates fierce opposition between those who
follow him and those who don't
b) Gingrich' s message is equally approved of by the rich and the poor
c) Gingrich's message is equally rejected by the rich and the poor
d) Gingrich' s message is clearly understood by all
34. explosive growth in the local community has created opportunity for
residents
a) exceptional growth has attracted new residents to the area
b) rapidly growing prosperity has increased the local population's chances
of becoming richer
c) the development of weapon factories has made the local population
richer
d) overpopulation has led residents to settle in other areas
35. a law extending spousal benefits to the companions of gay city

employees
a) a law allowing homosexual city employees to marry their boy- or girl-
friend
b) a law whereby good-humoured, polite employees are entitled to receive
bonuses
c) a law which grants the companions of homosexuals working for the
municipality the same allowances that the wives -or husbands- of
heterosexual employees enjoy
d) a law forbidding homosexuals to become city employees
\.
36. a meat and three vegetable diner

a) somebody who can afford expensive restaurants
b) a cheap, popular restaurant
c) a meal which consists of meat served with three sorts of vegetables
d) a restaurant which mainly caters for vegetarians
37. realtor
a) realistic person
b) executive
c) conservative
d) real estate agent
38. Northern transplants

a) people who have migrated from the North to settle
b) people who have migrated to the North to settle
c) people from the North who haven't managed to integrate themselves
d) yankees (Southern expression)
39. to root for

a) to encourage
b) to demand
c) to be afraid of
d) to look for
40. to cut the government down

a) to reduce government spendings
b) to throw the government out
c) to reduce the number of civil servants
d) to reduce the federal government's power
rr• partie : Annales 65
TEST9
GRAMMAIRE
1. Of course you're free, but I'd rather you ... father's boots to go to the
lycee.
a) wore not b) didn' t wear
c) shouldn't wear d) not to wear
2. Charles Dubon ... to be hiding in a luxury hotel in Argentina.

a), it is reported, b) he is told
c) is reported d) people tell
3. My difficulties . . . last three months helped me to understand what

friendship really means.
a) during the b) for some c) since the d) while the
4. She has never bought Lotto tickets. She said she'd never get over the
shock if ever she .. . she' d won.
a) will be learning b) is learning
c) learnt d) have to learn
5. "Look, you've still only got one head and two legs, . . . you think you
are."
a) so intelligent as b) so much intelligent
c) how intelligent d) however intelligent
6. "Don't threaten me. What' s to prevent .. . the police this evening?"

a) me from ringing b) that I ring
c) me to ring d) I am ringing
7. "Eat all the pudding you want, son. Your mum's got ... there for you if
you're hungry."
a) a lot of more b) plenty more
c) just as many d) as much of more
8. Helen is a social scientist. She' s carrying out ... about people's taste in
clothes.
a) a research b) researches c) research d) many research
9. "It's impossible! The company . .. so much money last year."

a) can't lose b) was impossible to lose
c) mightn't lose d) can't have lost
10. In ten days time ... her job. And she won't come back.
a) she has quitted b) she's quitting
c) she quitted d) would be for quitting
11. Unless changes ... quickly, the team is going to get beaten.
a) must be made b) are made
c) have to be made d) were made
12. She'd never seen .. . boring film in her career as a film-critic.

a) such a b) a so c) how d) as
13. You . . . be Mme Soleil to know that the Americans will win some
medals in Atlanta.
a) must not b) might not c) are obliged to d) don' t have to
14. : . . is still getting bigger and bigger.

a) The Eurotunnels' deficit b) Eurotunnel deficit
c) The Eurotunnel deficit d) Deficit ofEurotunnel
15. In fact ... leisure activities of ... rich interest me enormously.

a) 0 I 0 b) these I 0 c) the I the d) the most I the rich
16. "Take the taxi. It will enable ... to the airport before six."
a) you to get b) to get
c) that you can get d) to you to get
17. After talking ... with my friends, I decided to say yes.

a) it over b) around it c) about d) over it
18. Let's forget about the reforms. We'll just carry on .. ..

a) like usually b) as before it
c) as before d) so like the past
19. The economy . . . pick up in the third quarter of 1996.

a) thinks to b) is expected to c) expects d) expects to a
20. In my opinion .. . person who buys this record simply demonstrates a

lack of musical education.
a) some b) ifsome c) all d) any
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte et repondre aux questions.
THE DECLINE OF OUR CITY CENTRES
Provided you ignore the boarded up shop windows and the bedraggled figures selling
the Big Issue*, the architecture of Britain's town centres looks much as it did 20 years ago.
There has been nothing like the invasion of shopping malls, multi-storey car parks and
crude new office buildings that wreaked so much havoc in the 1960s. Conservation has
stopped the tidal wave of demolition: facades at least are all but untouchable now.
Appearances, however, are seriously misleading. The fact that nothing new is
happening in the city centre is a sign not of stability but that the action has moved
elsewhere. Behind the carefully preserved crust of stone and brick, the town centre is
threatened by the greatest challenge it has ever had to face.
The 1960s may have left it looking uglier but at least it still had a clear purpose. The
city then was still the centre of social life, the place in which institutions naturally gathered;
where ambitious corporations believed they had to have their headquarters, even if they
built them in Brutalist style.
They were where we all looked for the kind of public life that gives cities their special
quality: exotic food stores, specialist book-shops, and the chance meetings and random.
unexpected social accidents of urban life. They were characterised by the cafe and the court
house as well as the cinema and the university.
The city centre was also the place that could accommodate the awkward not always
very picturesque aspects of urban reality that suburbs find too difficult to deal with - the
homeless, the sex industry, the subcultures of the gay life, of immigrants and drugs.
New patterns of urban life are bypassing them altogether. The changes, social as well
as technological, of the 1990s are threatening their very existence. Cash dispensers and
telephone banking are making marble banking halls redundant, just as our loss of faith has
left the churches empty and our changing tastes in alcohol threaten the survival of the
traditional pub.
Most of us now live miles away from anything remotely recognizable as a traditional
ctty - a fact that has deeply disturbed the Campaign for the Preservation of Rural England.
The majority of new housing is being built not on derelict inner cities sites, but in and
around the green belt And these new homes, typically planned with no provision for public
transport, are utterly dependent on the car.
We shop in giant ex-urban shopping centres, not corner shops, whose role the filling
station is doing its best to usurp. The decision in the late 1~80s by the big retailers to
concentrate their investment in giant stores, where customers can park at ground level, had
enormous consequences for the future of the city. Meanwhile, BAA** - which now makes
'
more money as a retailer than it does out of the airlines - is presenting Heathrow as the
ideal family shopping location.
As people increasingly stay away, so the economic cycle which is undermining the
future of the city centre takes a further, and more vicious turn. It is seen as squalid, and
potentially dangerous, a place to be endured, or even avoided, rather than a glamorous
attraction. More and more of us work in business parks - landscaped campuses close to
airports, or motorways. There may be a squash court, and a health club, but walking to the
shops, or the pub at lunch time is out of the question. We amuse ou rselves at far flung
multiplex cinemas. Even hospitals and government buildings are vanishing, leaving an empty
stage in frantic search for a plausible future.
Too many responses to these challenges are no more than attempts to apply sticking
plaster remedies to life-threatening wounds. The same tired old att empts to camouflage
structural decay with a cosmetic dusting of granite cobbles, bollards made from recycled
railway sleepers, and hanging baskets of flow ers are still being t rotted out. Worst of all is
pedestrianisation, which in many cases does more harm than good. Excluding the car erodes
the sense of life and activity that is essential to keep cities buzzing, and t urns them instead
into a gratingly artificial environment.
notes:
*The Big Issue: equivalent of Macadam
**BAA= British Airport Authority
Deyan Sudjic, The Guardian, January 13, 1996.
21. Provided you ignore

a) Although you look quickly at
b) Despite your ignorance of
c) So long as you take no notice of
d) If you are not used to
22. boarded up shop windows

a) fully stocked up shop windows
b) identical and repetitive shop windows
c) abandoned, out of business shop windows
d) refurbished shop windows
23. the bedraggled figures

a) the unkempt, forlorn-looking people
b) the eccentric faces
c) the huge numbers
d) the gloomy statistics about the homeless
24. There has been nothing like the invasion of shopping malls
a) Recent years have not witnessed anything similar to the earlier craze for
fashion malls
b) Recent commercial developments have been on an ever greater scale
c) Hooligans have been terrorizing shopping-centres as never before
d) Shopping-malls have been taking the place of traditional shops more than
ever
25. wreaked so much havoc

a) generated such massive profits
b) so transformed appearances
c) been so redolent of money
d) brought about so much damaging change
26. Conservation has stopped the tidal wave of demolition

a) The preservation of tradition now means that old buildings are less likely
to be pulled down
b) Policies of the Conservative Party have put an end to destruction of the
urban heritage
c) Buildings are better protected against the effects of pollution
d) Deterioration of buildings due to tidal waves has been thwarted
27. facades at least are all but untouchable now

a) nobody is interested in the question of architectural facades now
b) at long last buildings are comprehensively protected
c) so far as facades are concerned, they are now virtually secured against
destruction
d) facades have become the pariahs of contemporary cities
28. misleading
a) disappointing b) leading to negative effects
c) harmful d) deceptive
29. the action has moved elsewhere

a) enterprise now tends to be focused on other places and locations
b) the City is no longer the centre for financial trade
c) the city is now a much calmer haven of peace
d) the city is no longer the place for massive demolition
30. The 1960s may have left it looking uglier, but at least it still had a clear
purpose
a) The clear goal of the 1960s was to reduce the city to ugliness
b) Though the result was ugly, the decade of the sixties did at least have a
definite conception of what it was doing
c) The ugliness of the sixties was designed to drive people away to the
suburbs
d) The clear proposal of the sixties was to abandon the ugly parts of the city
31. random, unexpected social accidents of urban life

a) the chance, unforseeable disasters which are inevitably part of city life
b) the unplanned for meetings between people that are part of city life
c) the strange developments which transformed city life in recent decades
d) the strikes and demonstrations which are part and parcel of the city
32. accommodate the awkward . . . aspects of urban reality

a) guarantee housing for the excluded
b) settle the problems of city life
c) find a place for the Jess customary, Jess conventional features of urban
life
d) integrate those who are not used to the realities of the city
33. New patterns of urban life are bypassing them altogether

a) The latest trends preserve the city centres from the effects of change
b) Recent developments tend simply to ignore the traditional city centre
c) New road devefopments deviate traffic from the city
d) City centres are not affected by the latest trends of urban life
34. anything remotely recognizable as a traditional city

a) a place that merges secluded quiet and the trepidation of a city
b) a place in any way similar to the typical city
c) a place that's like a quiet, medieval town
d) a secluded place offering more recognition than in a city
35. the economic cycle undermining the future of the city centre
a) the economic changes laying the foundations for the future of the city
b) current trends emphasizing the future role to be played by cities
c) the economic developments still laying stress on the vital role to be
played by cities
d) the economic tendencies casting doubt over the future prospects of the
city centre
36. More and more of us work in business parks

a) Ecological theme-parks employ more and more people
b) People increasingly tend to work in new specially designed environments
c) Urban business quarters are becoming more and more crowded
d) The conversion of parklands for commercial purposes employs more and
more people
37. We amuse ourselves at far flung multiplex cinemas

a) Multivision cinema at home, far from the crowds, is what we like
b) For leisure we go to new multiple cinemas far from the city centre
c) We tend to make fun of the fashion for multiplex cinemas
d) We like to visit the new farfetched high-tech cinemas
38. an empty stage in frantic search for a future

a) an unused theatre anxiously looking for a new role
b) an absurd, soulless, phase of urban society, in need of a new future
c) a transitional phase, when the future is not yet clear
d) a useless training-course, where people desperately look for their future
39. are still being trotted out

a) are still being excluded and rejected
b) continue to be put forward in automatic, uncritical fashion
c) aren't yet being considered by people
d) even imply a return to equestrian transport for tourists
40. to keep cities buzzing

a) to cause cities to be so stressful and nerve-wrecking
b) to generate business and profit
c) to ensure commercial profitability
.d) to ensure that cities don't lose their air of excitement
TEST 10
GRAMMAIRE
1. He ... work there last June.
a) has begun b) is beginning c) began d) begins
2. He's a nice man, I wish ... him better.

a) I should know b) I knew
c) I would know d) knowing
3. Of course, the child was crying, but you ... the doctor for that.
a) didn't have to ring up b) mustn't have rung up
c) mustn't ring up d) needn't have to ring up
4. The highjackers threatened to blow up the plane ... their demands were
met.
a) if b) shouldn't c) unlike d) unless
5. His marriage is a disaster! He ... in love with that woman!

a) never ought to have fallen b) never should fall
c) didn't have to fall d) must not fall
6. His friends suspect him . . . them.

a) to try to mislead b) to try misleading
c) of trying to mislead d) of trying misleading
7. Trovik still has rural support and ... vital backing of his special police.
a) 0 b) the c) a d) some
8. Dejected ... he may be, he'll never give up hope.

a) whereas b) which c) however d) though
9. . .. live hundreds of different species of birds in Africa.

a) It b) It can c) They d) There
10.... cook in a restaurant by day, Karina aspires to rock stardom by night.

a) A b) The c) 0 d) Any
Ire partie : Annales 73
11. They spend hours imagining their future, as people in love ....
a) use b) are used
c) are in the habit of d) will
12. We decided that we would meet as soon as he . . . writing his report.

a) would finish b) has finished
c) should finish d) had finished
13. I'd rather they ... their house in California.

a) didn't sell b) don't sell
c) shouldn't sell d) won't sell
14. "You seem very angry at him"

"I'm not used ... to me like that."
a) being spoken b) to people speaking
c) people having spoken d) to speak
15. This ... a funny story if it weren't for the fact that people need a little
loving.
a) is b) has been
c) might have been d) will be
16. Unless you ... quickly, you are going to lose your best friend.
a) will apologize b) apologized
c) must apologize d) apologize
17. I think that ... did that was really mad.

a) the man b) whoever c) who d) anyone
18. I'm sure he' s had nothing to eat ... one week.
a) since b) for c) within d) until
19. The jewels . . . belonged to the Royal Family of Sweden.

a) are reported b) have been reported
c), it is reported, d) people tell
20. I'd never met ... handsome man before.

a) a so b) as c) how d) such a
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte suivant, puis repondre aux questions.
WILL APPLE FACE REALITY?
Steve Jobs, a cofounder of Apple Computer and the impresario of the amazing
Macintosh, is also justifiably famous as the creator of the "Reality Distortion Field". The
darkly handsome, 41-year-old multimillionaire has always had an unmatched talent for
infecting everyone within earshot with his obsessive enthusiasms. So powerful are his skills
that he should be classified as a munition. When he is racing full bore, it takes only a few
sentences to rout the forces of reason and bring even devoted skeptics around to his way of
thinking. No one, from the grungiest hacker to the exalted Ross Perrot, is immune.
Now, in what might one day be noted as Jobs's reality-distortion masterpiece, he

seems to have persuaded Apple Computer's current CEO, Gil Amelio, to pay $400 million
for his company, Next. Amelio hopes that adopting a new operating system based on Next
technology will revive Apple's quickly flagging fortunes. It won't. The company still needs a
clearer, more daring strategy to revive itself in a world where Microsoft rules the desktop,
and the Internet - which Apple has failed to exploit - represents the real future.
In the meantime, however, a little reality distortion couldn't hurt. This became clear in
the most important Apple event since the 1984 Macintosh intro: Amelia's keynote address
at last week's Macworld Expo. It was touted as the definitive road map to Apple's new
vision, but it came off as a disjointed grab bag. Slotted for 75 minutes, the presentation ran
nearly three hours. Silicon Valley execs like Netscape's Jim Barksdale dropped in to profess
support. There were cameos from celebrity guests, ranging from actor Jeff Goldblum to
musician Peter Gabriel to comedian Sinbad to Muhammad Ali. But mostly it was Amelio,
nattering on while thousands of the Appleoids stared at their watches in disbelief.
The payoff came when Steve Jobs, the prodigal entrepreneur, took over the
presentation for a magical 20 minutes. His spiel was honed to diamondlike precision,
breathtaking in its assertions about how OpenStep, the environment used to create software
for the Next system, would give Apple developers a quantum advantage over those creating
applications for other systems. All of this obscured the real reason for Apple's adoption of
Next: its own engineers had utterly failed in their five-year attempt to craft the next-
generation Macintosh system. Jobs was spinning Apple's disaster into a potential
opportunity. And people were eating it up.
That sort of excitement, whether justified or not, is exactly what Apple must generate
in order to survive. Because if you go by the facts alone, the company looks as viable as a
vacuum tube. This past quarter, traditionally one when Apple gets fat on year-end sales, the
company swallowed a $150 million loss. It wasn't so much "the Grinch stealing Christmas",
as Amelio spun it to me, but the lack of confidence among customers who now worry that
an Apple purchase might be a ticket to obsolescence. Apple's market share is below 6 per
trc partie : Annales 75
cent, quality has been down and the company can't seem to make a competitive laptop.
Amelio insists that he is fixing all these problems. But even Macintosh fanatics have been
shaken by recent events. Every day they face the temptation to stop sw imming upstream
and switch to what everybody else uses: Windows. Those who do are gone forever. [ ... ]
Even after selling Next, Jobs has responsibilities (he heads Pixar, the company that
made "Toy Story"). But Apple should lure him into getting obsessed with his first corporate
love. Amelio should give him the key to his former kingdom . Have him tour the hallways of
Apple's (admittedly downsized) research facilities. If history is a guide, Jobs may see
something he likes, adopt it as his own and evangelize the hell out of it. Work it into some
kind of strategy that puts Apple more at the center of the Internet.
Followers will arrive. They will draw more followers, more software developers, and,
eventually, more customers. Maybe something marvelous will come.
Gil Amelio acknow ledges Jobs' mystique but makes sure we know w ho the boss is.
He gave Jobs an office at Apple but has laid down the law. "We had a very proper discus-
sion right up front", Amel io says. "As CEO and chairman , I have to make the final call." That
may be prudent, but my advice to Dr. Amelio wou ld be not to rein in Steve Jobs too tightly.
After all, lightning struck once. And Apple needs that lightning again. Ot herwise, by the
time Rhapsody (the next system incorporating the Next ideas) ships, the music will be over.
Stephen Levy, Newsweek, January 20, 1997.
21. infecting everyone within earshot with his obsessive enthusiasms

a) boring everyone with his personal obsessions
b) deafening everyone with uninterrupted speeches
c) convincing everyone that he is right
d) making all the people around him share bis enthusiasm
22. racing full bore

a) competing in a cut-throat fashion
b) speaking on and on with constant, irresistible force
c) talking so much that people are filled with boredom
d) driving like mad
23. to rout the forces of reason

a) to lead to a rational way of seeing things
b) to dig deep into people's minds to help them think logically
c) to defeat rationality decisively
d) to understand people' s logical developments
24. hacker
a) computer owner
b) pirate
c) traveller
d) someone who hates computers
25. Jobs' s reality-distortion masterpiece

a) Jobs's completely biased vision ofreality
b) Jobs' s best virtual reality computer program
c) Jobs's power of seduction
d) Jobs's best business trick
26. Apple's quickly flagging fortunes

a) Apple's making more money every day
b) Apple's rapidly becoming the symbol of America's skills in the field of
computers
c) Apple's quickly diminishing success
d) Apple's most successful achievements
27. a world where Microsoft rules the desktop

a) a world where Microsoft is the number one manufacturer of office desks
b) a world where most people use Microsoft office computers
c) a world where Microsoft is the leader in portable computers
d) a world where Microsoft owns a lot of companies
28. disjointed grab bag

a) trivial set
b) hodge podge
c) pointless argument
d) nonsense
29. Silicon Valley execs

a) former Silicon Valley researchers
b) industry workers
c) people in charge of software companies
d) people living in Silicon Valley
30. There were cameos from celebrity guests

a) guest stars showed up to support Apple
b) actors wrote to back Apple
c) films about celebrities using Apple software were shown
d) a show was organized for Apple's guests
31. nattering on
a) arguing hopelessly
b) talking a great deal about nothing
c) leading a lively discussion
d) hosting a show
32. the payoff

a) the money given by Jobs to make Amelio get off the show
b) the reward for Mac world Expo visitors
c) the moment when people left the Expo
d) the arrival of more people coming to listen to Amelio
33. His spiel was honed to diamondlike precision

a) his speech was tuned to his audience's expectations
b) his speech sounded like a show
c) his arguments were interesting
d) his speech was sharp and convincing
34. people were eating it up

a) people were wasting the potential opportunity
b) people were delighted by Jobs' s speech
c) people thought Jobs's arguments had little weight
d) people were finding food for thought
35. the company looks as viable as a vacuum tube

a) the company is full of hot air
b) the company is very healthy
c) the company is ready to take over other computer companies
d) the company is in a very poor condition
36. he is fixing all these problems

a) he is finding solutions
b) he is becoming obsessed with Apple's problems
c) he is hoping that Apple's problems will remain the same and not evolve
d) he is trying to determine Apple's problems with precision
37. swimming upstream

a) being among the best
b) buying the most expensive products
c) fighting other companies
d) trying to be different
38. evangelize the hell out of it

a) make something wonderful out of it
b) convince customers of the viability of his ideas
c) advertize it loudly
d) give it a churchlike organization
39. Amelio has laid down the law

a) Amelio has broken the law
b) Amelio has found new working arrangements for Jobs
c) Amelio has set the rules
d) Amelio has decided to abide by the law
40. to rein in Steve Jobs

a) to give power to Steve Jobs
b) to hold back Steve Jobs
c) to give freedom to Steve Jobs
d) to employ Steve Jobs again
TEST 11
GRAMMAIRE
1. More than 3 .. . people are now unemployed.
a) millions of b) million- c) million d) millions
2. They admitted to ... about their experience.

a) lying b) have lied c) lie d) be lying
3. We are poor ... people's intentions from facial expression.

a) about guessing b) at guessing
c) guessing d) to guess
4. . .. difficult was the exam that many students simply gave up.
a) Such b) How c) Very d) So
5. The police say ... determined the exact cause of death.

a) they still haven't b) they have still
c) it has not yet been d) to not have still
6. Prices remained stable before rising ... again four months later.
a) yet b) but c) however d) one
7. There are rumours that 150 workers are going to be laid .. . as a result
of the firm's losses.
a) on b) upon c) over d) off
8. He ... the house ... before putting it on sale.

a) ordered I redecorating b) made I redecorated
c) had I redecorated d) let/ redecorating
9. He said he'd join us after he ... his article.

a) he should write b) would write
c) would have written d) had written
10. Let me introduce you to the man .. . wrote the play.

a) which b) that c) whose ' d) whoever
11. You ... better stay in bed for a couple of days.

a) had b) should c) would d) will
12. Firms .. . Yamachi have been kept alive artificially for years.
a) like as b) as c) such as d) such
13. Serious ... things are, he remains sanguine about the future.
a) since b) though c) however d) that
14. The choice is not ... but when.

a) whether to leave b) ifto leave
c) whether leave d) if leaving
15. She'd rather they ... for a bigger flat before they've found proper jobs.
a) didn' t look b) must not to look
c) haven' t looked d) won 't look
16. Why not ... it over once and for all?

a) talking b) to talk c) talk d) we talk
17. . .. some hardships, he remained optimistic.

a) Although b) However c) Despite d) Despite of
18. I can't remember ... the door.

a) about to lock b) locking
c) of having locked d) to have locked
19. They were used ... a lot in the countryside.

a) to walk b) to walking
c) walking d) to have walked
20. She didn' t switch on the lights for fear she .. . wake them up.
a) will b) had to c) should d) ought to
I'" partie : Annales 81
COMPREHENSION
Lisez le texte, puis repondez aux questions. Entourez sur la grille la proposition qu i vous
para1t correspondre le mieux au sens de la phrase.
MILITARY JUNTA TURNS ON ITSELF AS THE BURMESE ECONOMY SINKS

(Suzanne Goldenberg has an exclusive meeting
with Burma's opposition leader in Ra ngoon)
Burma's military junta, shunned by the West and cast adrift by the financial turmoil
affecting its Asian neighbours, has placed five high-ranking ministers under house arrest in
an anti-corruption drive intended to revive the economy and repair its image.
But the junta is as determined as ever to hang on to power and rebuff pressure for
democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the opposition National Leag ue for Democracy
(NLD), told The Guardian in an exclusive interview at her home in Rangoon, wh ich is
cordoned off by police and watched over by informers.
She spoke days after several of her colleagues were sentenced to lengthy jail terms
and the authorities accused the NLD of scaring away foreign investors. "I don't know if they
are nervous, but they certainly seem as if t hey are on the defensive ", Ms Suu Kyi said of the
junta. "Why else would they say it is the NLD's fault that foreign invest ment is not coming
in?"
Six NLD leaders were summoned to a meeting with the home minister last week from
which Ms Suu Kyi was excluded. "They said they were a military government and they were
not going to bring in democracy yet. They said they don't like us giving out statements, and
that action could be taken against us", she said. "They want us gagged, bound and
impotent."
Ms Suu Kyi was freed from house arrest in July 1995, but her movements are
restricted. Though she meets diplomats regularly, the regime has thwarted efforts to rally
her followers, by arrests and by breaking up meetings. Her husband, the Oxford academic
Michael Aris, and their younger son Kim, aged 20, were ref used ·visas to visit her this
Christmas.
Ms Suu Kyi suggested the anti-corruption drive would make little difference. "It
strengthens our resolve because we know the economy won't improve until there is a
democracy which makes use of the talent inside the country instead of crushing it in the
name of security, which really means the perpetuation of their own power. "
However, thousands of Ms Suu Kyi's followers have given up their NLD membership
to avoid interrogation or jail. "Our people are too scared", said a former supporter who
resigned after more than four years in prison.
Five ministers - high-ranking officers - were sacked last month. They have been
placed under house arrest, and their advisers detained. The chilaren of the errant generals,
the chief beneficiaries of a reg ime that has developed a taste for the high life, have had their
passports confiscated. The authorities have seized businesses, padlocking a well-known

