Tutorial on the P802.22.

2 PAR for:
Recommended Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems
Carl R. Stevenson,
WK3C Wireless LLC

Gerald Chouinard, Winston Caldwell,

FOX Broadcasting

Communications Research Centre, Canada

Scope of the PAR

The document recommends best engineering practices for the installation and deployment of IEEE 802.22 systems to help assure that such systems are correctly installed and deployed.

Purpose
To provide detailed technical guidance to installers, deployers, and operators of IEEE 802.22 compliant systems to help assure that such systems are correctly installed and deployed.

Need for a Recommended Practice

Correct installation and deployment of IEEE 802.22 compliant systems are important to assure that those systems will maximally achieve their design goals in terms of system performance, reliability, and noninterference to incumbent licensed systems with which they will share the TV broadcast bands.

Stakeholders
Stakeholders are installers, operators, users, and manufacturers of IEEE 802.22 systems.

How it all started!

The FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, May 25, 2004, proposing to allow unlicensed radio transmitters to operate in the broadcast television spectrum at locations where that spectrum is not being used.

Fixed/Access
Transmitter power limit: 1 W Transmitter antenna gain limit: 6 dBi An incumbent database is required. Geo-location technique is required using either a GPS or professional installation. Transmission of a unique identifier is necessary. Spectrum sensing approach is postulated.

IEEE 802 Standards Process

IEEE 802 802.11 WLAN
802.11b 802.11g

802.15 WPAN
802.15.1 802.15.3

802.16 WMAN
802.16d
Fixed

802.20 802.18 WMAN Regulatory Matters Mobile

802.18 SG1
Use of VHF/ UHF TV bands by LE equipment

11 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s

Bluetooth High rate

802.16e
Mobile Relay

802.11n

802.15.4
Zigbee

802.11j

Wi-Fi

Wi-MAX

IEEE 802 Standards Process

IEEE 802 802.11 WLAN
802.11b 802.11g

802.15 WPAN
802.15.1 802.15.3

802.16 WMAN
802.16d
Fixed

802.20 802.18 WMAN Regulatory Matters Mobile

802.22 WRAN
802.22.1
Enhanced Part 74 protection

11 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s

Bluetooth High rate

802.16e
Mobile Relay

802.11n

802.15.4
Zigbee

802.11j

Recommended Practice

802.22.2

Wi-Fi

Wi-MAX

IEEE 802.22 Functional Requirements

(primarily related to incumbent protection)
1 W transmitter power with a maximum of 4 W EIRP. Fixed point-to-multi-point access only. Base station controls all transmit parameters and characteristics in the network. Base station is professionally installed and maintained. Location awareness for all devices in the network Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) antenna is to be installed outdoors at least 10 m above ground. CPE cannot transmit unless it has successfully associated with a base station. Base station uses an up-to-date database augmented by distributed sensing to determine channel availability.

IEEE Standards
RAN
30-100 km

Regional Area Network

IEEE 802.22

54 - 862 MHz

Optimum frequency range

100 90 80
Antenna aperture

for large area Non-Line-of-sight Broadband Access

Ground wave reach

Relative complexity/cost (%)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 .03 0.1
Outdoor/indoor attenuation Ionospheric reflection

% bandwidth

Reduced refraction

Doppler spread
Foliage absorption

Phase noise

Filter selectivity

Industrial noise Rain fade

Cosmic noise

Noise Figure

0.3

Frequency (GHz)

Optimum frequency range

100 90 80

for large area Non-Line-of-sight Broadband Access

Relative complexity/cost (%)

70 60 50 40 30
Mobile Fixed

Mobile

Mobile

Mobile

Fixed

Fixed

20 10

TV
Ch. 7-13

TV
Fixed sec.
Ch. 14-36

TV
Fixed sec.
Ch. 38-69

Mobile

Mobile

Fixed

0
.03 0.1
0.15 0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7 0.8 0.9

Aero Mobile

Meteo

Radionavigation

Fixed sec.