Rangoon nightclub - Mr Guitar - operated by the commerce minister's daughter.
Until the collapse of the Southeast Asian economies, Burma's generals and their
cronies among civilian businessmen had revelled in a building boom that within the past 18
months has transformed a charming, albeit crumbling, colonial capital into a city of faceless
luxury hotels.
Some hotels and construction firms were owned outright by the military's holding
company; others were private ventures with Southeast Asian firms and the generals' children
and friends. For the cronies, the hotels fleshed out portfolios that extended to banks, ruby
mines, bus companies and water treatment plants.
The economic free-for-all that began eight years ago when Burma threw open its
doors to private enterprise and foreign investment may be ending. Austerity is the mood of
the moment. Ministers no longer have motorcades and have been told to observe traffic
rules. The importation of spare car parts - the elite favours Audis - has been banned to save
dwindling foreign exchange reserves as the Burmese kyat plummeted - down from 315 to
395 to the dollar in the past week.
Observers in Rangoon estimate that inflation is running at 10 per cent a month,
inflicting further misery in a country where a government doctor earns 1,600 kyat a month,
and a traffic policeman barely 1,000 kyat.
Burma ranks 133 out of 174 on the United Nations' human development index. Since
1988 the regime has spent more than 60 per cent of the budget on a swollen army.
A tourist boom, which the government predicted would follow Visit Myanmar Year
(the new name for Burma) in 1996, never materialised. Neither did the prosperity that Burma
believed would follow its entry into the Asian trading bloc in May. "All hotels are hurting
mightily, and those under construction have slowed down. Singaporean investors are really
crying", said a foreign observer in Rangoon.
The International Monetary Fund, World Bank and Asian Development Bank will not
step in to help the military junta so long as it resists moves towards· democracy or dialogue
with Ms Suu Kyi.
The Guardian Weekly, 28 Dec. 1997.
21. cast adrift by the financial turmoil affecting its Asian neighbours
a) denied the profits made by its neighbours
b) caught unawares by the sudden financial crisis in Asia
c) lost in the financial confusion in Asian countries
d) forced to respond drastically to the financial collapse in neighbouring
countries
1re partie : Annales 83
22. in an anti-corruption drive intended to revive the economy

a) as part of an attempt to fight corruption so as to improve the economy
b) involved in anti-corruption political movements to force the government
to change its economic policy
c) in a false anti-corruption manoeuvre destined to reassure people about
the state of the economy
d) following demonstrations against corruption, seen as a threat to the
economy
23. to hang on to power and rebuff pressure for democracy

a) to renounce power and hand it over to democrats
b) to stay in power and suppress democratic opposition
c) to cling to power and reject democratisation
d) to acknowledge the strength of opposition and start moving towards
democracy
24. scaring away foreign investors

a) obliging Burmese investors to leave the country
b) creating political unrest that keeps foreign investment away from Burma
c) threatening foreign investors who want to do business with Burma
d) sending foreign companies in Burma back to their countries
25. Six NLD leaders were summoned to a meeting with the home minister
a) six NLD leaders were arrested during a meeting with the home minister
b) the home minister demanded that the six NLD leaders meet him
c) six NLD leaders were taken by force to a meeting with the home minister
d) the home minister suggested a meeting with the six NLD leaders
26. They said [ ... ] they were not going to bring in democracy yet
a) They said they wouldn't allow democratic opposition in any case
b) They said they had just begun democratisation
c) They said they would never accept democracy
d) They said they would not start democratising the country for the moment
27. the regime has thwarted efforts to rally her followers

a) the government has done everything to oppose her attempts to gather her
supporters
b) the government has spared no effort to frighten her companions
c) the government has tried to convince her supporters to abandon her
d) the regime has succeeded in preventing the orgav-isation of her followers
28. given up their NLD membership

a) denounced other supporters of the NLD
b) denied they had any NLD supporters among their acquaintances
c) admitted they were NLD members
d) left the NLD
29. padlocking
a) fastening the door
b) setting fire to
c) barring the entrance with policemen
d) impounding the building
30. their cronies among civilian businessmen

a) businessmen working for government agencies
b) the regime's spies in the business world
c) close friends of the generals in business circles
d) businessmen opposing the military government
31. had revelled in a building boom

a) had enjoyed the fast growth of the building industry
b) had been fighting over the benefits of the building industry
c) had been surprised by the quick expansion of building sites
d) had taken part in the tremendous development of the building industry
32. charming, albeit crumbling

a) picturesque, due to its old buildings and monuments
b) enchanting but also fast-changing
c) full of charm and somewhat old-fashioned
d) still pleasant, despite its state of disrepair
33. were owned outright by the military's holding company

a) were exclusively reserved for the military
b) were illegally seized by the junta
c) were the sole possession of the military
d) were military property by law
34. austerity is the mood of the moment

a) the current atmosphere is one of austerity
b) austerity is on everybody's lips at the moment
c) austerity is people's nightmare
d) austerity means being afraid of what the next moment will bring
1re partie : Annales 85
35. dwindling
a) gradually decreasing
b) nearly dying
c) erratic
d) suffering
36. the Burmese kyat plummeted

a) the Burmese currency pl~ed
b) the Burmese junta was falling out of favour
c) the Burmese average wages dived
d) the Burmese Stock Exchange was hit by the financial storm
37. Burma ranks 133 out of 174 on the UN's human development index
a) according to the UN, Burma spends approximately 35% of its budget on
human development
b) among 174 countries surveyed by the UN, Burma comes 133rd for public
spending on human development
c) there are 133 countries that spend less than Burma on human
development according to the UN
d) the ratio of spending on human development in Burma is 133/174 of the
total UN budget
38. swollen
a) costly b) oversized c) unruly d) mercenary
39. are hurting mightily

a) are all showing important signs of degradation
b) are exceedingly worried about the future
c) are protesting vehemently
d) are suffering heavy losses
40. will not step in to help the military junta

a) won't hesitate to help the junta
b) will do nothing to prevent others helping the military junta
c) will not budge in favour of the junta
d) will not let the junta call for help
TEST 12
GRAMMAIRE
1. ... worries me is that I can't find my passport.

a) Which b) That c) What d) All
2. Betty wants to warn him. I will tell her ...

a) not b) not so
c) she does not d) not to
3. I've been ... he is very sick.

a) told to b) told c) said d) said to
4. The two armies ... each other from 1936 to 1939.

a) have been fighting b) fought
c) used to fight d) have fought
5. When the accident took place, we ... a drink in the bar.

a) would have b) had
c) must have d) were having
6. I play tennis every ... Saturday.

a) both b) other c) two d) another
7. Hardly ... finished before 5 o'clock.

a) no one b) anyone c) someone d) everyone
8. He could go by car or by train; he chose ...

a) the last · b) the later
c) the least d) the latter
9. When you ... sixty, you will retire.

a) be b) are
c) will be d) are to be
10. I answered the ... questions, but the third one puzzled me.
a) two first b) first two c) both first d) neither two
1'0 partie : Annales · 87
11. A ... boy won the first prize.

a) 15 year-old b) 15-year-old
c) 15-years-old d) 15 years old
12. All ... he could say was that he was sorry.

a) what b) which c) that d) but
13. It has been seven years since he ... here.

a) has come b) is coming
c) comes d) came
14. He insisted on paying for the meal, ... was awfully kind of him.
a) what b) that which
c) which d) some
15. She... in a flat, but now she has her own house.
a) has used to live b) used to live
c) used to living d) was used to live
16. My father ... I hardly ever get a chance to see, will be in town next
week.
a) that b) who c) whom d) which
17. She ... for ten minutes when the telephone rang.
a) was to sleep b) had been sleeping
c) did sleep d) slept
18. It should not take you more than ... hour to get there.
a) half a b) half an
c) half d) half the
19. I am sure that she will succeed ... the exam is a difficult one.
a) despite b) unlike c) although d) in spite
20. I ... for three hours last night.

a) have worked b) worked
c) had worked d) have been working
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte. Reporter vos reponses aux QC M sur la grille de correction
THE SIEGE OF SEATTLE
It was the opening day of the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle, and all
hell was breaking loose. The rest of the week would mark a descent into a deeply weird
maelstrom where masked young men rampaged while mixed-up (and sometimes out-of-
controll coos shot rubber pellets at the wrong people, including Olivier de Marcellus, a 56-
year-old protester from Geneva, w ho says he took one in his glasses as he stood chanting
with the crowd. Helicopters roared overhead and concussion grenades boomed and flashed
in front of ritzy downtown properties. Fancy retailers boarded up their windows at the start
of the Christmas shopping season. (. ..)
Until last week, not so many Americans had even heard of the WTO. Fewer still could
have identified it as the small, Geneva-based bureaucracy that the United States and 134
other nations set up five years ago to referee global commerce . To Bill Clinton, it is a
mechanism that can allow America to do well and good at the same t ime. But to many of
the 40,000 activists and union members who streamed into Seattle - a clean, scenic city that
has grown rich on foreign trade - the WTO is something else again: a secretive tool of
ruthless multinational corporations. They charge it with helping sneaker companies to exploit
Asian workers, timber companies to clear-cut rain forests, shrimpers to kill sea turtles and a
world of other offenses. (. .. )
Seattle didn't feel like Earth last week - or at least not like the Earth we've come to
know in the peaceful and prosperous 1990s. Still, the battle of Seattle, though sparked by a
fringe element, cast light on the tensions over who's getting left out of the new global
economy, and the images from the streets seemed to form a new face of protest in
American life. The reality is that global trade is going to march on in any event; human
ambition and the Internet are seeing to that But it's also true that the process raises some
tough questions, and any organization that tries to sort them out is bound to get a lot of
people mad. It's a long way from the Civil Rights marches in Selma, Ala. to smashing up a
Starbucks, but the story of the siege in the Pacific Northwest suggests that liberal activism,
all these years later, is not yet dead. (. .. )
To a lot of people in upwardly mobile Seattle, the meeting had seemed like a great
way to showcase their city. And a sophisticated export powerhouse that is home t o
Microsoft and Boeing - Bill Gates and Phil Condit cocha ired the host committee - certainly
seemed up to the task. But the better planning w as done by the demonstrators - the many
nonviolent ones, and even the radical few. Mayor Paul Schell and Police Chief Norm Stamper
had plenty of warning that the protests could be violent, but failed to give their
undermanned police force enough backup until it was way too late. What were they
thinking? "Seattle is a gentle place where we agree to disagree," Schell explained last week.
Meanwhile, Mike Dolan, field organizer for Nader group, Public Citizen, spent nine
months in the city getting things ready (and consulting reg ularly with city leaders). The
Naderites and other groups posted Web pages to educate their followers on the evils of
foreign trade and to draw them to Seattle. The demonstrators started showing their tactical
smarts the first day of the conference. Early that morning, thousands of activists - who had
announced their intention to completely, but peacefully, block access to the huge
Washington State Convention Center - had t aken up key positions, amount ing to a ring
around the meeting facilities. The police formed an inner ring looking form idable in their
RoboCop-like riot pads and helmets. The mostly seated protesters couldn 't approach the
convention hall, but neither could delegates, unless they wanted to risk a scuffle. The start
of the meeting had to be delayed. By late morning the cops began trying to clear some
streets - not by arresting the kids, which most had expected, but by spraying them with
pepper gas and firing rubber pellets at them.(. ..)
Enter the anarchists. A few dozen evident ly came from a Eugene, Oregon-based
group that had staged a similar, violent protest in their home downtown earlier this year.
Their philosophical leader, 56-year-old anarchist author John Zerzan, was also in town.
Whoever they were, in fatigues and black masks, they opened their knapsacks and got out
their hammers, spray paint and M-80 firecrackers. With the police still occupied closer to the
convention hall, they began their assault on the brand-name reta ilers: FAO Schwarz,
Starbucks, Old Navy and others. They broke windows and painted their A-in-a-ci rcle logo on
walls.
A short monorail ride away, 20,000 unionists were rallying in the stadium beneath the
Space Needle. Big Labor would shortly commence the most massive march of the week,
reinforced by some kids dressed as monarch butterflies (threatened, they say, by genetically
engineered corn) and some local Laotian refugees protesting the presence of their
homeland's communist leaders downtown. The idea was to go all the way to t he convention
center, but the scene around it had grown even more chaotic, so the marchers turned
around. In front of Nike and FAO Schwarz, many protesters were chanting " No violence!•
But the angry street kids who hang out in the same neighborhood where much of the
protest was organized - around Seattle Central Community College - had by now come
charging down Capitol Hill and they seemed determined to outdo the anarchists. They hit
and ran into the evening, when additional police enforced a curfew by chasing all the kids
back up the hill. (.. .)
So what did the trade conference itself achieve to make up for the trashing of
downtown Seattle? Very little. The goal was modest to begin with: deciding w hat would be
on the table for the next few years of trade talks. The United States and other agricultural
exporters wanted Europe and Japan to cut farm subsidies and let more of their products in.
Japan and Brazil wanted t he United States to ditch its anti-dumping laws and accept more of
· their steel. The United Stat es and Europe wanted poor countries t o vigorously enforce
intellectual-property rights on things like software, movies and biotech . But nobody came
ready for compromise.
Clinton himself became the focus for much of the discontent. He had come hoping to
sell the Trade minist ers on ways of "putting a human face on t he global economy." In
particular, he urged the WTO to try to raise labor standards in the developing world and
open the WTO's own proceedings to greater public scrutiny. Ths poor count ries didn't mind
his call for more openness; they might even benefit from it, since they often think the rich
countries exclude them from key decisions. The organization had already taken the first
steps in that direction - for example, by accrediting more than 740 groups for last week's
meeting. But the poor countries were deeply suspicious of Clinton's tilt toward labor not
long after the AEL-CIO endorsed Al Gore's presidential bid. To them, having the wro decide
if they're up to snuff on issues like child labor and the right to organize is just a form of
protectionism, sure to be abused by rich-country interest groups.(...)
The trade meetings finally fizzled out on Friday night. U.S. Trade Representative
Charlene Barshefsky wearily explained that the negotiators will take a timeout and try again
in Geneva. The demonstrators danced in the streets, and of all the graffiti on the walls of the
retail district, one seemed especially apt: we win. Still those who imagine they've halted
globalization - or eliminated the need for a traffic cop as it proceeds -are dreaming
Kenneth Klee, Newsweek, December 13, 1999
NB: the whole context of the paragraph (text) is to be taken into account when deciding on the
meaning of the following excerpts
21. Masked young men rampaged while mixed-up (and sometimes out-of-
control) cops shot rubber pellets at the wrong people ...
a) Policemen had mixed with violent young men and were shooting at the
wrong people
b) Policemen had mixed with the wrong people and were shooting blindly
c) Policemen were in a state of confusion and shooting at law-abiding
demonstrators
d) Policemen were in a state of confusion and shooting at violent youths
22. Fancy retailers boarded up their windows at the start of the Christmas
shopping season ...
a) Fancy retailers decorated their windows with Christmas boards at the
start of the Christmas shopping season
b) Fancy retailers had just stocked up in readiness for the Christmas
shopping spree
c) Fancy retailers had to repair their windows at the start of the Christmas
shopping season
d) Fancy retailers were forced to close down at what was the start of the
Christmas shopping season
23. TheWTO
a) The WTO was set up by ruthless multinational corporations
b) The WTO is a mechanism that can allow America to do well
c) The WTO was set up by America to secure its management of global
commerce
d) The WTO is an international body to arbitrate disputes in global
commerce
119 partie : Annales 91
24. They charge it with helping sneaker companies to exploit Asian

workers ...
a) The WTO is charged with helping shoe companies to exploit Asian
workers
b) The WTO is charged with helping companies to secretly rip off Asian
workers
c) The WTO sneakily helps companies to exploit Asian workers
d) The WTO is charged with helping companies to sneak in Asian workers
25. The battle of Seattle, though sparked by a fringe element...
a) While the battle of Seattle did not come about through the mainstream
protestors
b) The battle of Seattle, though initially a fringe event compared to the
major discussions that took place
c) While the battle of Seattle was triggered by the mistakes of a minority
among the Seattle city police
d) Whereas the battle of Seattle involved a wide variety of protest groups
26. It's a long way from the Civil Rights marches in Selma, Ala., to
smashing up a Starbucks ...
a) It's a long way to march from Selma, Ala. to Starbucks in the Pacific
Northwest
b) Marching in Selma, Ala. is not so different from wrecking a Starbucks in
the Pacific Northwest
c) Marching in Selma, Ala. has nothing to do whatsoever with destroying a
Starbucks in the Pacific Northwest
d) Marchers in Selma, Ala. went a long way to have their Civil Rights
respected
27. To a lot of people in upwardly mobile Seattle...
a) For many people in Seattle, a very prosperous city, continually
expanding up into the hills
b) According to people in Seattle, a very prosperous city where
constructions rise higher and higher
c) Prosperous people in Seattle prefer to live up in the hills
d) To many in Seattle, which is becoming increasingly prosperous
28. [Seattle] home to Microsoft and Boeing - Bill Gates and Phil Condit
cochaired the host committee - certainly seemed up to the task. ..
a) The credibility of Seattle as a suitable venue was not in doubt, given the
prestige of its high profile corporations ·
b) Bill Gates and Phil Condit, as chairs of the host committee, got on with
the task ,
c) Bill Gates and Phil Condit, as presidents of the host committee, would
undoubtedly do well
d) Bill Gates and Phil Condit were taken to task for cochairing the host
committee
92 Tests d 'ang/ais du secondaire au superieur
29. The police formed an inner ring, looking formidable in their RoboCop-
like riot pads and helmets ...
a) The police, kitted out in their imposing futuristic gear, cordoned off the
convention centre from the demonstrators
b) The Seattle police looked great in riot pads and helmets as they rounded
up the demonstrators
c) The Seattle police who had gathered in very large numbers looked very
dangerous
d) The Seattle police was kitted out for a stand-up fight against the
demonstrators
30. Enter the anarchists ...
a) To infiltrate the ranks of the anarchists: that was the official police
strategy
b) A number of anarchists had fought in Eugene before invading the city
c) A number of anarchists followed a certain Eugene as they came into
Seattle
d) Now it was time for the anarchists to come centre-stage
31. But the angry street kids who hang out in the same neighborhood where
much of the protest was organized - around Seattle Central Community
College - had by now come charging down Capitol Hill, and they
seemed determined to outdo the anarchists.
a) Street kids participated in the organization of the protest
b) Street kids wanted to fight without the anarchists
c) Street kids wanted to fight against the anarchists
d) Street kids wanted to wreak more havoc than the anarchists
32. So what did the trade conference itself achieve to make up for the
trashing of downtown Seattle?
a) After the demonstrations, what did the Seattle city center look like? A
load of trash
b) After the trade-conference demonstrations, why was the Seattle city
center in a sorry state?
c) So what then were the results on the conference balance-sheet to offset
the wrecking of the Seattle city-centre?
d) After the demonstrations, were the Seattle lower districts really in such
need of a clean-up?
rr• partie : Annales 93
33. The United States and other agricultural exporters wanted Europe and
Japan to cut farm subsidies and let more of their products in.
a) The United States and other agricultural exporters argued for freer
markets and an abolition of European and Japanese price-support
mechanisms for food commodities
b) Europe and Japan wanted to ensure more of their products gained access
to the United States
c) The United States and other agricultural exporters wanted less money for
their own farmers
d) The United States and other agricultural exporters wanted Europe and
Japan to cut the numbers of farmers
34. Japan and Brazil wanted the United States to ditch its anti-dumping
laws and accept more of their steel
a) Japan and Brazil wanted the United States to bolster its anti-dumping
laws and accept more of their steel
b) Japan and Brazil wanted the United States to do away with its regulation
of prices and its restrictive imports policy
c) Japan and Brazil wanted the United States to keep the price of steel
artificially high
d) Japan and Brazil wanted the United States to change its legislation
concerning prices
35. He had come hoping to sell the Trade ministers on ways of "putting a
human face on the global economy."
a) Clinton wanted to sell American goods to Trade ministers
b) Clinton wanted his face to be associated to the global economy
c) Clinton was convinced he could make the global economy more human
d) Clinton wanted to persuade Trade ministers to make the global economy
more human
36. He urged the WTO to try to raise labor standards in the developing
world and open the WTO's own proceedings to greater public scrutiny .
a) Clinton called on the WTO to improve working conditions in the
developing world and to carry out this goal publicly
b) Clinton wanted the WTO to raise wages in the developing world
c) Clinton wanted the WTO to regulate working conditions worldwide ;md
to be less secretive in the running of its internal practices
d) Clinton want.ed the WTO' s proceeds to be given to the public authorities
in order to foster economic development worldwide
94 Tests d ' anglais du secondaire au superieur
37. The poor countries didn't mind his call for more openness
a) The poor countries didn't pay attention to his call for more openness
b) The poor countries didn't like his call for them to be more open
c) The poor countries didn't heed his call for them to open their economies
to foreign investment
d) The poor countries didn't object to his call for greater public
accountability on the part of the WTO
38. But the poor countries were deeply suspicious of Clinton's tilt toward
labor. ..
a) Developing countries were mistrustful of Clinton's promotion of more
intensive production
b) Clinton recently showed a greater inclination to encourage production
and delegations from developing countries wondered why
c) Poor countries reacted warily to Clinton's adoption of the viewpoint of
organized labor
d) While Clinton recently showed more interest in the common workers,
poor countries suspected that this was a facade
39•... not long after the AFL-CIO endorsed Al Gore's presidential bid
a) Shortly after the AFL-CIO decision to back Al Gore's candidacy
b) Just after Al Gore failed to get support from the unions as a presidential
candidate
c) In the aftermath of the AFL-CIO decision to withdraw support for Al
Gore's campaign
d) The AFL-CIO has made a bid on Al Gore for the presidency
40. Still, those who imagine they've halted globalization - or eliminated

the need for a traffic cop as it proceeds - are dreaming.
a) The WTO is like a traffic cop and we must be realistic: cops sometimes
have to slow down the flow of traffic
b) Future WTO conventions will need more traffic cops and anyone who
ignores this fact is rather naive
c) People who believe this is the end of the global economy or that there
will be no need for a watchdog-body are deluding themselves
d) Globalization can be halted, and that's the dream which the victory over
the big bad WTO can now give substance to
P"' partie : Annales 95
TEST 13
GRAMMAIRE
1. His mother told him she was going to give up ... his karate classes if he
didn't improve at school.
a) paying up b) paying for
c) charging d) refunding for
2. Look, it's not ... to find a job in public service.

a) possible to anybody
b) likely for anybody
c) entitled for anybody
d) possible for everybody
3. The man assured me that, if I refused to cooperate, he had ways .. . talk.

a) that convince to b) to make me to
c) of making that I d) of making me
4. The fence . . . built before there was any talk of organising a Teknival.
a) should have been
b) wasn't able to be
c) was overdue to be
d) was under schedule to be
5. It would have ... the ravers ... in my field of sunflowers.

a) prevented ... from sleeping
b) prevented that .... slept
c) banned ... to sleep
d) avoided that .. .. were to sleep
6. I'm only being realistic. The return of Zidane . . . to ensure the

qualification of the French football team.
a) may lack b) might be uns,ufficient
c) may not be enough d) might not permit
7. Charley ate six doughnuts and drank five beers last night. He's got
quite a reputation to ... now.
a) respect to b) match to
c) overcome to d) live up to
8. She's still trying to get over the bag of fish and chips she ate last night
on the way home from the pub, and ....
a) so are we. b) we do also
c) we too d) we are as much
9. Given his popularity there, Lance Armstrong's autobiography, called

It's Not about the Bike, ... a bestseller in Texas when it was published.
a) must have been b) should be
c) expected d) can't have to be
10. You mean he's going to ...... Pierce Brosman as the next James Bond?
a) take over to b) take over from
c) take up d) take on from
11.... try to forget my earlier impressions of him, I'll never be able to

believe that he's going to play James Bond.
a) Whatever my b) Despite that I
c) Despite I d) However hard I
12. The children of migrants asked endless questions about roots,

identity, where they come from, and so on by the authorities.
a) are used to being b) as usual had
c) ought to have d) are used to be
13. I don't think you'll be able to decipher the graffiti ... some kind of
streetwise, postmodern Champollion.
a) at least you encounter
b) unless you meet
c) unless your encounter is
d) unless that you meet
14. It was the first time ... a grown man cry. The spectacle was profoundly
upsetting.
a) I witness to b) I can see
c) when I see d) I had seen
15. I need a change of atmosphere. I'm ... people who are always
preaching, telling me what to do.
a) tired of b) angry for
c) need a rest from d) exhausted at
16. ... half of the twentieth century, culture moved to the foreground of
political life.
a) Over the last b) While in the last
c) Since a last . . . d) When it was the last
17. The man was dressed ... Napoleon's marshals and he walked on.
a) as a b) one of
c) as d) like one of
18. The moment I French hotels I understood the necessity of French

cafes.
a) became accustomed at b) began aware of
c) began to be frequent in d) began living in
19. Totally bored, Lawrence was . .. mask his feeling of irritation.

a) unable to b) used to
c) unlike to d) not possible to
20. I was sitting on the bench in the park when a small American girl ....
a) used to pass b) pass by
c) passed by d) is passing out
98 Tests d'a11glais du seco11daire au superieur
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte. Reporter vos reponses aux QCM sur la grille de correction.
LET THE 0L YMPICS MAKE LONDON A BIKES-FIRST CITY

The capital needs a grand scheme that will spread sport to everyone
Rewind to July 6 exactly two weeks ago today. Recapture that fleeting moment of
exultation at London's unexpected Olympic win before the suicide bombers snuffed out all
celebration. There has been no time to relish victory, no time to glory in London the great,
its recent blooming in music, museums, art, street life and an unaccustomed, frisky
liveability. As in so many cities now, Labour's public spending is on view all around as
London's shabby streets, parks, transport, buildings and neglected public places slowly come
to life. Places long lost to squalor are gradually reclaimed. The mayor has given London a
sharper sense of itself and the Olympic surprise brought a jolt of self-realisation, a
momentary shedding of natural ironising.
As ever getting their mean spirit in first, it took the Daily Mail exactly 1O days to fire
the starting pistol for what will be a seven-year crescendo of Olympic whingeing. From now
on doomsters will say it's the Dome all over again, costs will spiral contractors can charge
what they like up against a fixed deadline, it will be a white elephant (who wants to go to
Newham anyway?). No one will come; London hotels already report business sharply down
since the bombs. What madness to spend £5bn on a two-week party years ahead. And why
should Londoners be forced to pay a walloping £350 each for this folly?
A top Mail reporter went to Athens to survey the ruins - financial and actual - and
gloated over a frog-filled state-of-the-art ditch that cost £1 OOm. "For a glimpse of post-
Olympic London, I have come to see 'the great Olympic legacy' of the last host city".
Derelict. unwanted stadiums stand as a dire warning. Montreal is still paying off its debts
from the 1976 Olympics. The right will want it proved that the state can never do anything
well, sharpening its knives to puncture New Labour hubris. Of course there is a risk that they
may be proved right - though the planners have studied every previous calamity to take
avoiding action. Buildings, whole swimming pools, sports halls and stadiums will be
collapsible to send them round the country to places that need them afterwards.
But even if there are cost overruns, one real winner will be Newham and the other
four east London boroughs. If there is resentment from other cities that yet again London
has cashed in, as ever sucking in the nation's mega-wealth, privilege, chic and power,
Newham is the other London beneath the veneer, where great sinks of hopelessness suffer
all the more for being just a bus ride from extreme excess.
Some 51 % of London's children fall below the poverty line - and that rate has not
lessened in five years. The East End struggles with generations of poor whites alongside each
new wave of poor migrants. Newham takes the gold medal, top of the league in the
deprivation index. It has more poor children than anywhere in England and Wales, over a
third in households where no one works. Fewer women work here than anywhere, not
helped by London's childcare crisis. Death rates are 20% higher than the national average.
Look on the A-Z map and see how much white blankness marks the acres of toxic land that
pe partie : Annales 99
has always been rejected by developers: it could never be reclaimed privately. London's
sewage flows through here, regularly backing up and overflowing into creeks and canals
choked with dead cars and shopping trolleys. Here is dereliction on a grand scale, sludged in
mud dumped from the Chan net tunnel. If any desolate place needs rescue this is it.
The promise is a gain of 12,000 permanent jobs, a brilliant transport system to all the
rest of the city, a spectacular park (the largest in Europe), 9,000 new homes and a Venice of
clean canals where people will want to build more. However, it is reasonable to ask, if
regenerating the East End is the purpose, wouldn't £5bn buy far more without the
Olympics? But that kind of money never came before and never would come now on such a
~ - All five councils knew it, desperately wanting the Olympics here.
More than that, Ken Livingstone was first to see right from the start that \,Qn_d_Qn
could not duck out of competing witli the other global capitals. Is this just mad folly, desire
to beat the rest (Paris especially)? Maybe so. But how do you measure the intangibles such
as pride, excitement, pleasure, ambition, success? It is hard to put a value on enthusiasm
that was so instant and electric that, within hours of hearing the news, people rushed to
sign up with Timebank to volunteer to help out at the games, still seven years away. So far
17,000 have signed up to be meeters, greeters and guides in the Olympic park.
Not enough credit has been given to the two people who. almost alone made it
~ . Livingstone seized the chance while others gazed down the river at the Dome and
shook their heads. Tessa Jowell was at first the lone voice in the cabinet; not even Tony Blair
saw the point. Her particular brand of breathless all-embracing positivism was uniquely
suited to this task; devoid of cynicism, she has the emphatic "there's no such thing as can't"
manner that finally silenced the few in the cabinet who are still doubters. The Olympic bill
comes to the Commons tomorrow - and she needs a huge slab of money, fast.
When the inevitable doom-laden coverage sours the mood, it may be Londoners who
come to complain most about bearing the cost themselves. People like me who reach for the
remote if any sport comes on the TV may well wonder why they are forking out £350 each
in extra tax for a brief event in faraway Newham with transport links they will never use.
I have a proposal. What London needs most is something that spreads the Olympics
to everyone. It needs a great Olympic cycleway, a network as safe and fine as anything in
Holland or Germany for public exercise, transport, fitness and pleasure. Let the Olympics
make London a bikes-first city by 2012, change the priority at every set of lights to make
bicycle routes so safe that any child can cycle to school. In Europe people keep fit by cycling
to work and shops to a fine old age.
London's few half-hearted cycle routes peter out whenever the car demands priority,
helping the accident rate; I know three cyclists who have died on London streets. No wonder
fewer than 2% of journeys are by bike. In Amsterdam it's 28%, and it would be here if it
was easy. With 15% of the tube out of action, Londoners have been storming the bike
shops for fear of more bombs. They are misguided: 87 cyclists are killed for every rail
traveller over the same distance.
London was first on congestion charging: now let its Olympics make it Britain's first
bicycling city. It would improve the environment for everyone else, with cleaner air, less
traffic and emptier buses and tubes. Here would be one great permanent Olympic social
good for all.
Polly Toynbee
Wednesday July 20, 2005
Guardian
En vous fondant sur votre lecture du texte, choisissez parmi les choix proposes !'expression dont le sens
est le plus proche du passage reproduit en gras.
21. Rewind to July 6, exactly two weeks ago today

a) Relax, just think of what happened only two weeks ago, July 6
b) Delete all memories of what took place just two weeks ago
c) Cast your mind back a fortnight in time
d) Make sure you don't forget what took place just two weeks ago
22. There has been no time to relish victory

a) Events soon deprived people of the opportunity to enjoy the success
b) In no time at all, people had to celebrate the victory
c) It wasn't the appropriate moment to reflect on the reasons for the victory
d) It wasn't the moment to let victory slip from our hands
23. Places long lost to squalor are gradually reclaimed

a) Areas infamous for their dirtiness are becoming clean and attractive
b) A step-by-step approach to development has been defeated by the
insalubrious condition of the area
c) In places where poverty has been dominant, people have been crying out
for improvement exclusively from energy crops
d) In neighbourhoods where dirt and lack of hygiene were general, protests
have gradually led to change
24. a seven-year crescendo of Olympic whingeing

a) A seven-year long mood of blues and depression because of the games
b) Over a seven-year period, the cry for the Olympics will become became
louder and louder
c) A period of seven years, during which complaints about the problems
related to the games will grow louder and louder
d) A seven-year period of impatient waiting for the big event
25. costs will spiral, contractors can charge what they like up against a
fixed deadline
a) Prices will soar, since caterers will be aware their profit margins are sure
to come to an end
b) Unless their is an increase in prices, builders will go bankrupt because of
their inability to meet the 2012 deadline
c) Rising costs will cause builders to increase the prices they charge for the
work carried out on Olympic projects
d) With building companies aware that the project has to be finished on
time, the budget is bound to be exceeded
26. What madness to spend £5bn on a two-week party years ahead

a) People ask themselves if it is reasonable to pay £5bn for a fortnight's fun
that will take place years from now
b) £5bn spent on a fortnight's fun in the future: it sounds wonderful!
c) The emerging industry was burdened with the handicap of a novel
feedstock and an up-to-date but unproven technology
d) Though the cost seems excessive, it's only £5bn, and the two-week event
is still years away in the future
27. Derelict, unwanted stadiums stand as a dire warning

a) The sight of unused sports facilities is a warning to people about the need
to invest more in sport
b) The fact that these old sports facilities are still standing reminds us that
there's a big building programme to be carried out
c) The sight of empty, dilapidated sports should make people think hard
about what could happen
d) People should know that unused, dilapidated sports grounds are a danger,
they can cause accidents
28. The right will want it proved that the state can never do anything well
a) The aim of the right is to gather evidence that the government is no
longer as competent as when the Conservatives were in power
b) The right will be disappointed by the proof given that public enterprise is
unable to organise such a project efficiently
c) It is only fair to let the state show that, for once, it can do the job
efficiently
d) Politicians on the right will be on the lookout for the signs that a public
project will inevitably be a flop
29. But even if there are cost overruns

a) Even if the question of costs takes precedence over all other
considerations
b) Even if the costs are bigger than the income generated by the project
c) Even if expenditure on the running track is greater than expected
d) Even if expenditure exceeds the limit that has been fixed
30. Newham is the other London beneath the veneer

a) When you scratch beneath the dirt, you'll find that Newham offers a
different aspect of London's identity
b) Newham is part of a different, alternative London, a place where the
future trends of the capital city are already emerging underground
c) Newham is part of the other, more authentic London where values are
less superficial and flashy The plant will probably be dismantled
d) Newham is an area that is rarely focused upon: a place that isn't part of
the city's dynamic, glittering identity
31. Fewer women work here than anywhere, not helped by London's
childcare crisis.
a) If the local women tend not to go out to work, it is because families do
not have a tradition of helping in looking after small children
b) Because of the difficulties which are currently affecting the local schools,
local women are less keen to go out to work
c) If the number of local women in paid employment is comparatively low,
one reason is London's lack of kindergarten places
d) Only a small number of women work here, because the local authorities
cannot employ them in their childcare centres
32. it could never be reclaimed privately

a) if the procedure for complaints was not organised by the public
authorities, it would not be acceptable
b) it would be impossible to succeed in the project without the public
becoming involved
c) the renovation of Newham could never be a question of encouraging
people to renovate their private homes
d) left to private enterprise alone, there would be no hope of an
improvement for the area
33. Here is dereliction on a grand scale

a) The programme of dereliction to be undertaken will be a huge one
b) Newham is a clear example of the effects of gentrification
c) It is hard to find a starker example of poverty and deprivation
d) The neighbourhood testifies to the massive programme of privatisation
and subsequent withdrawal of the state
34. If any desolate place needs rescue, this is it.

a) If people from any poor area believe that they need help, they should
come to Newham just to see what can be done
b) If your looking for a way out of desolation, Newham is just the kind of
place you should go to
c) Every neighbourhood needs to be renovated from time to time, and that's
clearly the case in Newham
d) Clearly the area is one that is cruelly in need of a programme of urban
regeneration
35. But that kind of money never came before and never would come now
on such a scale
a) The area had never previously got such investment and there was little
chance it would get it without the Olympics
b) Never before had the area had such funds injected and in the future it will
never need such funds again
c) Rich people had never previously come to the area, and in the future it
was unlikely they would be as numerous as they are now
d) In Newham people had never been very rich, and in the future there is
little chance that they will be very rich either
36. London could not duck out of competing with the other global capitals
a) London had no alternative insofar as the aim, from the start, was to
compete with the other big cities
b) There was no option other than to take up the challenge and compete
with the other big cities
c) London couldn't prevent the competition from becoming a worldwide
one
d) The UK capital couldn't sit around like a lame duck, watching the other
big cities compete
37. the two people who, almost alone, made it happen

a) They were the people who, because they had virtually no family
commitments, were able to give the time and energy needed to get the
Olympic games
b) Without telling hardly anybody, they were the two people who made the
bid succeed
c) Without any help from others, they were the two people who decided to
make an application for the Olympics
d) The pair who, in the face of general scepticism, managed to make the bid
succeed
38. Her particular brand of breathless, all-embracing positivism

a) The kind of uninhibited confidence that characterises her
b) Even when out of breath, she always manages to remain upbeat and
positive
c) The image she sells to the public is of gutsy, uninhibited confidence
d) Her aim has been to help the public to take up a happy, positive attitude
to things
39. The Olympic bill comes to the Commons tomorrow

a) There is sure to be a lot of talk about the Olympics in the House of
Commons tomorrow
b) The plans for the Olympic village will be on display in the House of
Commons tomorrow considering projects for heat created by renewable
energy
c) The cost of the Olympics will be a matter of discussion in the Parliament
tomorrow
d) Tomorrow the Parliament is to discuss legislation in connection with the
Olympics
40. When the inevitable doom-laden coverage sours the mood

a) When the usual media stories about unsuccessful British athletes begin to
spoil the atmosphere in 2012
b) When the atmosphere starts to go bad, because of the routine, negative
stories that will appear in the media
c) Whenever the media coverage about all that is going wrong in the world
begins to affect people's sense of joy
d) In those moments when the certainty of failure starts to make people feel
bad
He PARTIE:
NOUVEAUX TESTS
11• partie : Nouveaux tests 107
[ __ TEST 14
GRAMMAIRE
1. It was the first time that Lamie and Kate ... out so late.
a) were b) had been c) have been d) had being
2. Almost one ... every two blacks voted against proposal 227.
a) on b) in c) out d) 0
3. "If any health service manager says they are not stressed, I don't
believe they are working for the same NHS ... " .
a) than lam b) that lam c) than I do d) that I do
4. Ask an ... child who Dana is, and they'll tell you she's a singer.
a) Israel b) Israelan c) Israeli d) Israeli an
5. On top of the pile was ... .

a) a two-pages CV b) a two-page CV
c) two-page CV d) a two-paged CV
6. She entered the stable and drew the lower half of the door ...
a) shut b) to shut c) shutting d) to be shut
7. In GSCE examinations last year, girls were ... 18 per cent more likely
to obtain top grades than their male counterparts.
a) up b) down c) up to d) down to
8. The question of ... of them is to chair the meeting of European finance

is on the agenda.
a) who b) which c) what d) whom
9. He has caJled on the government to ensure that national television

dedicates two hours a week ... people on how .. . good parents.
a) to educate I to be b) to educating I to be
c) to educating I to being d) to educating I to being
10. The papal encyclical ... soon.

a) is expected to be published b) is reported to publish
c) expects to be published d) is told to be published
11. . . . Miss Brodie had led her new class into the garden for a history
lesson.
a) Six years previous b) Six years previously
c) Six previous years d) Six previously years
12. Since 1991, more than 500,000 human embryos .. . ..

a) have been created b) have being created
c) were created d) were being created
13. The police searched the flat, but ... never found anything.
a) it b) he c) they d) she
14. What sex is the euro? .. . absurd question but one that bothered the
French so much they set up a commission to find the answer.
a) 0 b) A c) The d) An
15. When the euro ..., the official cry will be "it's a boy" and it will be
called le euro.
a)' will be born b) would be born
c) is born d) may be born
16. The monetary policy committee, a group of economists ... meet under
the auspices of the Institute of Economic Affairs, will report this week.
a) which b) whom c) who d) 0
17. Mrs Ruth Fish had served as manager of the Taos Chamber of
Commerce
a) since many years b) while many years
c) during the many years d) for many years
18. Only one cashier noticed that the signature on the sales invoice ... no
resemblance to that on the back of the credit card.
a) beard b) bear c) bored d) bore
19. Unless retailers ... paying more attention crime will increase.
a) start b) were to start
c) started d) would start
20. He also believes that television soaps ... take a higher moral ground.
a) should b) need c) had to d) dare
JI• partie: Nouveaux tests 109
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte, puis repondre aux questions.
GOODBYE TO ALL THAT?
The Tories are out, but New Labour will find them a tough act to follow
Eighteen years, a full generation, an era by any definition, certainly in politics, ended
last week when Tony Blair and Britain's Labour Party ousted Conservative leader John Major
from 10 Downing St. Jimmy Carter was President of t he United States in 1979 when
Margaret Thatcher, Major's predecessor, thrust the Tories into power. Charles and Diana
were not even engaged, let alone divorced. Helmut Kohl was West Germany's opposition
leader. The Soviet Union's Leonid Brezhnev was plotting the invasion of Afghanistan while
Nelson Mandela faced 11 more years of prison on Robben Island.
For all the international changes since, the transformation of Britain's domestic
landscape has been just as dramatic. When Thatcher defeated Labour Prime Minister James
Callaghan, Britain was the "sick man of Europe", the butt of political lampoon jsts. Tough
industrial competition challenged from the Continent and from Asia. Wallet-rattling taxation
- % on incomes over £50,000 - and f eather-bedded unions that preferred masoch istic
stoppages t o work shunted investors and the nation's best minds overseas.
Strikes were "the British disease" . There had been repeated runs on the pound.
Callaghan sought an emergency bailout from the International Monetary Fund. Addicted to
Big Government which was commandeering an ever-increasing share of the nation's wealth,
Britain was on the skids.
Unlike the U.S., France and the then Soviet and Chinese communist powers, Britain
had not experienced a reordering revolution in the modern era. Real revolution w as tb.eJas!
thing traditional Conservatives wanted while the socialists who ran the Labour Party had no
intention of allowing a diminution of state control. Britain's ship of state plunged into the
1970s with neither party making more than minor adjust ments.
Enter Thatcher, an oddball among traditional Tories, long the party of privilege,
landed gentry and middle-class managers. She came from the bottom of the middle-class in
a nation where class counts, especially in the corridors of power. She was a ferociously hard
worker in a culture which, war efforts notwithstanding, never prided itself on sweat equity.
More important, Thatcher arrived in office with a vision and t he backbone to put it into
Q!_are. Her dream was of a proud Britain liberated from socialism, where free enterprise
flourished. A modern medievalist, she sought so lutions with the fervor of a knight seeking
the Holy Grail. Throughout the 11/12 years she served as Prime Minister, Thatcher
approached political battles as fundament al choices between the forces of good and evil,
light and dark, individuals and the state. The infidels were Cdmmunists abroad and socialists
at home, enemies of hard wotk and individual enterprise, anything which threatened
freedom. Her unfettered army would drive the unbelievers from the field, privatizing public
industries, routing trade unions, ripping down the social safety nets which had become
hammocks. and restoring power and income to hard-working, wealth-creating individuals.
And that's just what happened.
Thatcher soured on John Maior during his six and a half years in power because she
felt he lacked her firm beliefs. Such criticism could be applied to anyone. The fact is that
Major hewed largely, albeit with considerably less political bloodlust. to the revolutionary
course she began. He eased off on the giant welfare cuts and industrial downsizing, but
after nearly two decades of sustained restructuring, voters cast ballots last Thursday knowing
that Britain was back. Unemployment was at 6.2%, half that in France, a third less than
Germany. Current growth is nearly 3%, ahead of almost all European countries and double
what it was in 1979. Inflation is at 2.5%, down from 16% when the Tories took power.
So if Conservative policies fostered such success, as they did. why did Labour win so
handily? And what is the Tory legacy if not gone like London fog?
First, the Conservatives, like Thatcher herself. held office too long. The party was
exhausted and depleted. Even absent the scandal hanging on the Tories like a bad suit the
nation was equally tired of Conservative rule. With the Soviets gone and China abandoning
central economic control. Blair scarcely had to deny that a newly weaned Britain would re-
socialize.
Because the country faced neither external nor major internal threats, there was little
reason not to vote for Labour. The party needed to offer little more than a sane program
and an acceptable leader, ingredients it lacked until recently. Ultimately. it was not ironic but
inevitable that Tony Blair cleared the bar into 1O Downing St. with the help of the kick in the
pants Margaret Thatcher gave all Britons. Toasting victory, the new Prime Minister
understood better than most who planted the vines.
Christopher Ogden, Time. May 12, 1997.
21. For all the international changes since

a) because of all the international changes since 1979
b) because of all the international changes since last week
c) in spite of all the international changes since 1979
d) in spite of all the international changes since last week
22. the butt of political lampoonists

a) the most violent of political satirists
b) the target of political satirists
c) the target of political leaders
d) the mountain of political wisdom
n e partie : Nouveaux tests 111
23. Wallet-rattling taxation

a) very low taxes
b) very high taxes
c) increasing taxes
d) decreasing taxes
24. feather-bedded unions

a) trade-unions which had an easy life
b) trade-unions with good investments
c) trade-unions which did not do much work
d) trade-unions which had nothing to do
25. shunted investors

a) attracted investors
b) appealed to investors
c) increased the number of investors
d) drove investors away
26. an emergency bailout

a) an urgent agreement b) an urgent recognition
c) a delayed recognition d) an urgent funding
27. Britain was on the skids

a) Britain was in a good pass
b) Britain was in a bad pass
c) Britain did not know what to do
d) Britain was at a loss
28. the last thing traditional Conservatives wanted

a) the only thing staunch Conservatives did not want
b) the only thing staunch Conservatives wanted
c) what staunch Conservatives wanted in the end
d) what staunch Conservatives wanted as a last resort
29. an oddball
a) a celebrated lady among the Conservatives
b) a typical Conservative lover of balls and parties
c) an atypical Conservative
d) a typical Conservative
30. war efforts notwithstanding

a) in spite of the war efforts
b) because of the war efforts
c) although no war efforts were made
d) not in support of the war efforts
31. never prided itself on sweat equity

a) was always very equitable to those who sweated
b) never acknowledged the value of hard work
c) was never proud of sweated equity
d) never reached a high level of equity
32. the backbone to put it into place

a) the nerve to implement it
b) the structure to implement it
c) the backbenchers to set it up
d) the supporters to help her
33. Her unfettered anny

a) her personal army
b) her free army
c) her army of strong men
d) her army let loose
34. ripping down the social safety nets which had become hammocks
a) building the protective walls of safe investments
b) harvesting the social profits of good investments
c) tearing off the over-extensive social programs
d) destroying the dormitories set up by social workers
35. Thatcher soured on John Major

a) Thatcher doted on John Major
b) Thatcher disliked John Major
c) Thatcher resented John Major's ways
d) Thatcher liked John Major's ways
36. albeit with considerably less political bloodlust

a) even with far less political gusto
b) although with far more political gusto
c) even with far more political aggressivity
d) although with far less political aggressivity
11• partie : Nouveaux tests 113
37. industrial downsizing

a) reductions in the size of industries
b) reductions in the number of industrial sites
c) reductions in staff
d) reduction of the number of industries
38. Even absent the scandal hanging on the Tories like a bad suit
a) in spite of the scandal bearing on the Tories
b) because of the scandal bearing on the Tories
c) even if there had been no scandal clinging onto the Tories
d) because there was no scandal about the Tories
39. a newly weaned Britain

a) a new-born Britain
b) a Britain which has just learned to fend for herself
c) a recently dead Britain
d) a recently widowed Britain
40. cleared the bar

a) made it
b) left the way free
c) cleaned the way
d) paved the way
·-··--·--------- - -----]
[
- - ---
TEST 15
- -- - - - -- --- - ----
GRAMMAIRE
1. Darwin was right. In the wild only ...
a) the fittest survives b) the fitter survives
c) the fittest survive d) the fitter survive
2. "People are shattered", says psychiatrist John Hue, who .. . an

increasing number of financial-anxiety disorders since December.
a) sees b) has seen
c) is seeing d) saw
3. Very few people had streets with the same name as ... .
a) there b) theirs c) their d) their one
4. Then she called to tell me that she was going away for a time, and
would let me know as soon as she . .. back.
a) would come b) came c) were coming d) will come
5. The announcement of .... referees will officiate at each game will be

made as late as possible.
a) what b) whose c) which d) whom
6. A Costa Rican referee said it was the fourth time he . ... bribes to fix
international matches.
a) has been offered b) was offered
c) had been offered d) were offered
7. Some of the gangs are based in Asia, where . ... are bet on each game.
a) million of dollars b) millions of dollar
c) millions of dollars d) million of dollar
8. . .. committee has been set up to monitor attempted bribes.

a) A three-man b) Three-men
c) A three-men d) A three-manned
9. There are those ... the World Cup is a month of volcanic excitement
and others who see it simply as a lot of quadrennial balls.
a) for whom b) for whose c)' whom for d) whose for
rre partie : Nouveaux tests 115
10. Parish priests know that as many as ... couples now live together before
marriage.
a) 8 among 10 b) 8 per 10 c) 8 out of 10 d) 8 within 10
11. Fidel Castro has appeared thinner and greyer over the past year,
prompting speculation that he ... be ill.
a) is able to b) can c) is bound to d) may
12. However, Castro ... host a visit by the Pope earlier this year with great
aplomb.
a) could b) was able to c) could have d) was to
13. There ... no evidence that his concerns ... been taken seriously.
a) is I has b) are I has
c) is I have d) are I have
14. ... action is eventually agreed will come too late for many of those in
southern Kosovo.
a) Whenever b) However
c) Whatever d) Whatsoever
15. Make a donation and help us ... that a disability doesn't have to be a
handicap.
a) prove b) proving c) to proving d) proved
16. A new kind of meeting could prevent you and them ... valuable selling
time.
a) lose b) losing c) to lose d) to losing
17. Mohamed al Fayed attacked Diana's mother calling her English

snob.
a) 0 b) an c) a d) one
18. My parents ... hire a film projector for my birthday party, and we all sat
round.
a) could b) were to c) would d) were used to
19 & 20. Prince Harry, 13, ... by his father to be "absolutely thrilled" ... his
success.
a) said b) told c) was said ' d) was told
a) at b) for c) of d) in
COMPREHENSION
THE MILLENNIUM NOTEBOOK: FUTURISM - THE TRENDIEST PROFESSION
Back in 1987, Timothy Willard, then managing editor of The Futurist magazine,
predicted that America's obsession with trend watching and futurism would explode as the
millennium approached. Sure enough, the boom in futurism is on. Everywhere you look
these days, from books to seminars to magazine stories, someone's trying to peddle his
version of tomorrow. "At the end of the last century it was Victorian psychics with turbans
and crystal balls talking to angels", says Paul Saffo, a forecaster himself and a director of the
Institute for the Future in Menlo Park, Calif. Now "it's middle-aged white-boy pop futurists
telling us what lies ahead ."
In particular, futurists are reporting a surge of interest from the business community.
Trend spotter Faith Popcorn, for one, says she's busier than ever. "I'm getting, like, 130
voice mails a day, we're doing 70 talks internationally a year and we're working on four
major Fortune 500 turn-arounds at a time when we could be taking 40", she says. The
premillennial craze for this sort of thing has even begun stirring up a backlash: in a recent
New York Times op-ed entitled "Future Schlock", University of Maryland physics professor
Robert Park took special umbrage at futurists who presume to dally in the hard sciences.
"Their modest claims to foresee the future rarely go much beyond predicting marital
problems for Hollywood celebrities", went one dig. The piece raised hackles among
American futurists who crave the opportunity to point out how sorely misunderstood their
profession is. Futurists, you might say, find the controversy predictable.
Futurism has struggled with its public image since it got started in earnest in the
1960s. The point that futurists most urgently want to clear up is that they don't predict the
future. "People often ask for predictions, and we argue that there's no certainty about
what's going to happen" , says Clem Bezold, president of the Institute for Alternative Futures
in Alexandria, Va. Bezold, who counts among his clients 22 of the Global 1OOO enterprises,
explains that futurism is really just an extension of the long-range planning that businesses
already do, not the flaky guesswork some people imagine. Futurists, like economists and
demographers, look at data, detect trends and extrapolate them to forecast changes. In
contrast, says Bezold, non-futurists "can't think out of the box." In other words, number
crunchers have terrible imaginations.
Futurists, being the discipline straddlers they are, think creatively. They do the work of
novelists, spinning out "what if" scenarios, the most important of which are those that
illustrate what Bezold calls paradigm shifts. Take r.e1il.ili.!lg: one possible paradigm-shifting
scenario is that because of technology, stores in the future will simply cease to exist. In this
picture, former mall-rats would now use electronic mannequins to try on clothing and have
the ability to screen out any item made in, say, a factory employing child labor. Nifty for
shoppers, but what does it mean for a department store like Nordstrom? "This is (the kind
of] situation most businesses don't want to confront", says Bezold.
At least one executive sold on futurism thinks others would do well to follow his lead.
In August Douglas Glen, the chief strategy officer for toymaker Mattel, tapped Peter
n• partie: Nouveaux tests 117
Schwartz, a futures maverick who runs a consulting firm called the Global Business Network.
"We identified the forces that are reshaping the toy business", Glen says, like savvier kids,
evolving taste and expanding overseas markets. Futurism sounds grandiose, but the results
can be mundane. like one unveiled in December: the fuller-figured Barbie.
Saffo thinks the current rally in futurism's stock will correct itself once the year 2000 is
behind us. Cynthia G. Wagner, current managing editor of The Futurist, says that readership
is holding steady at about 30,000 hard-core fans and that she doesn't expect any upward
leaps between now and the millennium. "For futurists", she says, "the year 2000 is
practically over." They've got their minds on 3000.
Newsweek, March 9, 1998.
21. America's obsession with trend watching

a) America's obsessive watch processing
b) America's constant preoccupation with the process of watch making
c) America's constant preoccupation with the study of situation changes
d) America's constant preoccupation with watches which are trendy
22. the boom in futurism

a) the success of prospect studies
b) the explosion of future prospects
c) the expansion of future projects
d) future expansion
23. someone's trying to peddle his version of tomorrow

a) someone's attempt to stop the evolution of his own future
b) someone is attempting to stop the evolution of his own future
c) someone is attempting to sell his story of the future
d) someone is attempting to sell his future story
24. Victorian psychics

a) mentally disturbed Victorians
b) mental patients of the Victorian period
c) Victorian mediums and spiritualists
d) Victorian psychiatrists
25. pop futurists

a) specialists of the future for the masses
b) designers of future popular objects
c) specialists in previsions of future public trends
d) popular future designers
26. stirring up a backlash

a) causing side-effects
b) creating hostile reactions
c) creating a series of belated reactions
d) causing a positive but belated reaction
27. to dally in the hard sciences

a) to specialise in purely scientific matters
b) to refuse to study purely scientific matters
c) to challenge purely scientific matters
d) to study purely scientific matters superficially
28. went one dig

a) said one critic b) pretended a journalist
c) quoted a newspaper d) said one remark
29. raised hackles

a) caused anger b) created disagreement
c) increased the discontent d) increased the protests
30. flaky guesswork

a) hesitant work of invention
b) patchy and unreliable divination
c) immediate work of divination
d) work of divination for the immediate future
31. number crunchers

a) people who eat numbers
b) computer programmers
c) people who despise numbers
d) people who crush numbers
32. discipline straddlers

a) people with a multi-disciplinary approach
b) people who ride a discipline
c) people who object to discipline
d) people who respect discipline
33. paradigm shifts

a) paradisial conditions b) paradisial teams
c) paridisial turns d) changes in models
ne partie : Nouveaux tests 119
34. retailing
a) selling to the public in small quantities
b) trade cuts
c) dress-making
d) the world of fashion
35. former mall-rats

a) rats who formerly infested malls
b) shops which were formerly located in malls
c) people who used to spend their time in shopping centres
d) inspectors who used to control shopping centres
36. screen out

a) select and choose
b) test and refuse
c) prefer to the rest
d) suppress from the screen
37. Nifty
a) good b) bad
c) practical d) unpracticable
38. mundane
a) totally uninteresting b) worldy
c) vain d) fashionable
39. the fuller-figured Barbie

a) the doll now full-scale
b) the spy with more attributes
c) the doll now endowed with a plumpier body
d) the spy now in full size
40. the current rally in futurism's stock

a) the present race to store futurism
b) the present meeting to buy futurist shares
c) the stream of popularity in stock for futurism
d) the present general popularity of futurism
TEST 16
~---~~
J
GRAMMAIRE
1. Everything was so dark. She wished she ... a lantern.
a) brought b) has brought
c) had brought d) had been bringing
2. The ... Newsweek Poll reveals the public's sharply shifting attitudes.
a) later b) latest c) late d) last
3. This is a system that has shown itself to work -and ... that if something
works, it should be retained.
a) it will generally agree b) it has generally agreed
c) it is generally agreed d) it generally agrees
4. Elsewhere in the train there were families and children( ... a report that
two large parties of schoolchildren were aboard was incomect).
a) since b) although
c) in spite of d) whereas
5. For £ 11.99 a month you can get 25 great channels, ... are dedicated to
nothing but documentaries.
a) of which three b) of whose three
c) three of which d) three of whose
6. The History Channel, biographies range from Marilyn Monroe to

Nelson Mandela, is now available on Sky TV.
a) which b) whose c) of which d) of whose
7. By March 1996 only about 20,000 babies ... .

a) have been born b) have been barned
c) had been born d) had been barned
8. At home, it was estimated that .. . of the workforce was allowed a day

off.
a) one of five b) one to five
c) one in five d) one per five
9. What will I do while you ...

a) are gone b) have gone
c) will be gone d) will go
10. What does Tony Blair really think about ... ?

a) single currency b) singled currency
c) the single currency d) the singled currency
11. Talks aimed .. . the dispute are expected ... tomorrow.

a) to settle I to resume b) to settle I to resuming
c) at settling I to resuming d) at settling I to resume
12. When the weather ... , there would be work.

a) was changing b) would change
c) changed d) would have changed
13. She has turned to lawyers in an attempt to force a ... bank to release
money left by her husband.
a) Wales b) Welsh
c) Walish d) Welish
14. I seriously injured my stomach, but 10 days in the children's ward . ...
a) had me sort out b) had sort out me
c) had me sorted out d) had sorted out me
15. I believe that in ... the fund will be woven into British life.
a) 20 year-time b) 20 years time
c) 20 years' time d) a 20 year-time
16. He only missed taking a share in the war by the fact that peace was
declared just as he succeeded . . . himself accepted for the last
contingent.
a) to get b) at getting
c) get d) in getting
17. Yiddish had . . . in 1930 than Spanish in 1998 of becoming a genuine

American lingua franca.
a) the more chance b) more of chances
c) more a chance d) more of a chance
18. As .. . MP it is wise to be selective about one's methods of getting high.

a) 0 b) a
c) the d) an
19. The Prince was told of his son 's acceptance ... a telephone call.
a) at b) in
c) on d) with
20. Both radio stations have promised to provide full, live commentary of
all the games involving England - ... there will be at least three.
a) which b) among which
c) of which d) out of which
COMPREHENSION
WHILE COSTS RISE, COLLEGES DANCE AROUND THE REASONS
Our view: Schools brag about low increases for next year, but the hikes
are still twice the rate of inflation.
Big-name universities are billing it as the best tuition news in 30 years. The cost of
obtaining an undergraduate education at Harvard goes up 3.5% in September - the lowest
rise since 1968, Vice President Gore's senior year. Yale students will see their bills increase
2.9%. And the price of an Oberlin degree is expected to rise 2.7%.
With dozens more colleges expected to announce next year's tuition hikes by month's
end, some university officials are declaring an end to the age of soaring college costs - when
tuition bills rose 234% between 1981 and 1995.
But before breaking open the champagne, consider these more sobering thoughts.
Any tuition increase is tough to justify at a time when colleges are collecting average returns
of 20% on their record endowments. Yet college costs are still rising more than twice as fast
as overall inflation.
What's more, the moderation in college pricing is hardly voluntary. It comes Just
weeks after even the Republicans in Congress threatened to impose government cost
controls if schools don't do something to rein in costs.
The problem: With the price of a four-year degree already topping $120, OOO at the
nation's elite universities, colleges have avoided making the hard decisions - like cutting
administrative staffs and construction budgets - that are needed to guarantee long-term
cost stability. Instead, they're still clouding discussions about exorbitant costs with a variety
of excuses. Among their favorites:
- Nobody pays retail. According to this argument, the public shou ldn't complain
about annual tuition hikes that outpace inflation because a majority of students don't pay
the full sticker price of a college education, thanks to subsidies and financial aid.
So what's a college education likely to cost a family? Who knows?
College officials confess they release scant meaningful financial information to help
confused students and parents . By keeping the details murky, they avoid angering the folks
who pay fu II price.
Meanwhile, in its January report to Congress the Commission on the Cost of Higher
Education confirmed what parents have long feared: Since 1987, tuition hikes have risen
faster than the actual cost of providing a college education. And experts can't fully explain
who's pocketing the difference.
- 1Tuition hikes are needed to fund financial aid. In a corollary to their sticker-
price claims, colleges say rising tuition charges allow them to fund more generous financial-
aid packages for those least able to pay full freight .
And in a new twist, many elite schools are dedicating a portion of their tuition hikes
and endowment gains to new aid offerings that specifically benefit the middle class.
Stanford, Princeton and Yale are among the schools substantially upping the amount of
home equity and savings that families can shield from financial-aid calculations.
But financial aid isn't blunting the impact of price hikes on students. A February
report by Congress' General Accounting Office found the number of undergrads forced to
take out loans has increased sharply since 1995. And more than two-thirds of students
attending college full-time make ends meet by working an average of 23 hours a week.
- The government made us do it. Colleges complain that complying with
government regulations is costly. eating up more than 12 cents of every tuition dollar at a
private university such as Stanford. Their latest howls of protest center on new regulations
requiring them to collect financial information from students for submission to the Internal
Revenue Service. But the regulations are part of last year's Taxpayer Relief Act, which
provides substantial tax credits to middle-class families funding college. Colleges aggressively
lobbied Congress to pass the legislation, drowning out critics who claimed it would inflate
college prices.
Frustrated members of Congress say colleges want to have it both ways. And they're
right. Colleges want to continue their annual tradition of hiking prices without explaining
the details of their finances to the parents and students paying the bills. And they want the
government to abolish regulations before they've shown their own good faith by
implementing the internal efficiencies needed to put their own campuses in order.
More moderate tuition hikes are welcome, indeed. But will they usher in an era of
affordable college costs? Not until colleges ditch the excuses.
USA Today, March 6, 1998.
21. the hikes

a) the previsions b) the increases
c) the prospects d) the prices
22. are billing it

a) are advertising it b) are paying the costs
c) are footing the bill d) are sending the bill
11" partie: Nouveaux tests 125
23. sobering thoughts

a) thoughts that are not drunk
b) serious thoughts
c) thought that take out the drunkenness
d) calming thoughts
24. collecting average returns of 20% on their record endowments

a) making an average of 20% profits out of their recorded capital
b) making an average of 20% profits out of their best property
c) making profits on average 20% higher than their previous records
d) making profits on average 20% higher than their expected records
25. to rein in costs

a) to suppress costs b) to reduce costs
c) to curb costs d) to give free course to costs
26. Nobody pays retail

a) nobody pays the full amount
b) nobody pays in small quantities
c) nobody pays the whole sum at one go
d) nobody pays cash
27. annual tuition hikes that outpace inflation

a) annual tuition fees which follow inflation
b) annual tuition fees which lag behind inflation
c) annual tuition fees which go more quickly than inflation
d) annual tuition increases which go more quickly than inflation
28. the full sticker price

a) the totality of the sum fixed by college officials
b) the totality of the official price
c) the price which is announced on the sticker
d) the price less a sticker rebate
29. keeping the details murky

a) leaving the details in the margin
b) revealing all the details
c) not giving precise information
d) giving wrong information
126 Tests d'ang/ais du secondaire au superieur
30. their sticker-price claims

a) their demands that there should be fully official prices
b) their requesting people to pay the full amount
c) their suits for more sticker-money
d) their suits for increased prices
31. upping the amount of home equity and savings

a) increasing the amount of invested capital
b) increasing the sums equitably saved
c) making the basis of calculation more equitable
d) taking savings into account for a more equitable calculation
32. shield from financial-aid calculations

a) protect from taxation
b) include in their applications for financial aid
c) refuse to declare in their applications for financial aid
d) avoid to declare in the applications for financial aid
33. financial aid isn't blunting the impact of price hikes on students
a) grants do not inflict such a hard hit on students as price previsions
b) grants do not prevent students from being hardly hit by fees increases
c) monetary help does not increase the number of students announced by
previsions
d) monetary help does not prevent student numbers to decrease as
announced
34. make ends meet by working

a) cannot survive to work
b) eat full-time by working
c) study full time to work
d) manage to survive by working
35. complying with government regulations is costly

a) not applying the rules imposed by the government costs money
b) abiding by the rules imposed by the government costs money
c) tampering with the rules imposed by the government costs money
d) modifying the rules imposed by the government costs money
36. substantial tax credits

a) negligible tax benefits b) important tax delays
c) important tax deductions d) important tax increases
ue partie : Nouveaux tests 127
37. lobbied Congress to pass the legislation

a) exercised pressure on Congress in order to have the law voted
b) exercised pressure on Congress in order to prevent the law being voted
c) obliged Congress to vote the law
d) obliged Congress to give up voting the law
38. want to have it both ways

a) want to have it anyway
b) want to have all the advantages
c) want both approaches to be used
d) want to receive money twice
39. will they usher in an era ... ?

a) will they mark the end of a period . .. ?
b) will they mark the beginning of a period ... ?
c) will they suppress a period . . . ?
d) will they refuse a period ... ?
40. ditch the excuses

a) bury their regrets
b) stop pretending they have good reasons
c) hide their apologies
d) hide their good reasons
TEST 17
.-----··-·----1
GRAMMAIRE
1. American diversity has always ... a strange uniformity.
a) beget b) begot c) begotten d) begotted
2. Where ... to start a debate about the future of the Church of England .. .
Australia?
a) better I than b) better I as c) best I than d) rather I as
3. Unless we ... a cultural and moral way to bind the bright, we are
doomed to a fast disintegrating society .. .
a) found b) find c) 'dfound d) 'd find
4. The cause of the accident has ... to be established.
a) though b) but c) again d) yet
5. The United Nations security council imposed sanctions against Iraq
after ... invasion of . .. Kuwait in 1990.
a)0/0 b)0/the c)the/the d)the/0
6. If Britain ... a patient on my analytical couch how would I interpret the
collective reaction to the death of Princess Diana?
a) is b) had been c) were d) would be
7. The well-being and financial security of Britain' s six million carers,
who devote their lives . . . dependent relatives at home, are to be
addressed by a new national strategy.
a) looking after b) to looking after
c) in looking after d) at looking after
8. This man, ... you've been saying so many things, is my brother.
a) of whose b) of which c) whose d) about whom
9. He' s expert at increasing productivity in .. . no time.
a) near to b) near c) next to d) next
10. Police officers are considering . . . in the number of spy cameras
installed on roads.
a) 30-fold increase b) a 30-fold increase
c) 30-folds increases d) a 30-folds increase
ne partie: Nouveaux tests 129
11. & 12. Consistent . . . its support of Indian self-determination, ...

endorsed Indian gaming.
a) with b) in
c) of d) on
a) the Reagan administration b) a Reagan administration
c) Reagan administration d) Reagan's administration
13. For the past fifty years, they . . . thousands of disabled people to lead
more fulfilling lives ....
a) enabled b) are enabling
c) have enabled d) are being enabled
14. Karen could not open her eyes . ...

a) wide enough b) enough wide
c) the wide enough d) wider enough
15. Travel insurance needs to be purchased when you first book a holiday
so that you can get a full refund ....
a) if you should need to cancel b) should you need to cancel
c) if you should need cancel d) should you need cancel
16. They fled to ... in 1995.

a) Jordan b) Jordana
c) Jordany d) Jordania
17. Not even the boys, ... their parents, wil I be told how they did in the
exams.
a) or b) neither c) nor d) and
18. Wim Duisenberg will "signal his willingness" to step down after the
European single currency's notes and coins .. . in 2002.
a) are introduced b) will have been introduced
c) will be introduced d) would be introduced
19. Wim Duisenberg will step down in 2002 ... a Frenchman, Jean-Claude
Trichet.
a) to leave way for b) to make way in .
c) to make way for d) to leave way in
20. Scientists do not rule out the astonishing possibility that this strange
radio traffic ... have extra-terrestrial origins.
aj= ~oo~ 0=~ ~~w
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte, puis repondre aux questions
THE IRA AND THE PEACE TALKS
The sight of Sinn Fein seeking, through the Irish courts, to prove it has nothing to do
with the IRA would be comic had it not resulted from the deaths of two men in Belfast last
week. Neither the British nor the Irish governments are giving this bizarre project the time of
_Qfili; Sinn Fein is in the talks because its agreement to a settlement is essential if the IRA is to
stop its terror campaign.
But neither government wants Sinn Fein out for long. The Irish government remains
determined to stay close to John Hume, the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour
Party in the North; and Hume remains determined to stay close to Gerry Adams, the Sinn
Fein leader. Thus the Irish government will tend to act as a lobby for Sinn Fein's presence.
The British government also puts great store by American support for a negotiated outcome;
President Clinton was reported as wish ing to keep Sinn Fein in the process if humanly
possible. Besides, the British strategy is to make the negotiations as "inclusive" as they can
be, so as to deprive any of the parties of the claim of being cut out.
Yet neither government can quarrel with the judgement of the Royal Ulster
Constabulary and the Irish Garcia that the IRA committed the most recent murders, nor can
they flout the rules of the talks themselves - the less so after the expulsion of one of the
loyalist political groups. They must brace themselves for what comes next: intelligence
reports point to the IRA hardliners straining to get off th e leash; and warn of bombings and
high-level assassinations possibly on the ma inland.
The ability of Si nn Fein to command the spotlight. and perhaps to torpedo the talks,
should not obscure w hat remains a potentially hopeful position. Like vast crafts manCEuvring
to get alongside each other, the British, Irish and US governments are now closer in both
rhetoric and subst ance than they have ever been. The main unionist party has accepted
power sharing, a North-South dimension and an end to Protestant suprem acy. The main
nationalist party is fully engaged in negotiating the province's future, and Sinn Fein is
formally committed (for now) to a peaceful process. This is a vast change from even the
recent past; it has taken decades, and much blood, to get here, but it is a considerable
achievement nonetheless.
If this promise is to be turned into reality, the bones of the emerging settlement must
be given flesh by all of the parties; each has a particular responsibility.
The Irish government must do w hat it has indicated it wi ll : drop its constitutional
claim, indefensible in international law, for jurisd iction over the North, and proclaim itself
w illing to accept in full the agreement that emerges from the talks. It cannot insist on a
North-South body w ith independent executive powers, for that would involve a degree of
constitutional muddle which, in time, wo uld cause serious trouble.
The unionists must commit themselves, as the Ulster Unionist leader, David Trimble,
fitfully does, to be ready to co-govern with the nationalist minority in a genuine power-
sharing assembly, and to make war on their own (far from residual} bigotry and
discrimination . The nat ionalists, too, must prepare themselves for co-government of
Northern Ireland -as a minority, albeit one that has an executive role in a future assembly.
Their challenge - a historic one- is t o provide an opposition that retains the support of their
community, but does not destabilise the province by refusing to recognise its Britishness.
The British government must implement an agreement that guarantees the union,
since none other conforms to the settled wish of the majority. In this it has a significant
advantage over previous governments: its devolution of political power to Scotland and to
Wales means that Northern Ireland can be granted a parliament once more without
anomaly. Devolution thus becomes the enabler of a new, more liberal, unionism.
And what must Sinn Fein do? It must sever its links with the IRA, and lead as much of
its constituency as possible into a world where the constitutional parties have the power and
stability to push terrorism to the margins and finally into oblivion.
Is it capable of such a renunciation? Gerry Adams must sense at his shoulder the
ghost of Michael Collins the leader of the Free State assassinated for renouncing the fight
of the north. He is in a hard place, with a rock pressing down upon him: his temptation, and
perhaps his inclination, may be to stay w ith t he hard men and carry on the fight. That is a
choice only he can make. But whichever way Sinn Fein goes, the other parties to these talks
w ill be right to grasp at the chance they provide. The British government has been culpable
of a long neglect of a province in w hich discrimination and enmity were allowed to become
endemic. It now appears to have the energy and will to fashion a better future. It can be
done.
New Statesman, 20th February 1998.
21. to prove it has nothing to do with the IRA

a) to show there's no point trying to influence the IRA
b) to show that it has no influence on the IRA
c) to demonstrate it is in no sense connected with the IRA
d) to prove that it is not negotiating with the IRA
22. Neither ... are giving this bizarre project the time of day
a) Neither ... are going to spend all available time on this strange idea
b) Neither ... are going to announce this unexpected initiative some time
today
c)Neither .. . are keen to support such an odd idea, at least for the moment
d) Neither ... are giving any serious consideration to such an amazing
proposition
23. puts great store by American support

a) considers American support to be an option reserved for future use
b) have serious reserves about any American intervention
c) considers the backing of the Americans a matter of paramount
importance
d) reserves the right to accept or to refuse American backing
24. to deprive any of the parties of the claim of being cut out
a) to prevent any of the factions from being left out
b) to make sure that none of the parties will boycott the talks
c) to ensure that the different sides can not allege they have not been
consulted
d) to refuse the demand made by certain groups that they be released from
prison
25. nor can they flout the rules of the talks themselves
a) nor can they make up their own rules as they go along
b) and they aren't entitled to violate the principles laid down for
negotiations either
c) nor can they blur the rules of the talk, which are fundamentally clear
d) and they can't make the rules more confused than they actually are either
26. They must brace themselves for what comes next

a) They must come together in reconciliation to prepare the future
b) They must be determined to prepare the future
c) They will have to ensure that the different parties cooperate
d) They must prepare to confront the problems which the future will hold
for them
27. the IRA hardliners straining to get off the leash

a) the IRA leaders who are trying to get round the restrictions imposed
b) the IRA militants struggling to end the cycle of violence
c) the IRA terrorists who think they've nothing left to lose
d) the IRA diehard activists who are difficult to curb
28. The ability of Sinn Fein to command the spotlight

a) Sinn Fein' s power to give orders to the leading lights of the community
b) The capacity of Sinn Fein to do what they want with the media
c) Sinn Fein's knack of ensuring the attention is focused on them
d) Sinn Fein's tendency to demand the attention of the media
29. Like vast craft manoeuvring to get alongside each other

a) Displaying considerable cleverness in the way they negotiate
b) Showing a liking for clever deals as a way to get revenge on the others
c) In the manner of huge vessels trying to work themselves into position
d) Like two ships, each of which is trying to get the better of the other
30. the bones of the emerging settlement must be given flesh

a) the details will have to be added to the outlines of the deal now taking
shape
b) it is certain that the basic structure of an agreement is now becoming
evident
c) substantial changes will have to be made in the shape of the deal
d) any future agreement will be quite different from the original outlines
31. The Irish government must do what it has indicated it will

a) No doubt the Irish government will now make clear what it has hinted it
will do
b) The determination of the Irish government to act cannot be doubted
c) The Irish government will have to abide by its commitments
d) The Irish government is sure to carry out the policy which it has outlined
32. that would involve a degree of constitutional muddle

a) some confusion as to the constitutional status would stem from such an
eventuality
b) that would imply that the existing constitution is somewhat unclear
c) that would complicate even further a constitutional position that is
already confused
d) that would result in an unconstitutional mess
33. to make war on their own (far from residual) bigotry and discrimination
a) to go to war, their will boosted by the still fanatical hatred inside them
b) to start a civil war, fuelled by the still considerable prejudice and hatred
c) to erase the significant amount of sectarian prejudice still prevalent
among their supporters
d) to fight for their own people, who are still the victims of prejudice and
discrimination
34. Their challenge .. . is to provide an opposition that retains the support

of their community
a) Their aim is to keep an eye on the opposition, since it is still supported
by the community
b) Their rivalry will guarantee the existence of an opposition that still has
popular support
c) Their defiance will lead to an opposition which has the backing of the
community
d) To assume their role as an opposition party without alienating their
grassroots support: that's what they'll have to do.
35. The British government must implement an agreement

a) The British government has an obligation to respect the settlement
b) The British government has to see to it that a deal is put through
c) The British government is sure to put an agreement into practice
d) The British government is bound to keep its promise
36. Devolution thus becomes the enabler of a new, more liberal unionism
a) The transfer of power therefore allows for a more open type of
community
b) The changes under way will gradually bring about a changed, more open
unionism
c) The changes under way will make possible a new, more tolerant type of
community
d) Delegation of power to Scotland and Wales thus proves to be the
foundation of a changed, more benign unionism.
37. sever its links with the IRA

a) become less tolerant in its negotiations with the IRA
b) break off its negotiations with the IRA
c) prohibit any type of understanding with the IRA
d) become a party devoid of any relation to the IRA
38. Gerry Adams must sense at his shoulder the ghost of Michael Collins
a) Gerry Adams will have to invoke the myth and aura of Michael Collins
b) It's quite likely that Gerry Adams is currently rather haunted by the
ominous prece.dent of Michael Collins
c) Gerry Adams is bound to feel that Michael Collins would have supported
him
d) Gerry Adams has to feel that he can, in the future, become as charismatic
as Michael Collins
39. his temptation ... may be to stay with the hard men
a) there is a possibility that his inclination is to adopt the line of those who
wish to fight on
b) there's a chance that he may want to use the extremists to camouflage his
intentions
c) his intentions may now be permanent, so far as the militants are
concerned
d) perhaps he now feels tempted to continue the negotiations with these
tough people ·
40. parties to these talks will have to grasp at the chance they provide
a) groups agreeing to participate in discussions will have to make the most
of this opportunity
b) participants in the talks will have to work hard, if they want them to
succeed
c) participants will have to take advantages of the piece of good luck
predicted for the future
d) the parties are bound to make the best of the new future which is being
forecast
[_ TEST 18 J
GRAMMAIRE
1. We'll ask the boss for our afternoon off. It's ....
a) worth try b) worth a try c) a worth try d) a worth a try
2. Anyone travelling on a package holiday should by now ... their final

balance.
a) pay b) have paid c) to pay d) to have paid
3. For the quarter-finals of the World Cup bribes could run into ....
a) tens thousands pounds b) tens of thousand of pounds
c) tens of thousands of pounds d) tens of thousand pound
4. Why not have UN inspectors ... the real work, but allow diplomats .. .
as observers?
a) do I to tag along b) to do Ito tag along
c) do I tag along d) doing I tagging along
5. Since he ... the company ... its sales to more than £ I OOm.
a) was hired I doubled b) has been hired I doubled
c) was hired I has doubled d) has been hired I has doubled
6. Several primary schools and factories were renamed ... him.

a) after b) from c) to d) at
7. Bill Clinton is finally coming to China and .. . president of ... United

States will step onto the hallowed ground of Tiananmen Square.
a) 0/0 b) 0/the c) the/the d) the/0
8. Only one ... seven is successful

a) on b) in c) onto d) within
9. He wants everything to be in order when that time ....

a) will come b) came c) come d) comes
10. Diana's brother wrote to the trustees of the fund suggesting that they . . .
a date for its winding up.
a) fixed b) fix c) have fixed d) were fixed
11. One of the trustees has voiced her opposition to Earl Spencer's wishes
that the fund ... set a date for its winding up.
a) would b) will c) should d) shall
12. The personnel returned to work after . . . .

a) a 36 hour's walkout · b) a 36-hour walkout
c) a 36 hours' walkout d) a 36-hours walkout
13. She slipped half into Kate's lap and ... there.
a) lay b) laid c) lain d) lied
14. The next CV ... some valid thoughts but it was a mess.
a) might contain b) can contain
c) may have contained d) can have contained
15. He said that he had written to each of the students to reassure them that
the gaffe ... have a big overall effect.
a) may not b) should not
c) cannot d) must not
16. Scientists have created surplus human embryos for controversial ....
a) fertility research b) fertility's research
c) fertility researches d) fertility's researches
17. In February, he was fined £25,000 after admitting ... safety regulations.
a) to breach b) breaching
c) the breach of d) the breaching
18. The prince, ... , will study abroad.

a) is said b) had been said
c) it is said d) he is said
19. In Belgrade, Slobodan Milosevic, the ... president, says his men are
fighting " ... terrorists".
a) Yugoslav I Albanese b) Yugoslav I Albanian
c) Yugoslavian/ Albanian d) Yugoslavian I Albanese
20. Neve£ before .. . so much like a big car.

a) a small car has felt b) has a small car felt
c) felt a small car has d) has feltfl small car
COMPREHENSION
A FAREWELL TO BREASTS
Something seismic is happening in the world of British newspapers. The Page Three
Girl, topless totem of the Sun, is disappearing. Her breasts have decreased in size since the
newspaper, urged on by a poll of its readers, decreed a "silicone-free policy". and recently
she has often failed to appear altogether.
The British newspaper market is unlike any other. Most of the rich world's newspaper
markets are basically regional, dominated by one or two players. Britain has ten national
daily newspapers, and the result is fierce competition. The British newspaper business is
therefore full of sensationalism and gimmicks (like the Page Three Girl); but it is also one in
which editors need fine instincts for how the market is developing. The fortunes of the
papers are. therefore a useful barometer of social change.
The Sun's brash belligerence captured the spirit of working-class Conservatism during
the Thatcher years; and the Page Three Girl. with her painfully punning caption , was a
symbol of the crude, macho humour that stamped all over the sensibilities of Britain's liberal
intelligentsia. But now, although still the best-selling daily, the Sun seems to be in decline, as
are all the other "red-tops" -the populist tabloids, called thus because their titles (yes, like
The Economist 's) are displayed in a red box.
The newspaper market as a whole is shrinking slowly but that alone does not explain
the troubles of the red-tops. Four out of five of the "quality" broadsheets, which used to
regard the red-tops with a mixture of fear and contempt, are increasing their circulation, but
the most remarkable performance is that of the mid-market Daily Mail. Within months it will
breach a symbolic barrier: it will overtake the Mirror, which once sold over Sm copies and for
three decades after 1945 was the newspaper of the British working classes.
What is going on? "Society has become a bell-curve" , argues Andrew Neil, a former
editor of the hugely successful mid-market Sunday Times, "and the newspapers, like
everything else, are moving towards the middle." So the social divisions which were once
reflected in, and reinforced by, the populist Mirror and Sun on the one hand and the elitist
Times or Daily Telegraph on the other are disappearing; and as social divisions blur so do
the natural boundaries between the papers' markets.
Better education is central to this process. "The number of people going to university
each year has doubled since 1980," points out Kelvin Mackenzie, editor of the Sun in the
1980s, who earlier this month was put in as managing director at Mirror Group newspapers
to try to revive its fortunes. "That's something the Mirror is going to have to confront."
Educated people want more than the naughty-vicar and banking baronet stories that are the
staple of the red-tops; and education leads to social aspiration, which takes people away
from self-consciously working-class papers.
At the same time the gender balance of the newspaper market has been changing
as more women go to work and buy a newspaper on the way. The Daily Mail spotted the
potential of that market 20 years ago. Sir David English, the editor wh o built the paper's
11• partie: Nouveaux tests 139
success, says the policy was thought out in such detail that they had a list of words like
"child", "bride" and "school", to include in headlines. The results are visible among
morning commuters: while men on the train, or in the tube, can be seen reading a wjde
range of newspapers, women typically read either a novel or the Daily Mail.
There are some small signs that the red-tops are beginning to adjust to these changes
- among them the Sun's new modesty. Mr Mackenzie evidently sees the need for change.
The man whose six-inch headlines in the Sun in the 1980s screamed at a cringing
establishment has reduced the size of the headlines on the Mirror since he took over,
producing a more restrained, thoughtful-looking paper.
But it is the broadsheets that have responded most to the growth of the mid-market.
The Times went first but they have now all invested heavily in the things that draw in
middle-brow readers -sports coverage and features. These days, most stories in the Times or
the Daily Telegraph would be at home in the Daily Mail.
Price is also vital. Rupert Murdoch's Times started a war five years ago, slashing its
price and massively·increasing its circulation. It is still priced at a level which competitors
insist cannot make money. According to the office of Fair Trading, which has investigated
the matter twice, this is not illegal. Mr Murdoch shows no sign of letting up: in November
last year he said, "No one else wants to call a truce. they insult me every day so they can go
~
The Dailv Telegraph's response. last year, was a subscription scheme of doubtful
benefit: while jt increased the newspaper's circulation slightly it just about wiped out the
group's profits. The Guardian has managed to forge a loyal readership that likes its
combination of leftish politics and laddishness. The Independent. which was launched in
1986 as a high-minded alternative to the other broadsheets and briefly outsold the Times in
1992. is now being crushed. It is trying, and failing, to fight for a share of the mid-market
against richer competitors. Its current editor, Andrew Marr, is likely to be replaced at any
moment; and his successor will continue to lose out in this fight.
Interestingly. one newspaper which has maintained its market share as well as its
already high price is the Finandal Times. which owns half of The Economist. Aside from a
few concessions to consumerism on a Saturday. the Finandal Times shows no sign of joining
th.e rush to the mid-market. Which perhaps suQQests that it is not just the tabloids that have
got it wrong The broadsheets have rightly identified where the mass market is, but wrongly
believed that that is the only place to make money.
The Economist, January 31 st 1998.
21. Something seismic is happening in the world of British newspapers

a) Disaster is on the cards for the British newspaper industry
b) It looks as if catastrophe is looming for British newspapers
c) The British press is currently going through a process of profound
transformation ,
d) Competition is reaching new heights in the British newspaper industry
22. The British newspaper market is unlike any other

a) There's no beating British newspapers. They're second to none.
b) As a commercial sector, the British press is a world apart.
c) The British press has been utterly changed. It's now world class.
d) When it comes to talent, British newspapers are unique.
23. It is also one in which editors need fine instincts for how the market is
developing
a) Editors must also be able to satisfy the desires of their popular
readership.
b) It also demands that editors have a flair for trends and shifts in reading
habits.
c) It is also a sector where editors want people tuned into the way the
market is changing.
d) Editors are also required who have their finger on the pulse of popular
taste.
24. The fortunes of the papers are, therefore, a useful barometer of social
change
a) So it is that the ups-and-downs of newspapers help us to decipher
changes under way in society.
b) The huge profits made by the press thus indicate the mobility and
dynamism of British society .
c) By reading the newspapers, we can learn what is happening in the
society, how it is changing.
d) Success in the press is a question of luck. The sector therefore epitomises
the rules prevalent in society as a whole.
25. The Sun's brash belligerence captured the spirit of working-class

Conservatism
a) The Sun's support of popular culture prevented Conservatism from
winning the minds of the people.
b) The current of popular conservatism fell prey to the relentless assault
mounted by the Sun.
c) The tone of unashamed aggressiveness typical of the Sun was the
epitome of popular Conservative sentiment.
d) The Sun injected a note of jingoism into the spirit of popular Toryism.
UC partie : Nouveaux tests 141
26. The crude, macho humour that stamped all over the sensibilities of
Britain's liberal intelligentsia
a) The vein of loutish, unrefined comedy that rode roughshod over the
feelings of Britain's more refined and more educated classes.
b) The popular, macho comedy that has been taken up throughout British
society, even by intellectuals.
c) The crude, uninhibited wit that has taken hold of those referred to as
Britain's "chattering classes".
d) The vulgar humour that overcame the British tradition of educated
refinement and taste.
27. The newspaper market as a whole is shrinking slowly, but that alone
does not explain the troubles of the red-tops
a) Given the progressive decline of newspaper sales, the tabloids are not the
only newspapers to be facing problems.
b) While overall sales are indeed declining in the newspaper industry, the
problems facing the tabloids stem from other factors as well.
c) Whereas the total sales for newspapers arc slowly sinking, the tabloids
are unable to find the reasons for their own particular plight.
d) While the press in general is gradually changing, other causes are
aggravating the apprehensions of the lahloids.
28. Within months it will breach a symbolic barrier: it will overtake the
Mirror
a) A milestone is about to be reached, as its sales will soon outstrip those of
the Mirror.
b) In deciding to bid to take over the Mirror in the near future it will be
breaking a taboo.
c) In the next few months its success will be symbolised by its successful
takeover of the Mirror. I
d) Soon some unwritten social divides will be broken when it overtakes the
Mirror.
29. As social divisions blur, so do the natural boundaries between the

papers' markets
a) As distinctions between classes become harder and harder to make out,
the customary market segments of newspapers tend to overlap.
b) As societies become closer and closer, the markets for newspapers now
go beyond the traditional national borders.
c) As society grows ever more confused and rootless, it becomes harder and
harder to predict who will read what.
d) As society becomes more unified, newspapers begin to look like one
another.
30. education leads to social aspiration, which takes people away from self-
consciously working-class papers
a) School makes people more interested in society as a whole, with the
result that readers no longer want an exclusive working-class focus.
b) Education, by breeding ambition, makes people reluctant to flaunt
ostentatiously working-class papers.
c) Schooling promotes upward social mobility, thus weakening readers'
identification with papers projecting an image that is resolutely popular.
d) Formal education causes envy and social alienation as people are
deprived of the working-class culture reflected in these newspapers.
31. At the same time, the gender balance of the newspaper market has been
changing
a) There' s also been a change in the way in which the sexes are represented
in the press.
b) In parallel to this, there's been a trend toward more newspaper stories
focusing on women.
c) The presentation of women in the press has also been less prejudiced and
biased.
d) Meanwhile, the breakdown of newspaper readership between men and
women has been evolving.
n e partie : Nouveaux tests 143
32. while men ... can be seen reading a wide range of newspapers, women
typically read a novel.
a) While men are bound to read a number of newspapers, the average
woman reads a book.
b) While it is socially acceptable for men to read different types of paper,
women are expected to read novels.
c) The normal practice is for men to read one of a large spectrum of papers.
For woman, fiction tends to be the usual reading matter.
d) Although male readers tend to read many different newspapers, women
tend to choose the same type of book.
33. The Times went first, but they have now all invested heavily in the
things that draw in middle-brow readers.
a) Though The Times was the trailblazer, its rivals have since then all put
money into the features liable to appeal to a middle-of-the-road
readership.
b) The Times used to be the market leader, but now all its competitors have
targeted middle-of-the-road taste.
c) Since The Times started the trend, others had no option but to follow by
investing money in the gimmicks that attract the average taste.
d) While The Times capitulated first, all its rivals have since tried to address
the lowest common denominator of taste .
34. Mr Murdoch shows no sign of letting up.

a) Mr Murdoch cannot hoist a white flag and make peace with his rivals.
b) Mr Murdoch doesn't appear to wish to allow standards to rise.
c) Mr Murdoch is by no means inclined to give in to his rivals.
d) It looks as if Mr Murdoch is just going to keep on relentless.
35. "No one else wants to call a truce, they insult me every day, so they can
go to hel1."
a) "Though they all want to insult me and continue with hostilities, I'll
simply tell them to get lost".
b) "Despite the lack of enthusiasm for a truce and the endless insults, the
people involved don't really give a damn what happens".
c) "Since they want to keep up the verbal abuse and nobody wants to call
off the hostilities, I don't care in the slightest how they end up."
d) "Since they're happy to go on with the abuse and the slagging, the end
result for them is going to be their downfall."
36. The Daily Telegraph's response ,. . was a subscription scheme of

doubtful benefit
a) The reaction of The Daily Telegraph was to accept a project which didn't
bring in much profit.
b) The reaction of The Daily Telegraph had little effect in terms of the .
number of subscribers it managed to attract.
c) The Daily Telegraph countered by inviting readers to become
subscribers, but it is hard to see what the proposal actually had to offer
them.
d) The reaction of The Daily Telegraph was to offer a share in the profits,
but would there actually be any profits from the business?
37. While it increased the newspaper's circulation slightly, it just about

wiped out the group's profits
a) Though it proved easy to increase figures for sales, it was more difficult
to erase the existing profits.
b) The marginal boost to sales was offset by an acute deterioration in the
company's balance-sheet.
c) Despite the marginal rise in sales, the benefits for the newspaper were
virtually invisible.
d) In spite of the marginal rise in sales figures, the difference it made to
profits was much harder to ascertain.
38. The Independent, which ... briefly outsold The Times in 1992 is now
being crushed.
a) After outbidding The Times momentarily in 1992 The Independent is
currently weighed down with debt.
b) The Independent, the top-selling quality newspaper for a moment in
1992, is now faced with a legal suit which may destroy it.
c) The fndependent which in 1992 enjoyed a short-lived lead over The
Times in terms of circulation is currently in dire straits.
d) In 1992 The fndependent was in circulation shortly before The Times
came out, but now its rival is far stronger in commercial terms.
11c partie: Nouveaux tests 145
39. Interestingly, one newspaper which has maintained its market share as
well as its already high price is the Financial Times.
a) By printing stories that interest people, the Financial Times has managed
to maintain its sales and its price.
b) It's worthwhile noting that one paper has managed to preserve its
circulation without having to slash its price: the Financial Times.
c) The Financial Times had definite commercial motives for wanting to
keep up both its circulation and its price.
d) It is of advantage to us to remark that preserving circulation without
lowering price are not contradictory aims, the Financial Times proves
this point.
40. Which perhaps suggests that it is not just the tabloids that have got it
wrong
a) This can only imply that the popular dailies have made mistakes in their
news coverage.
b) The implication may therefore be that the popular press is not alone in
being offensive to good taste.
c) Such a hypothesis carries the hint that the popular press is not alone in
having misjudged matters.
d) It may be the case that for the tabloids this whole story has been a hoax.
TEST 19
GRAMMAIRE .
1. At that time, the U.S.A. completely changed ... immigration policy.
a) its b) their c) his d) her
..
2. Paul is unlikely ... to recover from the loss of his wife.
a) never b) whenever c) ever d) whether
3. Some countries require passport validity ... several weeks beyond your
planned date of return.
a) stretch b) to stretch c) stretching d) to stretching
4. The monarchy is doomed to limp on, its very existence being ....
a) a source of unhappiness b) the source of an unhappiness
c) source of unhappiness d) the source of the unhappiness
5. Mr. Johnson was granted status as a civil party to the case, ... gives him
full access to the inquiry.
a) which b) that c) what d) that which
6. According to ... sources she will have acted with Saddam's approval.
a) Iraq b) Iraqan c) Iraqi d) Iraqian
7. Journalists rushed to interpret the archbishop's comment as a threat to

provoke a constitutional impasse . . . Prince Charles wed his beloved
Camilla Parker Bowles.
a) would b) were · c) shall d) should
8. . . . campaign to persuade voters . to block British membership will be

launched today.
a) A multimillion pound b) Multimillion pound
c) A multimillions pound d) A multimillion pounds
9. Each train is designed to travel lm miles ....

a) every three year b) each three year
c) every three years d) each three years
10. It is vital that the job ... properly.

a) will be done b) is done
c) would be done d) be done
11. Gamma-ray bursts cannot be seen by ....

a) human eye b) the human eye
c) human's eye d) the human's eye
12. He ruled out suggestions that beef of British origin ... be labelled in EU
shops.
a) can have to b) will have to
c) should have to d) had to
13. I look forward ... your splendid essays.

a) to see b) seeing c) to seeing d) on seeing
14. In parts of Cardiff the jobless rate reaches ... 25 per cent.
a) as high as b) so high than
c) so high as d) as high than
15. It is hard to describe the thrill of launching ... off a high mountain.
a) you b) yours c) your's self d) yourself
16. Throughout the World Cup, the players will get . . . from the French
GIGN.
a) 24-hour protection b) a 24-hour protection
c) 24 hours' protection d) a 24-hours' protections
17. ... abused child is also ... unhappy and very frightened child.
a)0/0 b)an/a c)a/a d)an/an
18. Prohibited ... overseas, they are an increasingly isolated people.

a) to study b) from study
c) to studying d) from studying '
19. Henry James' The Portrait of a Lady was written in ....

a) spring 1880 b) spring of 1880
c) the spring 1880 d) the spring of 1880
20. The participants were familiar, and ....

a) so the plotline was b) the plotline was so
c) was the plotline so d) so was the plotline
COMPREHENSION
Lire le texte, puis repondre aux questions .
DRIVING BRITAIN OFF THE ROADS
When the idea of a ring-road around London was first moot ed, it seemed like an
obvious way to ease traffic in the capital. But ten years after the completion of the M25
congestion on the roads of London is still worsening; and the M25 itself, jammed with cars
and trucks, mocks the notion that building more roads is an adequate solution to Britain's
traffic problems.
There are already more than 26m vehicles on British roads, wh ich are among the most
crowded in Europe. The government's latest traffic forecasts predict that there will be
another 1Orn registered vehicles in 20 years t ime. The annual Lex survey of motoring
published on January 2oth estimates that the annual cost of traffic congestion now exceeds
£1 O billion ($16.3 billion). Even if annual spending on roads were increased by more than
50%, congestion would still get worse, according to a British Road Federation study.
Faced with these figures, the government is bracing itself to take one of Tony Blair's
much vaunted "tough choices". Rather than building new roads, it w ill actively seek to
discourage the use of ca rs. A radical proposal to do just this will be presented to Pa rliament
on January 301h, when a private member's bill, cal ling for a 10% reduction in road traffic -to
be achieved by 2010 - w ill be debated. But the bill, which has attract ed t he support of two-
thirds of MPs, is just a bit too radica l for ministers and they will almost certa inly not support
it as it currently st ands. They know t hat the measures required to achieve such a cut,
equivalent to a reduction of almost a third from projected levels, would be highly unpopular.
The government w ill unveil its own preferred strategy in a transport white paper, due
out this spring. It is committed to delivering an "integrated" policy. Integration is often
dismissed as a buzz word, meaning little more than the co-ordination of bus, tube and train
time-tables. But more rad ical plans than that are afoot.
The expert panel set up to advise the government on the white paper is dominated by
advocates of the need to restrain ca r use. Its chai rman, Philip Goodwin of Londo n
University's Transport Studies unit, has written ext ensively on the polit ics of road pricing
Another member, David Begg. of Edinburgh's transport committee, has pioneered
innovative schemes for car-sharing pools. A third, Stephen Joseph, director of a pressure
group called Transport 2000, is a long-time critic of road-building as a solution to
congestion. It is now acknowledged, even by those representing car and road-haulage
interests, that measures to restrain vehicle use by price regulation are inevitable,
The white paper's approach to this dilemma is likely t o involve giving local authorities
the power to charge motorists for the use of roads, and to tax privat e parking spaces for
businesses. John Prescott, the deputy prime minister, has already wrung a crucial agreement
from the Treasury that the revenues from both these sources can be earmarked by local
authorities for other transport projects. ·
The government is also committed to setting up a strategic ra il authority to improve
standards. Since privatisation the record has been patchy. Passenger numbers h~ve risen by
8% and train delays have been reduced, but complaints about poor services continue to rise.
The rail regulator, John Swift, has complained that he is prevented from enforcing pricing
and quality standards.
The establishment of a wider strategic transport authority is also under consideration.
This would aim to ensure that all modes of transport are fully exploited. One of jts tasks
would be to make transport users pay the "real" costs of their journeys; in other words,
including environmental and social costs. Some of these issues are likely to be addressed by
the chancellor in his March budget. Drivers of company cars are likely to end up paying more
li!ls. Trucks may also be more heavily taxed to reflect the damage they do to roads.
Getting the right balance between road and rail will be a task that stretches the
strategic transport authority. At present, rail has only 5% of the passenger market and 6%
of the freight market. Even to double these figures would require considerable effort and
large investment. The Rail Freight Group says that to transfer 25% of all lorry loads over the
next ten years would require about 1,000 additional freight trains, together with a network
of terminals around the count ry, plus substantial investment in rolling stock, locomotives and
equipment.
For many years, transport policy has been marked by hot air rather than action. In
Westminster it has been regarded as a political vale of tears, best left to junior ministers
without a future. The current transport minister, Gavin Strang, is widely predicted to be for
the chop at the next reshuffle. The chancellor, Gordon Brown, is notorio us for his short
attention span when transport is discussed. " I can't talk to Gordon for more than two
minutes without his eyes glazing over", complained one t ransport specialist recently.
But in the bulky shape of John Prescott, the transport lobby now has the ear of a
senior minister who takes the issue seriously and is determined t o make a mark. He claims
that by the end of this parliament more people w ill be using public transport and leaving
their cars at home. But even that vague target will not be easy to achieve. This week's Lex
report concludes gloomily that even if congestion were to double, only 7% of motorists
would be prepared to switch to public transport.
The Economist, January 24th 1998.
21. When the idea of a ring-road ... was first mooted

a) When the blueprint for the building of a ring-road was presented
b) When plans for building a ring-road first came in for criticism
c) When the possibility of building a ring-road was broached for the first
time
d) When the plan for building a ring-road was first vetoed
22. Ten years after the completion of the M25, congestion is still worsening
a) A decade after the M25 came into service jams just get worse and worse.
b) The M25 was inaugurated ten years ago and the traffic is as bad as ever.
c) It is now clear, ten years later, that the building of the M25 only
aggravated traffic conditions. '
d) Traffic conditions have barely improved since the building of the M25
ten years ago.
23. The government is bracing itself to take one of Tony Blair's much
vaunted "touch choices".
a) The government is divided on the issue of those difficult choices Tony
Blair talks about.
b) The government is reluctant to take one of those hard choices Blair talks
about.
c) The government is building up its courage to face one of those great
challenges Tony Blair likes to urge people to take.
d) The government is very eager to adopt one of those hard choices Tony
Blair talks about.
24. Rather than building new roads, it will actively seek to discourage the
use of cars.
a) It had better improve the road system if it doesn't want to discourage the
use of cars.
b) Instead of building new roads it will urge people to stay at home.
c) Instead of making more space available on roads, it will strive to make
using one's car a less attractive option.
d) While it is attracted by the option of improving the roads, it is reluctant
to encourage car use.
25. They will almost certainly not support it as it currently stands

a) They are bound to be against what it represents and symbolises.
b) They will probably consider that the current situation is unbearable.
c) There is little chance that they will come down in favour of the plan.
d) There is little likelihood they will endorse the measure unless it is
redrafted.
26. The government will unveil its own preferred strategy in a transport
white paper
a) The government's plans will be discussed in magazines and journals that
focus on the question of transport.
b) The options of the government concerning transport will not be revealed
in the press.
c) In a discussion document on transport the government will outline the
changes it hopes to implement.
d) The government will disclose what it intends to do after a report on
transport has been drafted.
I[C partie : Nouveaux tests 151
27. More radical plans than that are afoot.

a) Some radicals even urge that people be legally obliged to walk.
b) More far-reaching plans than these are cunently being devised.
c) All the more revolutionary schemes have been rejected and dropped.
d) Other, more fundamental shifts are likely to occur.
28. advocates of the need to restrain car use

a) Those in favour of imposing speed limits to make people drive with more
restraint.
b) Lawyers defending those who try to hinder people using cars.
c) Those militants who need to restrict the use of cars on the roads.
d) People who come down in favour of curbing the use of cars.
29. David Begg . . . has pioneered innovative schemes for car-sharing pools.
a) He has explored the option of obliging people to share their cars with
others.
b) He has come up with daring plans for a smoother distribution of car
traffic on the roads.
c) He has been to the fore so far as the collective use of cars is concerned.
d) He has devised trendy ideas about collective transport.
30. It is now acknowledged ... that measures to restrain vehicle use by

price or regulation are inevitable.
a) People are now agreed that it is only a matter of time before taxes and
restrictions are resorted to.
b) People now comply with the Jaws and n;slrictions affecting the use of
cars.
c) The public is expressing its gratitude for the introduction of measures
regulating car use.
d) Actually the public subscribes to the opinion that car use ought to be
curbed through taxation and regulation.
31. the revenues from both these sources can be earmarked by local
authorities for other transport projects
a) Local decision-makers will be able to replace the revenue from cars by
revenues from other transport schemes.
b) There is a chance that the local authorities will allow the funds thus
raised to be used for transport projects put forward elsewhere.
c) Local councils will be entitled to allocate funds raised by these measures
for the financing of other transport projects.
d) The people who have a strong influence locally will endorse the principle
ofreplacing these two sources by alternative transport schemes.
32. Since privatisation, the record has been patchy

a) Since being privatised, it (rail transport) has broken records in some
areas.
b) Because it was privatised, it (rail transport) has not been an unqualified
success.
c) Performance has not been an unqualified success since privatisation went
through.
d) Since it was privatised, the performance of shares in rail companies has
been quite erratic.
33. one of its tasks would be to make tt·ansport users pay the "real" costs of
their journeys
a) Its brief would include the job of ensuring that road users paid the actual
costs involved in their use of road facilities .
b) Its duties would include the imposition of fines on motorists to make
them aware how much their journeys do in fact cost.
c) One of it~ duties would to see to it that the money paid by motorists
outstripped the actual cost of their journeys.
d) It would have the job of making motorists genuinely aware of the costs
of using road facilities.
34. Some of these issues are likely to be addressed by the chancellor

a) The various ways of getting out of this predicament will be considered by
the chancellor.
b) It is on the cards that the chancellor will deal with some of these
questions. l
c) The chancellor is bound to tackle some of these issues.
d) The chancellor has got different options available to him. One of them
will be focused upon.
35. Drivers of company cars are likely to end up paying more tax.
a) It' s fair that people enjoying the perk of a company car ought to pay
higher taxes.
b) Those entitled to a company car will be compelled to pay higher taxes.
c) One of the effects will be that those enjoying the use of a company car
will probably face an increase in their tax bill.
d) The amount of tax paid by people entitled to the perk of a company car
may turn out to be higher.
36. A task that stretches the strategic transport authority

a) A task that will require the transport authority to intervene all over Great
Britain.
b) A challenge that leaves the authority in charge of transport completely
exhausted.
c) The agency monitoring transport is faced with a testing ordeal.
d) A task that will test the imagination and willpower of the body in charge
of overseeing transport.
37. Transport policy has been marked by hot air rather than action
a) In dealing with the problem of transport, there has been more evidence of
empty talk than of the resolute execution of policy.
b) Transport policy has been badly affected by the tendency to talk rather
than to act.
c) So far as the issue of transport is concerned, it's what you say, not what
you do, that wins you a reputation.
d) When it comes to transport policy, it's the talk rather than the action that
sticks in peoples' minds.
38. The chancellor is notorious for his short attention span when transport
is discussed.
a) The chancellor has got a bad reputation. This is because he is not
sufficiently sensitive to the importance of the safety issue.
b) The chancellor has the reputation of being only moderately interested in
the issue of transport.
c) Everybody knows that it was only recently that the chancellor began to
discuss the issue of transport.
d) When transport issues are raised, everybody knows that the chancellor
has the power to resolve problems very quickly.
39. the transport lobby now has the ear of a senior minister.
a) The road transport lobby is bent on bringing about the resignation of the
minister.
b) Those who support the interests of transport have got good connections
within the Cabinet.
c) At the moment the implications and the interests of the transport issue
are being outlined to the minister.
d) The transport lobby is currently outlining its side of the story to a senior
minister.
40. But even that vague target will not be easy to achieve
a) Because the target is somewhat unclear it may prove difficult to achieve.
b) It is bound to prove difficult to reach such an unclear objective.
c) There's no guarantee that even such a mode~t objective will prove to be a
realistic one.
d) Many people reckon that the aim is an unrealistic one on the grounds that
it is too imprecise.
TEST20
GRAMMAIRE
1. When recession ... in the EU after 1999, many will blame the euro.
a) strike b) strikes
c) has stroke d) will strike
2. The Daily Mail will overtake the Mirror, which once sold Sm copies
and for three decades after 1945 ... the newspaper of the British
working classes.
a) has been b) had been
c) became d) was
3. Pilots complain that they .. . productivity by 30 per cent ....

a) have improved ... in the past three years
b) improved ... over the three last years
c) have improved ... the past three years
d) improved ... in late three years
4. Even if annual spending on roads . . . increased . . . more than 50%,

congestion would still get worse.
a) is .. . of b) was ... 0
c) was ... in d) were .. . by
5. At that point Ramona Bear had suggested that they ... perhaps not live
together for a while.
a) will b) would
c) should d) ought
6. Blair's handling of the crisis, said Jacques Delors, had been "very bad",
though he ... these words at President Jacques Chirac.
a) might better direct
b) might better have directed
c) would better direct
d) would rather have directed
7. She always said I made her ... .

a) to laugh b) laugh
c) laughed d) laughing
8. The unification of Europe will call . . . great flexibility in national

markets.
a) 0 b) to
c) for d) on
9. The white paper's approach to this dilemma is likely to involve . .. local

authorities the power to charge motorists for the use of roads.
a) give b) giving
c) in giving d) to give
10. As a consequence society finds ... the costs of ageing.

a) it hard to face up to b) it hard to face with
c) it hard to face to d) it hard to face up
11. Yet unemployment is falling ... that the original number has more than
halved.
a) at a such rate b) at such a rate
c) with such a rate d) in such a rate
12. What do a French aristocrat and a puritanical ... have in common?

a) Scot b) Scotch
c) Scotman d) Scottish
13. Given Europe's uncertain direction, this becomes .. . .

a) a headline news b) headline news
c) a headline piece of news d) news headline
14. Inevitably, she drew fire for "setting a bad example to ...."
a) America's young b) America's youngs
c) the America's young d) the America's youngs
15. You can open a Sterling International Gross Account for ... £500 .
. a) as little than b) as little as
c) as few than d) as few. as
16. Unemployment was at 6.2%, half that in France, ... Germany.

a) third less than b) a third fewer than
c) a third under than d) a third less than
17. They told me they had finished the job, ... was a lie.
a) that b) which
c) this d) what
18. A more blatant problem is how the EU will reach its target of 120 g/km
if the carmakers - ... it depends - offer only 140 g/km.
a) on which goodwill b) of whose goodwill
c) on whose goodwill d) of which goodwill
19. Britain's ship of state plunged into ... with neither party making more
than minor adjustments.
a) the 1970s b) the 1970's
c) the 70's d) the 1970
20. The constructor, Railtrack, certainly crowed with delight at having

saved ....
a) several hundreds million pounds
b) several hundred million pounds
c) several hundred millions of pounds
d) several hundred of millions of pounds
COMPREHENSION
JOBS FOR THE BOYS ANO GIRLS
Rotherham Job Centre is expecting a Russian delegation. The visitors will make their
way past the long signing-on queues, past the vacancy boards offering work for as little as
£2.50 an hour, to where more than a thousand of the town's young unemployed are
getting their first taste of Labour's New Deal for young people.
The scheme not to be confused with the government's numerous other "new deals"
(for schools, lone parents, the disabled), goes nationwide in April, with TV ads starting this
Sunday. But the South Yorkshire town of Rotherham is one of 12 pilot or "pathfinder"
areas, where it has been running since 5 January.
The New Deal is aimed at 18-24 year olds who have been out of work for more than
six months. After interviews with a "personal adviser" at the local Jobcentre, they enter the
"Gateway", a period of up to four months when they will get help with problems that could
stop them finding work. such as trouble with reading. In Rotherham, where half of those
eligible for the New Deal have no qualifications at all, ten per cent admit to difficulties with
literacy and numeracy.
The government expects that 40 per cent of New Deal entrants will get a job as a
result of their spell in the Gateway. For those who don't there are four possible outcomes: a
subsidised job, full-time education or training, voluntary work or a place on an
"environmental task force" . Ministers insist that a "fifth option" -of staying on benefit-
does not exist.
With the closure of local pits and the decimation of the steel industry, Rotherham has
the worst unemployment in Yorkshire and Humberside. Half of the 18-24 year olds going
into the New Deal have never had a job.
"If it can be made to work here it can work anywhere", says Chris Mallender,
assistant chief executive of Rotherham council, who says that the scheme "has taken over
my job a~d my life".
Back in Whitehall the New Deal commands the same intense attent ion. The
employment minister Andrew Smith spends most of his time on it. A cabinet committee on
welfare-to-work, chaired by Gordon Brown, was until recently discussing little else. Qyj[
servants have been working late to fine-tune the details. while a business-friendly task force
led by Sir Peter Davis from the Prudential is wooing employers.
The oddity is that, of the five pledges, this is the one that has been most
conspicuously overtaken by events. Labour promised to "get 250,000 under-25 year olds off
benefit and into work by using money from a windfall le¥Y on the privatised utilities". Yet
unemployment is falling at such a rate that the original number has more than halved.
Figures out this week are expected to show the number of under-25 year olds in the New
Deal category dropping below 120,000.
By contrast, 243,000 people aged 25 and over have been out of work for more than
two years.
'158 Tests d ' anglais du secondaire au superieur
Towards the end of last year, the clamour grew for ministers to direct more money
towards the older long-term unemployed. With £3.1 billion going into the youth
programme, it was pointed out that the government would be spending nine times as much
per head on the young as on those 25 and over. MPs received letters from their local
Employment Services managers warning that the New Deal would mean cutbacks jn
programmes for older people, such as Restart and Jobclubs.
Finally, at the beginning of January, Gordon Brown indicated that he would put about
£250 million extra into the planned programme for the older long-t erm unemployed, which
is due to start on June 1st with the 25-35 age group.
But the pledge remains firmly addressed to young people. The focus on the young
offers the best chance of maximising good will from employers and the voluntary sector.
Breaking the cycle of dependence on benefits has to start somewhere, say supportive MPs;
targeting young people allows ministers to link the New Deal with other government
priorities, such as youth crime.
The New Deal, a phrase borrowed from Roosevelt's welfare settlement, was Brown's
brainchild, first mentioned in a speech in autumn 1995. It was to be paid for by a windfall
tax on the privatised utilities.
Despite heavy lobbying against the tax, all the signs are that the utilities have meekly
paid up the first instalment, which fell due on December 1st 1997. Analysts say the
government may actually have underestimated the value of the tax, which was expected to
raise £5.2 billion. Far from being damaged by it prjvatised water and gas companies are
among the best-performing sectors jn the stock market.
Brown regards the New Deal as his. In departmental terms he must share ownership
of the scheme with the Education and Employment Secretary. David Blunkett -whose
Sheffield constituency is in one of the pathfinder areas -and with Andrew Smith, who looks
after its day-to-day running.
But the Treasury keeps a close interest. One of its ministers, Geoffrey Robinson, is
among those attending a weekly New Deal meeting at 8am every Tuesday, with Smith, Sir
Peter Davis, Geoff Mulgan from the No 10 policy unit and Leigh Lewis, head of the
Employment Service.
Ministers were determined that the scheme should not be run exclusively by the ES,
with its history of policing benefits. The result is what Paul Convery, of the research charity
the Unemployment Unit, tactfully calls "a pretty complex web of arrangements" in each of
the 136 ES districts, with different organisations contracting to run different bits of the
scheme. !t takes a flow diagram to understand who is in charge of what. and the tender
document would burden an elephant.
After pressure from No 10. the private sector will lead in eight areas, with the
personnel firm Reed running the scheme in Hackney, East London . In Rotherham, a New
Deal company has been set up by the council with the ES, the merged TEC and chamber of
commerce, the careers service, the trade unions and the race equality Council.
At Rotherham Jobcentre the local ES manager, Peter, Little, is pleased with the New
Deal's progress so far. His New Deal personal advisors, - smart, sympathetic, predominantly
female - have already placed several applicants in jobs. One 23 year old, who ,has never
worked, is to be a trainee machinist in a small local engineering-firm. They would not have
lle partie : Nouveaux tests 159
taken him on, says Little, had it not been for the £60-a-week subsidy offered by the
government (plus a £750 fee for one day's training each week during the six-mont h
placement).
Little says that his staff are getting a good response from young people who come in
for their first interview. "They like the idea of a job with training and a proper wage, like the
old apprenticeships."
The government says it expects New Deal trainees to get "the normal rate paid to
comparable employees of the company" . In practice there is nothing to stop them receiving
exactly what the government hands over to the employer: £60 a week, or £1.50 an hour.
At a recent TUC conference senior union officials voiced fears that young people
could be exploited -not by the big, blue-chip companies who are supporting the scheme,
such as Tesco and ICI, but by small firms "jumping on the bandwagon ". To guard against
this, New Deal recruits will get follow-up visits from their personal advisers, and a helpline t o
ring with any problems. ·
New Statesman, 13 February 1998.
21. the vacancy boards offering work for as little as £2.50 an hour
a)the employment agency proposing work for a mere £2.50 an hour
b) the notice boards with no jobs to offer, apart from offers worth a mere
£2.50 an hour
c) the notices pinned up advertising jobs for no more than £2.50 an hour
d) the billboards where you can advertise for work for as little as £2.50 an
hour
22. The scheme, not to be confused with the government's numerous other
" new deals"
a) The project, which must not be merged with the numerous other projects
of the government
b) There is no intention on the part of the government to have it link up with
its other schemes
c) The scheme, not to be equated with the traditional "New Deal" social
welfare legislation which governments used to operate
d) The programme, which is not to be mixed up with a host of other "fresh
start" schemes devised by the government
23. They will get help with problems that could stop them finding work
a) Assistance will be provided in relation to areas that hamper them in their
search for a job.
b) They will be given aid should they happen to have problems that are a
handicap in looking for work.
c) They will receive welfare benefits if they have problems that prevent
them from finding a job. '
d) Help will be given if they have handicaps that discourage them from
looking for work.
i60 Tests d 'anglais du secondaire au superieur
24. 40 per cent of New Deal entrants will get a job as a result of their spell
a) 40 per cent of those who start the programme will eventually get a job.
b) 40 per of those embarking on the scheme will be taken on thanks to this
preparatory period.
c) Almost half of those who apply get a job working for New Deal when
they leave.
d) Almost half the New Deal trainees will find work when their literacy
skills have improved.
25. "If it can be made to work here, it can work anywhere"

a) "If they can make a success of it here, then it can be made a success
everywhere".
b) "If it can be forced to work here, it can be forced to work anywhere".
c) "Whereas the success of the scheme is only a possibility here, it's sure to
work elsewhere."
d) "If they can manage to work it out here, they'll be able to work it out
anywhere".
26. civil servants have been working late to fine-tune the details
a) the bureaucrats are behind schedule in their job of working out the details
b) government officials have recently begun to work out the programme in
detail
c) government officials have been doing their utmost to ensure that the
scheme is 100% ready
d) civil servants have been working overtime to devise a detailed, coherent
plan
27. windfall levy
a) an annual tax to be paid each autumn
b) an unexpected rise
c) a tax on profits resulting from some fortunate, unplanned set of
circumstances
d) an unexpected tax rebate
28. Unemployment is falling at such a rate that the original number has
been more than halved
a) The dramatic fall in the numbers out-of-work means that the initial
previsions for the scheme have been revised downwards dramatically.
b) The number of people out of work is coming down so rapidly that the
original rate of unemployment has been halved.
c) Thanks to the scheme the fall in unemployment has been such that the
original figure has been cut by 50%.
d) There has been such a shift off the dole and back to work that the
numbers of people affected for the first time has b~en halved. '
n e partie: Nouveaux tests 161
29. the clamour grew from ministers to direct more money towards the
older long-term unemployed
a) Ministers demanded that money should instead be earmarked for older
people jobless for a long period.
b) Ministers became more and more eager to acclaim those willing to
allocate funds for the older long-term unemployed.
c) More and more frequently ministers claimed that spending money on
those out of work for a long period was the most opportune strategy.
d) Ministers became increasingly insistent in their demands to have funds
allocated for the needs of the older, long-term unemployed.
30. warning that the New Deal would mean cutbacks in programmes for
older people
a) acknowledging that the scheme stemmed from the pruning of the funds
made available for older people
b) advising people to recognise that this programme would involve
reductions in schemes for older people
c) predicting that the scheme would probably be funded by reducing the
funds available for older people
d) predicting that this scheme would be linked to the issue of the winding
down of the programmes a vai !able for older people
31. the pledge remains firmly addressed to young people
a) young people undoubtedly constitute the group whose support for the
scheme is strongest
b) only young people have been sent information about the scheme
c) the scheme stems first and foremost from a commitment to answer the
needs of young people
d) the government intends to make a thorough examination of the needs of
young people
32. The focus on the young offers the best chance of maximising good will
from employers
a) the emphasis is put on the need for the young to prove their credibility
and determination to employers
b) the best way of making contact with employers who are strongly
committed to the scheme is to target dynamic young entrepreneurs
c) the fact that the focus is on the young means that it will take some luck to
get the complete support of employers
d) targeting young people should in theory ensure that the help of bosses
can be enlisted
1°62 Tests d' anglais du secondaire au superieur
33. Far from being damaged by it, privatised water and gas companies are
among the best-performing sectors in the stock market
a) Privatised utilities, instead of being burdened by it, have remained highly
profitable for their shareholders.
b) Up to now utilities have not been adversely affected by it and have
remained very efficient.
c) Though they have had to pay damages to compensate those adversely
affected, the profits of privatised utilities have remained high.
d) Contrary to what was expected, privatised utilities have remained both
efficient and reliable.
34. he must share ownership of the scheme with the Education and
Employment Secretary
a) He cannot claim the sole credit for the scheme. The Education Secretary
is also involved in it.
b) He must recognise that the scheme is also funded by the Education and
Employment Secretary.
c) He will have to pay for the programme in association with his colleague
in the Department of Employment and Education.
d) He is bound to be in charge of the scheme, in partnership with the
Education and Employment Secretary.
35. It takes a flow diagram to understand who is in charge of what

a) The whole business is in a state of chaos and is getting out of control.
b) It is a fairly complicated business trying to figure out who does what in
the scheme.
c) It they want to run the scheme properly, they'll have to make greater use
of coinputers to manage it.
d) If you want to grasp who is bearing the cost of the scheme, you have to
study very carefully the way it is organised.
36. the tender document would burden an elephant

a) though the intentions were benevolent, the document is a source of
considerable difficulty.
b) procedures, supposed to be simplified and "user-friendly", are in fact
cumbersome.
c) only big corporations are equipped to deal with the complexity of the
application procedures.
d) application procedures for those wishing to run the scheme involve·a lot
of red tape.
37. After pressure from No 10, the private sector will lead in eight areas
a) The Prime Minister insisted that the private sector should show the way
by pioneering eight schemes.
b) Downing Street insisted that responsibility for as many as eight aspects
of the programme be handed over to business.
c) The Prime Minister insisted that business should be in the vanguard and
show the way forward in eight areas.
d) The Prime Minister obliged private business to take charge of the scheme
in eight areas.
38. Little says that his staff are getting a good response from young people
a) Little claims that the young people react favourably when his staff brief
them about it.
b) Little reckons that officials are reacting constructively to the demands of
young people.
c) There is nothing to suggest that young applicants are responding
favourably to company management.
d) For the moment everything suggests that officials are in tune with the
needs of young people.
39. "the normal rate paid to comparable employees of the company"

a) "the wage that used to be paid to workers doing the same job in the firm"
b) "the wage that temporary workers usually get compared to that paid to
company employees"
c) "the wage usually paid to workers doing the same job in the firm"
d) "the statutory wage paid to those doing the same job as those working in
the firm"
40. New Deal recruits will get follow-up visits from their personal advisers
a) People chosen for the scheme will be obliged to go on visiting their
adviser for consultation.
b) The scheme provides for monitoring-visits on the part of the person
looking after them for those who are selected.
c) Trainees taken on for the scheme will be consulted by their own personal
overseer.
d) New Deal trainees will be visited by their personal adviser if they have
difficulties following the course of tuition.
I TEST21
L ·-·-- --··---~--·-- - ·~ ]
GRAMMAIRE
1. Once the euro ... here, governments will liberalise their economies.
a) will be b) was c) has been d) is
2. It's about time he ... himself a better job.

a) 'd get b) 's got c) gets d) got
3. Ever since men . .. knowledge, they have sought the elixir of life.
a) have b) have had c) are having d) were having
4. People, reasonably enough, do keep insisting that the prime minister ...
them what he is thinking.
a) tell b) tells c) told d) would tell
5. It is in the company's interests that an agreement ... be reached rapidly.

a) will b) would c) 0 d) is to
6. Before the Internet, it took only a few days to have new software . .. on
a computer.
a) ship and install b) to ship and install
c) shipping and installing d) shipped and installed
7. The government is also committed ... a strategic rail authority to

improve standards.
a) to set up b) to setting up c) in setting up d) for setting up
8. It affects government policy: on housing, pensions, tax policy and

above all welfare, . . . about 80% of lone parents ....
a) on which I rely b) that I rely on
c) which I rely d) over which I rely
9. The establishment of a wider strategic transport authority is also ...

consideration.
a) in b) into c) of d) under
10. The state-controlled airline has received state subsidies to buy . . . .

a) new aircrafts b) few new aircraft
c) new aircraft d) some new aircrafts
II• pai1ie : Nouveaux tests 165
11. In France, ... industrial anarchy, not . .. football, is ... favourite

national pastime.
a) 0/0/0 b) 0/0/the c) the/0/the d) the/the/the
12. You'll enjoy consistently excellent returns and the more you invest, ....
a) higher your interest rate will be
b) more your interest rate will be high
c) the higher your interest rate will be
d) the more your interest rate will be high
13. Even in California, ... Asian Americans comprise nearly a tenth of the
population, they account for barely 3% of the voting rolls.
a) whose b) which c) of which d) of whom
14. ... are expected to announce next year's tuition hikes by month's end.
a) A dozen more of colleges b) Dozens of more colleges
c) Dozen more colleges d) Dozens more colleges
15. Half of . .. going into the New Deal have never had a job.
a) the 18-24 year-old b) the 18-24 years old
c) the 18-24 year olds d) the 18-24 years olds
16. The number of households in Britain will rise .. . 4.4 m between 1991
and 2016.
aj~ ~in tjci ~~
17. " ... book is this?" "It's ...."

a) Whose I Jim's one b) Which I Jim
c) Whose I Jim's d) Whom I Jim's book
18. Margaret Thatcher was a ferociously hard worker in a culture which,

. . . , never prided itself on sweat equity .
.a) despite of war efforts b) in spite war efforts
c) war efforts notwithstanding d) although war efforts
19. Air France's pilots are nobody's favourites . ... farmers who attract
urban sympathy, pilots are nationally unpopular.
a) Like b) Unlike c) Unlike to d) Contrary
20. A distinction is usually made between stressed and unstressed syllables,

. . . being perceived as more prominent and uttered with greater
emphasis or strength.
a) the latter b) the former c) the later d) the former one
COMPREHENSION
A GLOBAL WARNING
Brace the world economy now urges Time's Board of Economists
before more East Asian fallout slams shut the window of opp ortunity
An unseasonable blast of warmth billowed through world equity markets last week,
and it began, like the financial turmoil that has shaken the world economy, in the Orient.
Traders placed a torrent of buy orders on Asian exchanges. Falling interest rates in Hong
Kong and the conviction they would not rise in the United States bolstered hopes that the
world economy has weathered the worst of the East Asian crisis. Korea successfully
rescheduled its debt and even Indonesia, the sickest of the erstwhile Tiger economies,
embarked in earnest on bank reform. Investors from New York to Frankfurt rolled up their
sleeves and joined in the rally.
But in Davos, Switzerland, w here the air is cooler and the vista broader, Time's Board
of Economists voiced a unanimous warning that this is hardly the dawning of a new day.
The alarm bells sounded by the Asian crisis are still ri nging, even if equity markets seem to
have hit their snooze buttons. The six analysts, who had gathered to attend the annual
session of the World Economic Forum, agreed that it is now high time for government and
corporate policy-makers to get up and get to work to avoid or at least mitigate longer-term
consequences of that crisis.
Their prescriptions were unambiguous: shore up the International Monetary Fund in
case other regions fall victim to Asia 's after-shocks; iump start domestic demand in Japan;
roll away regulatory impediments to growth; and gird balance sheets for the coming global
trade donnybrook as countries seek to export their w ay out of trouble. In what Robert
Hormats, vice chairman of Goldman Sachs International, called "the most competitive
environment in world history" , there is too much to be done not to take advantage of even
a false dawn's early light.
Consider, suggested Kenneth Courtis, chief economist and strategist for Deutsche
Bank in Tokyo, what $500 Lucky Goldstar computers or $7,500 Hyundai automobiles w ill do
to those already fiercely competitive sectors. Now that domestic demand in East As ia has
been crushed by economic collapse, the region has little choice but to take advantage of
sharply devalued currencies by embarking on an "export or die " strategy. And, warned
Courtis, "They're not going to die." At the outset, that approach will amount to " a great tax
cut for the rest of the world," - Courtis explained, fueling unexpected growth in the first
half of the year. But the grimmer consequences will set in when that feast of cheap imports
causes massive economic indigestion all over the w orld.
In many sectors, half of the global growth during the past five boom years has come
from Asia. That stimulus is gone. "The United States is the only source of demand in the
world economy," said Jeffrey Carten, dean of the Yale School of Management. " That is a
highly precarious situation." Beneath the sheen of the American economy. where inflation,
unemployment and budget deficits are at their lowest points in 25 years, Garten sees "huge
rr• partie : Nouveaux tests 167
vulnerabilities" lurking. Rising wages, a strong dollar, and the fact that foreign compan ies
are getting leaner by the day all threaten an economy that is itself very dependent on
exports. "The Asian crisis means that exports will have to slow dramatically, especially in the
mainstays of heavy capital equipment, high technology and agriculture", he warned. "This
will have a frightening impact on competitiveness. Companies are already warning that
problems are coming."
The real trouble begins when those problems resound in the echo chamber of
American politics. Carten and Courtis agreed that in order to sustain confidence in the
global economy it is vital to replenish the coffers of the International Monetary Fund. That in
turn requires U.S. congressional approval for $18 billion U.S. share of the refunding, a fa r
from likely outcome given the level of antipathy to the IMF on Capitol Hill. American
politicians, Garten complained, have failed to address the 'lack of comprehension' among
the public on the new demands exacted by a truly global economy. He is pessimistic about
the prospects of educating them once the U.S. trade deficit starts ballooning, as he predicts .
What's more, Garten foresees an increasingly partisan atmosphere in Washington as it
tackles an unaccustomed and heady task : divvying up a budget surplus among salivating
constituencies.
That environment does not bode well for congressional approval of new IMF funding,
let alone revisiting the issue of granting fast-track trade negotiation authority to a weakened
President Clinton. Said Garten: "IMF funding has taken priority. but the notion that the U.S.
Congress is capable of judging this issue intelligently is a bad joke." If the question comes up
in any form other than "Yes, we support it," it w ill never pass." Garten also worried that the
Federal Reserve Board. wh ich controls u.s monetary policy. could be overtaken by the
longer-term impact of the Asian meltdown."
"Over the last decade the perception has been that the Fed was ahead of the
economy; now it seems behind," he argued. " That's not a good sign for markets. It will be a
case of "too little. too late" or 'too much.' That's a major reversal in the dynamics of
American markets."
But if America does not lead. who will? Echoing the general sentiment among
economists and businessmen at the World Economic Forum, Courtis placed scant hope in
Japan. whose economy is twice as big as the rest of Asia put t ogether. " Japan is Asia's
loco motive, and it's pulling backward, " Courtis lamented. Instead of stimulating the demand
needed to soak up its share of the Asian export surge, Tokyo is pursuing the same sort of
" Hooverite" policies which pushed the U.S. into the Great Depression. With sluggish
demand at home, the biggest Japanese companies have set off on an export-driven strategy
of their own. "Japan needs to drive up its growth rate to 2.5% with aggressive reform
policies," cou nse led Cou rtis, suggesting a 15% to 20% tax cut over the next five years as a
start. "It's true that Japan has a budget deficit, but if it doesn't act, it will have a bigger
problem on its hands."
The other looming giant of Asia, China, is also a source of concern for Courtis. In an
economy that has to create 20 million new jobs per year, he argued, 8% growth is "the
t hreshold of recession." That mark will be difficult to attain. Exports and direct foreign
investment have showed, and the real estate market in places like Shanghai is showing
ominous cracks.
Time, February 16, 1998.
168 Tests d'a11glais du seco11daire au superieur
21. Brace the world economy now, urges Time's Board of Economists,
before more East Asian fallout slams shut the window of opportunity
a) The Board of Economists urges the East Asian countries to fasten tightly
their windows for fear of radioactive particles resulting from nuclear
explosions
b) The Board of Economists urges the world to reinforce the economy
before it is too late
c) The Board of Economists urges the world to beware of more East Asian
competition
d) The Board of Economists warns the world about the economic collapse
of East Asia
22. An unseasonable blast of warmth billowed through world equity

a) Because of unseasonable heat, equity markets collapsed
b) Because of unexpected heat, equity markets rallied
c) An untimely and sudden heat caused equity markets to rally
d) A sudden and unexpected rally lent buoyancy to equity markets
23. the world economy had weathered the worst of the East Asian crisis
a) the worst of the East Asian crisis is yet to come
b) the world economy had survived the worst of the East Asian crisis
c) the world economy had suffered from the effects of the East Asian crisis
d) the world economy was still in a mess because of the East Asian crisis
24. rescheduled its debt

a) repaid its debt on schedule
b) adamantly refused to pay its debt
c) staggered the payment of the loan over a longer period
d) did not postpone the payment of the loan
25. corporate policy makers

a) a group of policemen
b) people in charge of security in a corporation
c) a body of politicians
d) those who decide on strategy in a firm
26. even if equity markets seem to have hit their snooze buttons
a) even if stockbrokers seem ready to fall asleep
b) even if stock markets seem to be bullish
c) though equity markets seem to be bearish
d) even if stock markets seem to be more confident
27. shore up the International Monetary Fund

a) sue the International Monetary Fund
b) consolidate the International Monetary Fund
c) reorganize the International Monetary Fund
d) control the International Monetary Fund
28. jump start

a) jump up and down with excitement
b) boost
c) slow down
d) leap at once
29. to export their way out of trouble

a) to bring an end to their problem by exporting more and more goods
b) to find their way out by exporting fewer and fewer goods
c) to export their know-how
d) to find new outlets for their exportations
30. there is too much to be done not to take advantage of even a false
dawn' s early light
a) it is too early to talce advantage of the new economic situation, because
the first signs of the economic recovery may prove false
b) it is too late to take advantage of the new economic situation because the
first signs of the economic recovery may prove false
c) even if the first signs of the economic recovery may prove false, one
must profit from the situation
d) there isn't enough light to take advantage of the new economic situation
31. fueling unexpected growth

a) sustaining unexpected growth
b) slowing down growth
c) curbing unexpected growth
d) using fuel to bring about unexpected growth
32. the sheen of the American economy

a) the vigor of the American economy
b) the weakness of the American economy
c) the lure of the American economy
d) the apparent healthy state of the American economy
33. foreign companies are getting leaner by the day

a) day after day foreign companies are downsizing
b) day in, day out foreign companies are getting more and more competitive
c) day after day foreign companies are getting weaker and weaker
d) foreign competition is getting fiercer by daylight
34. Garten sees "high vulnerabilities" lurking

a) Garten is not too pessimistic about the future
b) Garten is optimistic about the future
c) Garden thinks that the economic crisis is over
d) Garten thinks that there are latent threatening economic factors
35. a far from likely outcome

a) this is not at all likely to happen
b) this is by far the best solution
c) this is far from being the best result
d) as far as that goes, it is a possible outcome
36. let alone revisiting the issue

a) the issue must be addressed once more
b) the problem should never be addressed
c) the issue might be examined again
d) to say nothing of examining the problem again
37. heady task

a) intoxicating assignment
b) headachy duty
c) major mission
d) intellectual work
38. granting fast-track authority to a weakened president

a) authorizing the weakened president to use fast means of conveyance
b) granting the weary president to use his veto in the Trade agreement with
Europe
c) granting the enfeebled president to sign bills into laws without the
approval of Congress
d) granting the enfeebled president the authority to sign international trade
agreements
11° partie: Nouveaux tests 171
39. IMF funding has to take priority, but the notion that the US Congress is
capable of judging the issue is a bad joke
a) Garten thinks that the US Congress will approve funding for the IMF
b) Garten thinks that the US Congress won't approve funding for the IMF
c) Garten does not approve of funding the IMF
d) Garten thinks approving IMF funding is a bad joke
40. Garten worried that the Federal Reserve Board ... could be overtaken
by the long-term impact of the Asian meltdown
a) Garten worried about the long term effects of the Asian competition
b) Garten worried about the overliberal policy of the Federal Reserve Board
c) Garten worried because the Fed had not taken sufficiently into account
the long term effects of the Asian crisis
d) Garten worried because the Asian economy had reached its melting point
[=~~-----_----_TE__s_T_22_ __ ]
GRAMMAIRE
1. Until we ... a major trophy we will not be taken seriously.
a) claim b) will claim
c) were to claim d) should claim
2. In an ideal world, there would have been a proper debate about the
Maastricht plan before the treaty ... ever signed.
a) had been b) will be
c) was d) would be
3. We ... from Lagos before he took out a big, fat book.

a) would hardly have taken off
b) 'd hardly taken off
c) hardly took off
d) 've hardly taken off
4. . .. an east European nation lift the World Cup, their triumph will be
long overdue.
a) Will b) Might
c) Would d) Should
5. Liz Quinn was considered ....

a) to be excellent teacher b) an excellent teacher
c) as an excellent teacher d) like an excellent teacher
6. The government of Japan called ... rich countries to cut their output of
greenhouse gases by 5% from 1990 levels within the next 15 years.
a) 0 b) at
c) for d) on
7. The rail regulator has complained that he is prevented ... pricing and
quality standards.
a) to enforce b) to enforcing
c) from enforcing d) of enforcing
8. Government ministers find .. . to agree ... what sort of family they want
to support.
a) hard I with b) it hard I with
c) hard I on d) it hard I on
9. The constructor, Railtrack, certainly crowed with delight . . . having

saved money.
a) at b) in
c) of d) with
10. Brown, like ... , finds himself linguistically challenged.

a) most of Brits b) most British
c) most of Britons d) most Britons
11. Skulduggery (magouilles) at Chiiteau Giscours, a third-growth

Margaux, is ....
a) bad piece of news for Bordeaux's image
b) bad news for the Bordeaux's image
c) a bad news for Bordeaux's image
d) bad news for Bordeaux's image
12. President George Bush has appointed a record number of Asian

Americans to federal jobs, but ... of them have achieved a high profile.
a) every b) few
c) many d) a little
13. The questions will be . . . a few strikers turn the tournament into a
national embarrassment.
a) all more searching as b) all the more searching than
c) the most searching if d) all the more searching if
14. Yet college costs are still rising more than ... overall inflation.
a) twice faster than b) twice as fast as
c) two times as fast as d) two times faster than
15. The British government is indulging in exactly the same kind of

accountancy trick ... continental countries made use . .. .
a) that I 0 b) which I 0
c) of which I 0 d) what I of
16. California's ... comprise nearly a tenth of the population.

a) 3 million Asian Americans
c) 3 millions Asian American
b) 3 million Asian American
d) 3 millions Asian Americans
17.... is light in comparison with that borne by their German and Italian
counterparts.
a) Their 57-hour-a-month burden
b) Their monthly 57-an-hour burden
c) Their 57-a-month hourly burden
d) Their 57 hours monthly burden
18. Sexual assaults ....

a) were by 18 per cent down b) decreased a 18 per cent
c) were down by 18 per cent d) dropped 18 per cent
19. Can the number of official languages be trimmed, ... Europe turn into a
2lst-century Tower of Babel ?
a) lest b) unless
c) for fear of d) since
20. As France makes final preparations to host the greatest sporting

occasion of the millennium, ... are hoping that this summer matches the
1984 vintage.
a) organisers and fans alike b) organisers like fans
c) both organisers like fans d) organisers or fans alike
uepartie : Nouveaux tests 175
COMPREHENSION
SHARING THE GREENHOUSE
America is showing dangerous signs of using the developing world as an

excuse to do nothing about global warming .
Like sumo wrestlers strutting their stuff before a big fight, the great powe rs '>'i.e.d. this
week to prove that each was more ardent than the other about the dangers of global
w arming. Bill Clinton told a conference in Washington, DC, that climate change w as for real,
and that some sort of action was required to stop the w orld from cooking itself in
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Too vague, said the govern ment of Japan, which
on the sa me day as Mr Clinton's big conference called on rich countries to cut off their
output of greenhouse gases by 5% from 1990 levels w ithin the next 15 years. Whereupon
the European Union pronounced Japan's proposals too feeble by (more than) half. The EU-
no slouch, you understand, on matters environmental - has a plan of its own. This ca lled on
developed countries to cut their greenhouse emissions to 15 % less than 1990 levels with in a
mere 13 years.
What lies behind this outbreak_ of gr~ener-than-thouness is neither unseasonable
autumn mugginess, nor the erratic weather associated with El-Nino. It is the imminence of a
meeting in Kyoto, where world leaders will gather in December to review global warming
five years after the previous the great green get-together in Rio in 1992. The past five
years have seen growing consensus among scientists that greenhouse warming is no mere
scare story: the earth does indeed seem to be wa rming up due in pa rt to man-made
emissions of greenhouse gases, and thi s could well disrupt sea-levels and climate patterns at
some point in the fut ure. What is embarrassing is that, in spite of this, virtually al I countries
that promised in Rio t o cut their greenhouse emissions t o 1990 levels by the end of the
decade will fail to do so.
The fact that Rio fai led does not mean that Kyoto must fail as well . With more
scientific evidence to hand, and the intention to make binding treaty commitments instead
of just promises to try harder, the world leaders may do better this time. In mitigation of
their previous failure. they can justly plead that globa l w arming is a prob lem of unique
complexity. Its costs are unclear, and the benefits of averting it uneven ly distributed . The
world lacks the machinery to.force unwilling countries t o comply with emissions quotas. And
even if such machinery existed, there exists no agreed yardsticks by which to set fair quotas
for countries at vastly different levels of development. At present, the rich countries are
responsible for more than two-thirds of emissions - one reason why the developin g world
was let off the hook at Rio. But the developing countries are growing fast, along with the ir
energy needs: by 2025, it is they whose emissions w ill probably account for two-thirds of the
total.
A bit rich
To plead mitigation is all very well. Fabricating an alibi is something different. That,
alas, is just what America may be preparing to do. Mr Clinton is good at putting on a show .
But the Senate has already tied his hands by passing earlier this year, without a single
vote against, a resolution stating that it would not ratify any climate treaty that did not
require the participation of the developing world .
At and after Kyoto, much w ill depend on what the Senate means by that resolution.
Nothing could sound more reasonable that all countries should pu ll their weight in averting
global warming. At some point the developing countries must indeed be brought into the
equation. But to insist on this at Kyoto is to make the best the enemy of the good. Since Rio,
America has failed abjectly to reduce is emissions in line with the agreed targets. And
America in now in danger of leading the retreat from th e sensibl e decision at Rio to exempt
the poor countri es from emissions targets for the time being, while helping them toward
greener practices by means of technology transfers and the power of example. To date the
rich world's example has been to speak piously, and do next to nothing.
The Economist, October 1997.
21. Sharing the greenhouse
a) All the countries are in the same boat as far as greenhouse gases are
concerned
b) All countries should share the cost of averting global warming
c) Most people are divided about the greenhouse effect
d) Very few people share the hope that global warming can be averted
22. Like sumo wrestlers strutting their stuff

a) Like sumo wrestlers insulting each other
b) Like sumo fighters defying each other
c) Like sumo wrestlers greeting each other
d) Like swaggering sumo fighters
23. vied
a) competed b) invited
c) envied d) vituperated
24. called on rich countries to cut their output of greenhouse gases

a) asked the wealthy OPEC countries to reduce their output of gas
b) convoked wealthy countries to discuss the possibility of reducing their
output of greenhouse gases
c) visited rich countries to diminish the amount of petroleum produced
d) asked rich countries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide they
produced
25. whereupon
a) wherever b) in consequence of which
c) because d) whereas
26. the European Union pronounced Japan's proposal too feeble by (more
than) half
a) more than half of the members of the European Union were pleased with
Japan's proposal
b) most members of the European Union were rather pleased with Japan's
offer
c) the European Union's opinion was that Japan's proposal was far off the
mark
d) the European Union declared authoritatively that Japan's proposal could
be accepted, but with reservation
27. what lies behind this outbreak of greener-than-thouness

a) what accounts for the damaging effects of greenhouse warming
b) what justifies the new environmental approach
c) what causes the Greens to try to avert greenhouse warming
d) what causes politicians to outbid one another on environmental issues
28. unseasonable autumn mugginess

a) a close clammy weather quite usual in autumn
b) an oppressive sultry weather uncommon in the fall
c) it is quite unusual in autumn to have rain with sunny intervals
b) one must beware of muggers especially in the fall
29. greenhouse warming is no mere scare story

a) scientists think that greenhouse warming cannot become the subject of a
novel
b) scientists think that greenhouse warming represents a real danger
c) scientists think that greenhouse warming is merely a frightening story
d) scientists think that people should not talk too much about the dangerous
effects of greenhouse warming.
30. will fail to do so

a) will hardly do so b) will not do so
c) will do so without fail d) will eventually do so
31. with more scientific evidence to hand

a) considering the scarcity of scientific evidence
b) as more and scientific evidence is released
c) with more scientific data in their possession
d) with the obvious help of more scientists
32. to make binding, treaty commitments

a) to make treaty commitments binding
b) to give agreements the force of treaties
c) to reach binding bilateral commitments
d) to abide by international treaties
33. in mitigation of their previous failure

a) as an extenuating circumstance to justify their previous failure
b) to make amends for their previous failure
c) to alleviate their guilt because of their previous failure
d) knowing that their previous efforts were doomed to fail
34. the benefits of averting it unevenly distributed

a) preventing global warming would not be equally beneficial to all
countries
b) averting global warming might not be beneficial to some countries
c) global warming will eventually jeopardize the development of most
countries
d) averting global warming might be of no avail
35. to comply with emissions quotas

a) to pay no attention to emissions quotas
b) to take emissions quotas for granted
c) to put emissions quotas at the top of the agenda
d) to abide by the agreements concerning emissions quotas
36. there exists no agreed yardstick by which to set fair quotas

a) they cannot come to an agreement on quotas
b) there must be standards by which to set equitable quotas
c) there should be a reasonable way to establish fixed quotas
d) there are no criteria by which to establish equitable quotas
37. the developing world was set off the hook at Rio
a) the developing world was not compelled to comply with emissions
quotas at Rio
b) the developing world was unwilling to accept emission quotas at Rio
c) the developing world was not put on trial at Rio
d) the developing world was condemned at Rio
38. putting on a show

a) showing off b) putting something on display
c) showing up d) playing to the gallery
II0 partie : Nouveaux tests 179
39. all countries should pull their weight in averting global warming
a) all countries ought to unite in order to fight against global warming
b) all countries are threatened by global warming
c) all countries are not likely to solve the problem of global warming
d) it remains to be seen whether all countries can unite to avert global
warming
40. At some point, the developing countries must indeed be brought into
the equation
a) the developing countries are on the point of cutting their output of
greenhouse gases
b) Sooner or later, in order to solve the problem, developing countries will
have to cut their emissions of greenhouse gases
c) the point is that the developing countries must solve the problem by
themselves
d) the developing countries must comply with emission quotas as soon as
possible
180 Tests d 'ang lais du secondaire au superieur
TEST 23
GRAMMAIRE
1. After interviews with a "personal adviser", they enter the "Gateway",
a period of up to four months when they ... help with their problems to
find work.
a) are getting b) will get
c) got d) have got
2. Other main line services should be normal everywhere ... in some areas
of southern France.
a) except b) yet
c) apart d) excepted
3. Back in 1987, the editor of The Futurist magazine predicted that

America's obsession with trend watching would explode as the
millennium ....
a) would approach b) approached
c) had approached d) is approaching
4. If Air France .. . be privatised successfully its pilots ... face up to the

fact that in a highly competitive global market the race to be the most
efficient is constant.
a) is to I will have to b) will I have to
c) 0/areto d) has to I will be to
5. Brown had already requested that a question ... in English, not French.
a) be b) was
c) must be d) would be
6. Prospects generally ... since the Elizabethan era.

a) may improve b) may have improved
c) might improve d) might improved
n e partie: Nouveaux tests 181
7. The new orthodoxy calls ... a more interactive style of lecturing, in

which pupils are constantly called ... to answer questions and make
suggestions.
a) for ... upon b) for ... out
c) 0 ... 0 d) on ... for
8. Drivers of company cars are likely ... more tax.

a) to end up paying b) to end up to pay
c) ending up to pay d) ending up paying
9. There they will get help with problems that could ... , such as trouble
with reading.
a) stop them for finding work b) stop their finding work
c) stop them to find work d) stop them finding work
10. Rival companies are scrambling to take advantage ... Air France' s
woes.
a) by b) from
c) of d) with
11. In Kohl's backyard Uinder, especially Bavaria, a long-term . .. of

Brussels, there is growing disquiet about abandoning the deutschmark.
a) critic b) critique
c) critical d) criticism
12. Federal health officials, alarmed by spiralling sales and the fashion for
cigar-smoking among . . . , may soon require cigar advertisements to
carry the US Surgeon-General's health warning, just as cigarettes do.
a) women and young
b) the women and young
c) women and the young
d) the women and the young
13. The threat of potential World Cup disruption is ... it has become a
reality with fans forced to make alternative arrangements.
a) weaker now than b) weaker now that
c) all the weaker now than d) so weak now that
14. The Daily Mail will overtake the Mirror, which once sold . . . Sm
copies.
a) more b) for
c) more of d) over
15. I found a former butcher store in Greenwich Village, ... a painter had
converted into a studio.
a) 0 b) which
c) of which d) what
16. The French government chose three French firms as shareholders,

Aerospatiale, Dassault and Alcatel, ... are partly state-owned.
a) the first and last of which
b) which first and last
c) the first and last of whom
d) whose first and last
17. Only ... schools out of a total of 7.000 have been closed down.
a) half a dozen of b) half a dozen
c) a half dozen of d) a half dozen
18. Mr Blair has to make sure plans for reform are on the agenda for the
next summit .. ..
a) in six months' time b) in six month-time
c) in six month' s time d) in six months time
19 & 20. The P7 summit (seven of the world's poorest countries) is a

deliberate dig at the G7 grouping, but . . . its grander and richer
counterpart, does not al ways attract heads of government . . . yet their
support.
a) unless b) unless to
c) unlike d) unlike to
a) or b) nor
c) neither d) not
COMPREHENSION
SPICIER MELTING POT
City schoolboard member Warren Furutani got help from the Blacks and Hispan ics he
had worked w ith back in his days as an activist protester. City councilman Mike Woo even
learned to speak a few words of Armenian to woo a seg ment of the electorate.
Business-as-usual for the new breed of Asian American politicians. but unthinkable for
many of their parents" generation . To cou rt outsiders, to forge a " vote bank" by making
common cause with Asian American groups, even to stand for election in the first place and
risk the " face" loss of defeat - t hese are all new ideas for man y ethnic Asians in the US.
The gambles are starting t o pay off, though election result earlier this month showed
it is not an easy process. Asian Americans lost in two high-profile stat ewide races in
California. They also made headway in Nevada, taking the secretary of state's office and a
state assembly seat. Progress like this makes the two mainstream national parties wake up to
Asian Americans as a political factor.
With their economic and social success already established. Asian A mericans are now
aiming at political "empowerment " . Ethnic Asians in t he US hotly debate whether it makes
sense t o construe their disparate communities as a cohesive block. But, t aken as a group.
they comprise the fastest growing minority in the country.
As such they are bound to have increasing say in the " minority agenda" in American
politics. Yet much of the "agenda " set by the established minorities now devolves upon
problems of economic and cultural disadvantage. Blacks press for preferential "affirmative
action" access to jobs and schools. Hispanics demand more lenient treatment of illegal
immigrants. They also want public education systems to offer Spanish-mediu m instruction in
"core " subjects like science and maths.
Many Asian Americans at least from the more upwardly mobile "Confucian" cultu res
and the Indian Subcontinent, feel they have "graduated" beyond such coddling. They
advocate strict meritocracy and view concessionary quotas as obstacles, rather than aids, to
their aspirations.
But the demographics of the Asia n Americans themselves are shift ing. The fastest
growing groups are also the most "disadvantaged " - Americans of Philippine and
lndochinese extraction. who may be likelier t o align with Blacks and Hispanics on
" underdog" issues. And Asians of w hatever ethnic stripe are quickly mastering the art of
trade-off. comprom ise and mutual back-scratching wh ich are t he essence of US commu nal
politics.
To bolster their politica l clout. Asian American will have to overcome discriminatory
obstacles set up against them by American society. as well as cultural inhibitions brought
over from their Asian homelands. They must also target thdse issues on w hich they can
make common cause and downplay the issues that divide them.
184 Tests d'anglais du secondaire au supirieur
But the US political establishment, for its part, is starting to take them seriously. Both
major parties now vie for Asian American favor with "outreach" programmes to tap into
their potential as a source of votes, campaign financing and - eventually- political talent.
Not that all Asian Americans are political novices. As early as the 1930s, the old China
Lobby of Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang regime w as a force to reckon with in Washington.
Japanese Americans waged a long campaign to win an official apology and financial redress
for their internment in US detention camps. Three out of five Asian Americans federal
lawmakers (two in Californian congressma n and senator from Hawai i) are of Japanese
extraction.
Still, Asian American activists feel their group is glaringly underrepresented compared
with other minorities such as the Blacks, Hispanics and highly successful Jews. President
George Bush has appointed a record number of Asian Americans to federa l jobs, but f ew of
them have achieved a high profile.
At the state and local levels, Hawaii has many Asian Americans elected and appointed
officials. But that is only to be expected in the one state where Whites are a minority and
Asian Americans account for nearly half the population.
In the other major centers of American Asian settlement - California, New York,
Illinois, Texas, Washington and Virginia - their political clout still lags far behind their
demographic weight. Even in California, whose 3 million Asian Americans comprise nearly a
tenth of the population, they account for barely 3% of the voting roll.
Fewer still turn out to vote. No wonder they have yet to put one of t heir own into the
state legislature and boast just a few slots on city and county CG.!.l!J.ill. The top ranking Asian
American in the Californian administration is the secretary of state, who is in the influential
position of supervising elections.
Art and Society.
21. to woo a segment of the electorate

a) to try to win over a segment of the electorate
b) to abuse a segment of the electorate
c) to harass a segment of the electorate
d) to make a speech to a segment of the electorate
22. Business-as-usual for the new breed of Asian American politicians

a) it is usually the business of newly-elected Asian American politicians
b) the new kind of Asian American politicians is generally interested in
business
c) this is typical behavior for the new kind of Asian American politicians
d) the new breed of Asian American politicians is usually not opposed to
business
23. the gambles are starting to pay off

a) they have started to gamble to pay off their debts
b) they bet they are going to win the elections
c) the money invested in gambling casinos has started to yield hefty profit
d) their new strategy is proving successful
24. they also made headway in Nevada

a) they also traveled to Nevada
b) they also gained ground in Nevada
c) they also made a row in Nevada
d) they also have changed tactics in Nevada
25. Progress like this makes the two mainstream national parties wake up to
Asian Americans as a political factor
a) Progress like this makes the two mainstream national parties understand
that the Asian Americans, when they wake up, will become a political
factor
b) Progress like this makes the two mainstream national parties realize that
Asian Americans have become a political force to reckon with
c) Progress like this makes the two mainstream national parties adamantly
refuse to consider Asian Americans as a political force
d) the two mainstream national parties are not sure whether the Asian
Americans are a political force
26. to construe ...

a) to put together b) to interpret
c) to build d) to compress
27. to have increasing say

a) to talk louder and louder
b) to interfere increasingly
c) to speak more effectively
d) to play a more substantial part in
28. core subject

a) scientific subject
b) dull and not exciting subject
c) difficult subject
d) central and most important subject
29. Many Asian Americans, at least from the more upwardly mobile
"Confucian" cultures
a) Asian Americans are likelier to move up the social ladder if they practice
Confucianism
b) Many Asian Americans because of their Confucian culture find it
difficult to succeed in America
c) Numerous Confucian Asian Americans, at least those who are living in
mobile homes, find it difficult to succeed in America
d) Only the Asian Americans with a Confucian culture should move up the
social ladder
30. feel they have graduated beyond coddling

a) they think they must no longer be considered as graduate students
b) they think that as graduate students they have succeeded beyond
expectations
c) they think they don' t need to be pampered any more
d) they think that they should no longer be considered as codlings
31. they advocate strict meritocracy

a) they recommend strict meritocracy
b) they plead against strict meritocracy
c) they are not unwilling to take some merits into account
d) they only defend the merits of the aristocratic elite
32. the demographics of the Asian Americans themselves are shifting

a) the statistics of Asian Americans are not reliable
b) the demography of Asian Americans depends on shifting factors
c) the size and the characteristics of the Asian American population are
changing
d) the Asian Americans are the fastest growing minority
33. who may be likelier to align with Blacks and Hispanics

a) who should be the ones most prone to support the opinions of Blacks and
Hispanics
b) who may in the same manner side with Blacks and Hispanics
c) who are allowed, like the others, to join Blacks and Hispanics
d) who in all probability will cooperate with Blacks and Hispanics
34. underdog issues

a) significant topics
b) problems difficult to tackle
c) problems concerning people in a weak position
d) problems concerning pets
35. to bolster their political clout

a) to strengthen their political power
b) to weaken their political power
c) to wield considerable power in the political arena
d) to put an end to their political foes
36. to downplay
a) to play into someone's hands
b) to play no part
c) to minimize the importance of
d) to focus on
37. backscratching
a) hitting each other in the back
b) betraying
c) lacerating each other's back
d) exchanging favors
38. Both major parties now vie for Asian American favor with "outreach"
programs
a) The Democratic and the Republican parties try to attract Asian American
voters with specific programs
b) Both major parties are competing to favor Asian Americans, in
accordance with their political programs
c) The aim of both parties is to get the better of Asian Americans through
trickery
d) The Republican and the Democratic parties are determined to fight the
growing influence of Asian Americans
39. few of them have achieved a high profile

a) few of them can be seen from a distance
b) few of them have become famous
c) not many of them have become notorious
d) a few of them have reached notoriety
40. they boast just a few slots on city and county councils
a) they are proud of having just a few slot machines in the city
b) they can be proud of some of their achievements in the county
c) they are very proud of having just a few corrupt councillors
d) they can only pride themselves on having just a few seats in city and
county councils
188 Tests d 'anglais du secondaire cw mperieur
[ TEST 24
GRAMMAIRE
1. Since the millennium the price of oil has ... 5%.
a) raised to b) rose to c) increased at d) risen by
2. The film is not worth ....

a) having seen b) to see
c) seeing d) to be viewing
3. I'm not convinced she will succeed, ... the exam is an easy one.
a) despite b) unlike
c) even though d) in spite of
4. .. ..just been .... that he is very sick.

a) It has .... reported b) We've .... said
c) We've .... rumoured d) It has been told
5. Before participating in "Survivor" she ... worms.

a) didn't use to eat b) wasn't used to eating
c) hadn't used to eating d) wasn' t used to eat
6. While the race was going on the journalists ..... Noilly Prat in the VIP
lounge.
a) would have drunk b) were drinking
c) were drunk of d) are drinking champagne
7. Jill and George play poker ..... Saturday.

a) at b) all second c) during d) every
8. Economic problems are closely ..... political problems.

a) linked at b) binding with
c) tied at d) bounded up with
9. The irate customer ..... a meeting with the owner of the shop.
a) begged him b) required c) asked for d) threated
10. By the time you are sixty, you'll .... retire.

a) be dreaming of b) be feeling like you
c) be eager you d) be keen to
11. The manager ...... difficult the job would be.

a) hadn't realised what b) hadn't much grasp how
c) had slight grasp what d) hadn' t grasped how
12. When I was young I ..... the cinema to see Lee Marvin.
a) recall to go b) remind my going to
c) remind having going d) recall going to
13. In London, the authorities .... keep London Central Line Trains .....
a) are struggling to ... running b) struggle to .... in running
c) must struggle ... in working d) struggle to .... to run
14. London ..... the 2012 Olympic games.

a) has plans to apply b) has intention to apply for
c) is planning to bid for d) is expecting to bid
15. I had the definite impression my phone call was not welcome. It was
bad timing: they .... a fight.
a) must have b) had been having
c) might have d) had
16. Paris was ..... be successful with its candidacy, he said, because ...
London the city had good transport.
a) expecting to... unlike... b) likely to ...unlike of
c) liked to ... unlike to d) likely to ....unlike
17. Go to the athletics championship this weekend. You .... the opportunity
to see such a thrilling event.
a) mustn't miss b) mustn't lack
c) shouldn't pass d) mustn't fail
18. Foreigners are .... shares on the Russian stock-market.

a) aware to buy b) cautious for buying
c) wary of buying d) beware of buying
19. I believe you're the .... who can understand the pain that I'm going
through.
a) only one b) single one
c) sole one d) unique one
20. They don't see any point .... with the marriage.
a) to going up b) to go off
c) in going on d) at going up
190 Tests d'ang lais du secandaire au superieur
COMPREHENSION
THE POOR FOLK CAN PLAY HARDBALL TOO
The French hate the Americans. The Americans loathe the French. Developio.g
countries wonder what on earth is going on. The spat within Nato over what to do about
Saddam Hussein? No, this is an issue that it would take more than one Hans Blix to sort out
- the Doha round of trade talks .
It was not supposed to be like this, of course. As the planes dropped their payloads
on Afghanistan, the talk was not just of being tough on terrorism tough on the causes of
terrorism. The trade mi nisters who gathered in Qatar in November 2001 were under serious
pressure to repair the damage from the disastrous Seattle meeting two years earlier by
committing themselves to opening up markets. Failure was too tough to contemplate: it
would represent victory for the terrorists.
As the events of the w eekend highlighted, the US and Britain are still keen on
prosecuting the war against terrorism. The carriers are moving to the Gulf. The planes are
being armed with their hi-tech weaponry. The ground troops are preparing for an invasion .
We can see every night on TV how the US is preparing to deal w ith Saddam. Much less,
however, is heard about the other side of the equation, how breaking down protection ist
barriers will lead to faster development. Terrorism breeds in conditions of poverty, so making
countries richer makes us all safe r. That, at least, was the theory. But it is now 15 months
since the launch of the Doha rou nd and progress has been painfully slow. Should it come to
war against Saddam, the hope in both the Wh ite House and Downing Street is that it will be
short and decisive.
No such optimism is to be found in the corridors of the WTO on the shore of Lac
Leman on the outskirts of Geneva. There, last week, it was abundantly clear that the talks
are going nowhere fast. Negotiations are like a game of three-dimensional chess conducted
by more than 140 players paying only lip-service to deadlines
The stalemate in Geneva exposes one of the myths about the WTO; that it is really
Spectre in disguise, a body bent on world domination led by an evil mastermind from his lair
in a hollowed-out volcano. In rea lity, the WTO is no different from any other international
bureaucracy in that it takes orders from its member governments. If there are any Dr Evil
characters bent on the immiseration of developing countries throug h dastardly trade policies
they are the ones responsible for the common agricultu ral policy or those in Washington
who kowtow to the US drugs industry. There are three big problems w ith the talks. The first
is that progress requires policymakers to be fully engaged in the process and to
demonstrate, through a willingness to cut deals, a shared interest in pushing ahead with the
agenda. Even before the recent falling out between the US on one side and Germany and
France on the other over Iraq and Nato, it was clear that no such willingness is apparent.
George Bush has other things on his plate; likewise Tony Blair, who in other circumstances
would be expected to urge faster progress on the Doha round , and Gerard Schroder,
Jacques Chirac, fearful of France's farmers, has no real incentive to speed things up.
The spat over Saddam had made matters worse. There were some hopeful signs last
week that a deal on providing affordable life-saving drugs for poor countries might be finally
rr• partie: Nouveaux tests 191
agreed in Geneva tomorrow following concessions designed to mollify the fea rs of big
American drugs companies that their patents would be infringed willy-nilly by low-cost
producers in India and Brazil.
But as one official put it: "The White House is very involved in this issue. The US drugs
industry is involved through the White House." In the circumstances, there are doubts about
whether Bush will be willing to sign up a deal which - despite the new safeguards - would
be seen as a climbdown. There is considerable frustration with the tough American stance in
Geneva, where an agreement on drugs is seen as a way of breaking the logjam.
Officials openly scoff at some of the points raised by the US, particularly that the new
system may be abused so that poor people in Africa would be demanding cut-price Viagra.
"If you've got Aids and malaria, you're rea lly not that worried about erect ile dysfunction " ,
one said. "You really don't live long enough for it to be a problem. " Moreover, any watering
down of patent protection in the world's poorest countries will have scant impact on the
profitability of the multinational drugs companies, which make the lion's share of their
money in the US itself. A deal on drugs for poor countries should be a win-win play - better
healthcare, no risk of damage to research and development of new drugs, and a sign of
good intent from the west that might help kickstart the talks.
The second problem is the sheer sca le and complexity of the agenda. As ever, the
core of the negotiations concern market access - breaking down t he system of tariffs and
other barriers, such as quotas - that restrict trade. But there are also attempts to liberalise
trade in services and agriculture, and to bring a new range of issues - such as competition
policy and investment- under the WTO umbrella.
Impasse
Finally, of course, no trade talks these days would be complete without an impasse
over agriculture. The extent of the problem here was underlined by the paper put out last
week by Stuart Harbinson, the cha ir of the agricultural talks; this was sent back to the
drawing board by ministers from more than 20 world trade organisation members at the
Tokyo meeting over the weekend after it failed to please either of the two main camps.
Harbinson said he hoped his second draft in the coming weeks, would find a better
compromise.
His original plan was a serious attempt to force the players to face up to how much
needed to be done between now and the WTO's ministerial meeting planned for Cancun in
Mexico in September. The EU hated the Harbinson paper, because it demands big cuts in the
export subsid ies that are ravaging agriculture in the developing world, as well as reductions
in the support the Americans give their farmers through export credits. Deep down,
however, the Americans are far more ready to countenance liberalisation of trade in
agriculture than is the EU. Washington will not move in other areas unless Brussels accepts
deep cuts in farm subsidies.
Talks hang by a thread but here are some predictions. Ultimately, a compromise w ill
be reached on agriculture, where it is questionable whether Europe can continue its
extravagant feather-bedding of farmers at a time when unemployment is high, budget
deficits are rising and the farmers of central and eastern Europe are about to join the club.
Reducing farm support - even though it will not meet the aspirations of the development
agencies - will act as a catalyst for the rest of the talks, where there w ill be a surprising
amount of liberalisation of trade in services. But this won't happen yet. The chances of the
talks ending on schedule next year are between slim and none. A crisis in the talks is needed
first. On current fo rm that will come in Cancun. There is too much to do, and ve ry little time;
La rry Elliott, Monday February 17, 2003,
The Guardian
NB: the whole context of the text is to be taken into account when deciding on th e meaning of the
follo wing excerpts
21. The poor folk can play hardball too

a) Rich people aren't as good at games as poor people are
b) Ballgames are popular since everyone can afford the gear
c) The needy have always the option of playing games as an amusement
d) Poor countries can drive a hard bargain, just like rich ones
22. Developing countries wonder what on earth is going on

a) Poorer countries are puzzled by what the feuding rich countries are up to
b) Third-world countries wonder what the world is becoming
c) Third-world countries are bewildered when they see what the world is
becoming
d) Affluent countries are trying to find out what's happening
23. As the planes dropped their payloads on Afghanistan

a) Since the planes were airlifting vital products to Afghanistan
b) While the airforce dropped supplies intended to win over the Afghan
population
c) In view of the fact that the planes launched their bombs on Afghanistan
d) While the bombs poured down from the sky upon the Afghan
countryside
24. tough on terrorism, tough on the causes of terrorism

a) although terrorism is a harsh reality, the causes of terrorism are equally
harsh
b) though it's hard to combat terrorism, it's also hard to fight the origins of
terrorism
c) to strike a blow against the causes of terrorism may render terrorism even
more brutal
d) relentless in the fight against terrorism, equally unflinching in combating
its origins
25. committing themselves to opening up markets

a) joining together in order to promote global free trade
b) entering into a joint venture aimed at fostering free trade
c) pledging themselves to a liberation of world trade
d) determined to increase their market share in global trade
26. breaking down protectionist barriers will lead to faster development

a) if tariffs collapse, there will be a rapid surge in protest
b) if regulations are infringed, the growth rate will pick up
c) the dismantling of trade restrictions will boost sustainable growth
d) sustained growth will surely result from the follow from the protectionist
economic depression
27. Should it come to war against Saddam

a) The question is whether or not the war against Saddam is morally
justified
b) The issue is whether the world should go to war against Iraq
c) In the event of there being an outbreak of hostilities against Iraq
d) Provided the world is bound to go to war against Saddam
28. paying only lip-service to deadlines

a) obsessed in everything they said with the importance of meeting their
schedules
b) indifferent to the vast numbers of people likely to be killed in the conflict
c) merely pretending to be serious about the need to abide by the calendar
agreed on
d) whispering the latest rumours about the countdown to war
29. The stalemate in Geneva

a) The worn-out US-EU couple coming together for talks in Geneva
b) In Geneva, the time for talking has come to an end
c) The atmosphere is gloomy on the shores of Lac Leman
d) The fact that neither party in the talks is willing to budge
30. a shared interest in pushing ahead with the agenda

a) For both parties, it would be interesting to get rid of the issues
b) It would be beneficial to the parties concerned if they managed to carry
out the programme
c) Both parties could share the financial cost of implementing the plan
d) They were all determined to speed up their implementation of the plan
31. George Bush has other things on his plate

a) Trade negotiations aren' t really George Bush's cup of tea
b) The president has no intention to make a mountain out of a molehill
c) Trade reform is not the only pressing issue which the president has to
address
d) George Bush much prefers getting tucked into some grittier, machismo
issues
32. that their patents would be infringed willy-nilly by low-cost producers

a) that they would suffer open competition from determined low-cost
operators
b) that safety regulations would inevitably be broken by down-market
companies
c) that they would inevitably fail to uphold their commercial property
against the threat from rogue low-cost companies
d) that rogue companies would cut costs because of their flimsy respect for
patents
33. an agreement on drugs is seen as a way of breaking the logjam

a) the consensus on the need to combat drug-trafficking would help break
the ice in negotiations
b) the predominant view is that the agreement on access to vital drugs will
facilitate an agreement on other contentious issues
c) once the parties agree to make the drugs available the backlog of
outstanding issues will be evident to all
d) an international convention on access to medicine is regarded as an
imperative if the therapeutic agents latent in tropical forests are to be
tapped
34. Officials openly scoff

a) It is clear that officials believe that some of the points raised by the US
are disturbing
b) Diplomats make no effort to hide their amusement at
c) Politicians are letting their hair down now that an agreement has been
reached
d) This isn't a time for diplomats to embark on a cover-up in relation to the
US position
35. will have scant impact on the profitability

a) will only lightly affect corporate profits
b) will probably cut company profits till they're really scanty
c) will have short-term repercussions for corporate profits
d) will immediately jeopardise company profits
36. good intent from the west that might help kickstart the talks
a) If western countries are determined, they'll be able to impose their
agenda in the talks
b) Provided western countries are in agreement, they'll be able to get the
talks going
c) The talks might get off to a good start if western countries show enough
determination
d) A show of good will on the part of western countries would pyrhaps help
to get discussions going
37. the sheer scale and complexity of the agenda

a) though the issues under discussion are few in number, they are far from
simple
b) just thinking about the amount of difficult questions which still have to
be resolved
c) the extent of the problems to be solved has led to confusion
d) it will take a lot of time and hard work, there are many mountains to
climb before they grasp the ins and outs of what must be done
38. unless Brussels accepts deep cuts in farm subsidies

a) if Brussels doesn't grant considerable shares in its programme of farm
support mechanisms
b) if the EU fails to agree to a reduction in its incentive schemes for farmers
c) provided the EU imposes structural reductions in its aid for farmers
d) if the EU is afraid to implement a reduction in the number of farms in
Europe
39. whether Europe can continue its extravagant feather-bedding of farmers

a) if Europe persists in molly-coddling traditional producers of geese and
free-range chickens
b) if the EU can persist in its costly policy aimed at making things cosier for
farmers
c) if the EU can go on with its farfetched policy of supporting local
delicacies made by farmers
d) whether the EU goes on giving the kiss of life to lame-duck farmers
40. The chances of the talks ending on schedule next year are between slim
and none
a) The odds that a deal will be reached on time next year are not too bad
b) The chances are that there will be no agreement about the timetable of
reforms before next year
c) The likelihood of breaking the negotiations to a conclusion on time next
year are very remote
d) It will take a lot of luck to enable people to programme an end to talks
before next year
~ - - - - TEST 25 -- ----- - - - 1
I____ - ________________ _ _ J
GRAMMAIRE
1. The next letter ... some valid thoughts but it was a mess.
a) might contain b) can contain
c) may have contained d) can have contained
2. The two parties, ... finished within a point of each other in Sunday's
general election, began horse trading with the smaller parties.
a) 0 b) which c) who d) whose
3. This supermarket group attracts one in £8 spent by the British
public.
a) each b) every c) some d) 0
4. You will understand English much better when you ... here for another
month.
a) will be b) will have been
c) have been d) are
5. It ... three or four upgrades since I ... a phone as simple as hers now is.
a) has been ... had b) has been ... have had
c) was ... had d) was ... have had
6. It is the cheapest pay-as-you-go handset she could find, ... model about
five or six years old.
a) 0 b) the c) a d) the
7. After a few days in England, you will ... on the left.
a) use to drive b) used to drive
c) be used to drive d) be used to driving
8. Please hurry up and get the car out, ... ?
a) shall we b) will you c) don't you d) do you
9. Business leaders and economists warned that inconclusive election
results meant reform was likely to come ... a standstill.
a) at b) up c) for d) to
10. At that point she had suggested that they ... perhaps not live together
for a while.
a) will b) would c) should d) ought ·
11. "If one thing is certain, it is that the French-German relationship will
not be affected by ... happens in Berlin."
a) which b) what c) this d) that
12. Most of the evidence suggests we could still stop the ecosystem
down.
a) melt b) melting c) to melt d) having melt
13. The genetic determinists are wrong. There are ... inborn differences
between men and women.
a) few b) a few c) some d) many
14. Terror will have to be endured for many years - but how many decades
depends on ... we go on doing the wrong things.
a) if b) whatever c) why d) whether
15. He was a pioneer of inorganic chemistry whose research helped ... the
foundation for much modern technology.
a) lay b) lie c) lain d) laid
16. A separate, methane-powered lander will take the four astronauts on ...
on the lunar surface.
a) seven-day mission b) a seven-day mission
c) seven-days mission d) a seven-days mission
17. .. . sixth-formers are to take part in a trial of a national university

entrance exam.
a) Thousand 0 b) Thousand of
c) Thousands of d) Thousands 0
18. ... the study promotes the idea of the genders being more similar than
different, it does not assert that men and women are alike in every
domain.
a) Since b) Though c) Because d) Yet
19. ... US is reluctant to reward ... North Korea.

a) 0 ... 0 b) 0 ... the c) The ... the d) The ... 0
20. Turkey yesterday reacted with delight to Angela Merkel's poor

showing, ... will ease the path towards Ankara's EU membership talks
next month.
a) what b) which c) this d) 0
COMPREHENSION
A CLOUDBURST OF DICTIONARIES
Lord, what a to-do there has been about the New and allegedly anything-goes Oxford
Dictionary of English (Oxford University Press, £29.99). Purists have harrumphed, the pound-
a-liners have potboiled on the op-ed pages, the humble hack or hackette - yes, they are
both in the NODE - has made merry at finding his or her (oops, their?) no-noes of
vocabulary or syntax authorised by the Olympians of the OUP. Alas, most of them have
missed the point;
Why? Because they were not in fact on about the new dictionary, but about the
hype put out to sell it. Does the NODE instruct users, as its hypermarketeers shriek, that
"Infinitives should [OUP italics] be split"? No; it avers that the principle of doing so is
"broadly accepted as both normal and useful". Does it, as one London paper roared, piling
its own Pelion on the OUP's Ossa of puff, "ban" Eskimo or spinster? No; it records that the
first has "come to be regarded as offensive" and the second "in modern, everyday English is
a derogatory term". And yes, it will also explain Piling Pellon on Ossa, a phrase barely used,
except by classically educated fogeys, since about 1930.
For, lo, the NODE neither instructs nor bans. Like most dictionaries - many a
grammar, too, these days - it sets out to describe English as it is, not to preach what it
ought to be. Electronics both aids and encourages that approach. Every word and usage
recorded in the OED, the great Oxford English Dictionary of the past, reached its editors on
carefully written~- Today's lexicographer, at the click of a mouse, has access to a huge
corpus of modern English, written and spoken alike. So it is easier to record the real-word
language. It is also more in tune with the times - and, arguably, more scholarly too.
To call this, as its hypesters do, "the most important dictionary in over a hundred
years" is, however, tosh ("Brit. Informal: rubbish, late 19'11 cent."). The OUP has in mind the
OED, a mighty work that pursued the changing usages of English through Centuries, almost
from its birth. That was indeed a landmark, the most significant dictionary of English ever
put out; as the OUP, completing its 44 years of publication in 1928, proclaimed it, "the
supreme authority and without a rival". But one need not stray beyond the OUP to name a
more important successor than the NODE: in 1933 came the first edition of the Shorter
Oxford, making the learning of its giant big brother at last accessible, in those pre-CD-ROM
days, to other than millionaires or scholars. The NODE is a fine work, but a lesser one.
A different one too. The OED - like Littre's great 19'h-century French dictionary, and
its German equivalent, begun by brothers Grimm - truly was a historical survey; of the
240,000 words it treated, 52,000 were already obsolete. So was (and is, in its latest, 1993,
version) the Shorter Oxford. The NODE reflects an earlier, and commoner, tradition: like Dr
Johnson's dictionary (though even he covered about 180 years of the language), and most
modern rivals, its essence is the language of today. (And indeed the spelling: a/right, yup,
that's all right, "about 5% of the citations in the British National Corpus".)
One can D.ig_gjg. There can be good reasons to split an infinitive. But they do not
include NODE's argument that dislike thereof "is long-standing, but not well fo~nded, being
based on an analogy with Latin " - where the infinitive is a single, indivisible word . That
analogy is a Victorian straw man; Fowler, writing wisely on the topic over 70 years ago, did
not think even worth deriding. And, on th e NODE's own principles, what is "well-founded" ,
or the reverse, depends not on some dead pedant but on actual usage - which is, normally,
not to split. Equally hokum is the NODE's concomitant argument that to (as in "Star Trek")
boldly go conveys a different emphasis than to go boldly; it is true of that one phrase, but
only because it has entered the language. Try a similar phrase that has not, and all you will
feel is the oddity of the split version. The NODE's feel ing for language is maybe less
advanced than its knowledge.
Its excursions into the realms of the encycloped ia are also curious. True, many
dictionaries do this (though not Oxford's until now); many users f ind it helpf ul; and any
selection of proper names, however judicious, is open to criticism. Yet is it really the job of a
dictionary of English to tell us - on just one page, opened at random - about the ra il bridge
at Conwy, the acting ca reer of Cook, Peter, or the height of Cook, Mount? Or indeed of
Mount Pelion (a nd for the record, while we are there, the NODE's explanation of Pelion/Ossa
is too narrow by half).
Yet niggles these are. Of two other dictionaries that ha ve hit the shelves this month,
t he new Collins (HarperCollins, £29.99) prints the height of Pelion, but not the only phrase
in which most English speakers wil l ever meet it. And Co llins rivals the NODE in a weird zeal
for the past names of Russian towns.
The Economist, August 22°' 1998
21. to-do
a) thing to be done
b) must
c) unnecessary excitement and anger
d) go
22. anything goes

a) easy b) difficult
c) incomplete d) indiscriminate
23. have harrumphed

a) have clapped their hands
b) have commented disapprovingly
c) have refused to publish the book
d) have vaunted the merits of the book
24. pound-a-liners
a) publishers who publish only best-sellers
b) publishers who weigh a work by the pound .
c) authors who are interested only in making money
d) lines worth a pound each
25. potboiled
a) produced a work quickly to learn money
b) worked very hard
c) strained their brains to the boiling point
d) put together in a pot
26. op-ed pages

a) open edition pages
b) pages opposite the editorial pages in the newspapers
c) pages open for editorial purposes
d) pages open to both editors and readers
27. the Olympians

a) the deities of Mount Olympus
b) the inhabitants of the region of Olympia
c) the participants in the Olympic games
d) the lofty and superior people
28. they were not, in fact, on about the new dictionary

a) they did not, in fact, disapprove of the new dictionary
b) they were not about to read the new dictionary
c) they were not ready to read the new dictionary
d) they were not ready to buy the new dictionary
29. spinster
a) small piece of wood b) toy
c) celibate lady d) instrument used for spinning
30. classica11y educated fogeys

a) classical scholars lost in the mist of their thoughts
b) classical scholars lost in the midst of their thoughts
c) fanatical defenders of a classical education
d) old-fashioned persons who studied Greek and Latin
31. slips
a) pieces of undergarment b) small pieces of paper
c) mistakes d) acts of slipping
32. at the click of a mouse

a) very rapidly
b) by using the internet
c) when the mice do not eat his documents
d) by snapping his fingers
33. hypesters
a) admirers b) advertisers
c) critics d) flatterers
34. the OUP, completing its 44 years of publication in 1928

a) the OUP was first published in 1884
b) the OUP was first published in 1928
c) the OUP stopped being published in 1928
d) the publication of the OUP was completed in 1928
35. niggle
a) refuse to discuss
b) hesitate
c) spend too much effort on minor details
d) put forward arguments
36. a Victorian straw man

a) a weak outdated and easily confuted argument
b) in the 19'h century, a person serving as a cover
c) a scare-crow
d) a false witness
37. hokum
a) false b) ridiculous
c) founded d) pretentious nonsense
38. the oddity of the split version

a) the odds are against the split version
b) the split infinitive is bizarre
c) the split version is an odd number
d) to split the version is bizarre
39. too narrow by half

a) far too restrictive
b) too narrow-minded
c) half serious
d) too broad-minded
40. two other dictionaries that have hit the shelves

a) two other dictionaries which have been thrown out
b) two other dictionaries which have been published
c) two other dictionaries which have been a fiasco
d) two other dictionaries which have been forgotten in a bookshop

Tests

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TESTS D' ANGLAIS

Sylvie BAUER Stephane GRESSET

IllustTatlon de couvertui'e : Jonathan Eastman Johnson, La vieille diligence, 1871.

• Histoire constitutionnelle de la Grande-Bretagne, 2• Mition

2. I wish ... me more fully last time.

3. It's high time ... a better pastime.

4. Interesting ... it may be, I am sick and tired of it.

5. The interest of the programme ... in its flexibility.

9. Everyone enjoys it, ..• ?

11. The witnesses never showed up in court, presumably ....

14. He may be dead, for .. . we know.

15. In spite of his self-satisfied attitudes, he is not really ... smart.

16. She won't accept ... like that.

17. I heard a noise which I took ... the hiss of a snake.

19. It's been tried, but ... be made ....

21. so glum about

22. glowering bully

23. brimming with goodwill

24. at least on paper

25. last out the year

26. more fame than good fortune

27. gathered enough momentum

28. does not hang on the fate of one man

29. stomps round the country

30. the state will provide

31. round Russia's rim

33. have scurried for the cover of "state orders"

34. predictable prices

36. snuffed out

2. It's usually colder in Lille ... in Nice.

3. Emperor Hiro-Hito ... in 1989.

4. I wish she ... here more often.

s. I remember ... this book at school.

6. Don't worry, you ... help me.

7. She has made the same mistake ... you have.

8. . .. of them had any money.

9. Could you remind me what ... ?

11. I'd rather you ... this pornographic film.

13. I am not looking forward to ... at 4:30.

14. Can you tell me when the concert ... ?

15. You had better .. . smoking.

16. "Why doesn't the secretary answer the phone?"

17. ... Europeans are afraid of German unification.

19. Dr Jones isn't in tonight because he ... to the hospital.

20. Anyone could speak English if .. . tried.

21. has developed like a Polaroid photograph

22. smitten lines

23. the Irish troubles proceed

24. they were enacting a planetary drama

25. powder into electrons

26. an intricate convergence

28. an integrated system

29. the village has indeed become global

30. no island is an island any more

31. the romantic sense of remoteness shrivels

32. the trash

33. sheer acreage

34. has availed little

35. military war is pointless

36. having learned their military lessons the hard way

37. are slouching toward the new world

38. their village frameworks wrecked

39. America has lost some of its radiant pride of place

40. struggling to escape the dustbin of history