Mobile

Frequency (GHz)

License-exempt bands

Existing RF spectrum usage

Main markets

Broadband IP-based communications below 1 GHz Spectrum Occupancy

(Test conducted with antenna at a height of 22.1 metres above the ground in the rural sector west of Ottawa, Canada)

Low UHF

Rural Broadband:

- Cable-modem / ADSL - WiFi hot-spots in ISM bands - Higher power, lower frequency broadband access system
MAC
Long round-trip delays
20 km

23 km

30 km
64-QAM

16-QAM

QPSK
PHY
Adaptive modulation

CPE Mock-up

(RF based on low-cost UHF-TV tuners) RF Input

Ethernet to computer

Power Supply

RF Output

WRAN System Capacity and Coverage

Typical WRAN service model RF channel bandwidth 6 MHz Typical spectrum efficiency 3 bit/(s*Hz) Channel capacity 18 Mbit/s Per subscriber capacity (forward) 1.5 Mbit/s (peak min.) Per subscriber capacity (return) 384 kbit/s (peak min.) Over-subscription ratio 50:1 Subscribers per forward channel 600 Minimum viable operation Minimum number of subscribers 90 Initial penetration 5% Potential full penetration Potential number of subscribers 1,800 Number of person per household 2.5 Population per coverage area 4500 Type of operation USA Other? WRAN base station EIRP limit 4 Watts 100 Watts (?) WRAN user terminal EIRP limit 4 Watts 4 Watts (?) Coverage radius 16.7 km 30.7 km Minimum population density 5.1 person/km2 1.5 person/km2

Household reach by technologies

100

(last mile)

MW wireless
90

ADSL
www.crc.ca

Optical fiber

Relative complexity/cost (%)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1
802.22 WRAN

Cable modem

Sparsely populated

Rural

2.0 M 1.6 M 1.2 M 0.8 M 0.4 M 0.0 M

10
4 W Base Station

100

1,000
2

10,000

100,000

Population density (per km )

ADSL, Cable, ISM and UNII Wireless and Optical Fiber

Satellite

WRAN
100 W Base Station 4 W User terminal

FCC Definition of Rural

Population per density bin (Million)

Satellite

Dense urban

Suburban

Urban

Alternate channels interference case

<= DTV <= WRAN

(Co-channel and 1st adj. channel => keep-out distances)

Saturation of DTV receiver from WRAN transmission => control of transmit power

Characteristics of 802.22 WRAN:

BS keep-out distance: Co-channel: 31 km Adjacent channel: 1 km Base station power: 4 W (USA) Antenna height: 75 m

DTV station

15 km

23 km
64-QAM

CPE keep-out distance: Co-channel: 3 km Adjacent channel: 70 m

30 km
16-QAM

QPSK

Max throughput per 6 MHz: 23 Mbit/s

User terminal (CPE) power: 4 W antenna height: 10 m Minimum service availability: location= 50% time= 99.9% Max throughput per 6 MHz: 4.2 Mbit/s downstream 384 kbit/s upstream

Cognitive Radio
Allows spectrum sharing on a negotiated or opportunistic basis.

Adapts a radios use of spectrum to the realtime conditions of its operating environment.
Offers the potential for more flexible, efficient, and comprehensive use of available spectrum. Reduces the risk of harmful interference.

Cognitive Radio Techniques

(as per the NPRM)

1. Database/Geo-Location: Determine whether the

unlicensed device is outside the protected contour of a licensed station using a database with a geolocation device.

2. Control Signal: Receive a control signal from an

established incumbent service indicating which channels are available or are occupied in the area. threshold to detect whether a TV channel is in use.

3. Sensing: Sense the RF environment to a certain

1- Problems with the Proposed Database/Geo-Location Technique

(as per the NPRM)

Databases can have mistakes and can be inaccurate. Databases are not updated instantaneously with real-time changes in the RF environment.

GPS does not operate well indoors (CPE antenna has to be outdoors anyway).
Solution: Databases/geolocation techniques could be used for first assessment of channel availability but need to be supplemented by sensing.

2- Problems with the Proposed Control Signal Technique (as per the NPRM)
Control signals indicating available channels from different sources may overlap and cause confusion. Control signals indicating occupied channels from different sources may overlap and cause confusion.

No incentives for incumbent services to provide control signals for unlicensed operation.
Solution: control signal provided by the base station

3- Problems with Sensing

(as per the NPRM)

The detectable RF environment changes dramatically with minor changes in location of the sensing device due to multi-path, fading, or shadowing.

The hidden node problem occurs when a sensing device is being shadowed by either a man-made structure or terrain and cannot accurately detect what TV channels are occupied.
Solution: collaborative sensing from a number of CPEs and data fusion/centralized control at the base station, augmented by geolocation/database.

IEEE 802.22 Work Plan

Steps
Formation of the 802.22 WG Functional Requirements definition & Call for proposals Proposals / Contributions
Consolidation of proposals

Deadline
Jan 05 Sept 05 Nov 05 & Jan 06
March 06

Standard drafting process starts Sponsor ballot / Comments resolution process Standard approved and delivered to industry

May 06
March 07 January 08

Need for Recommended Practice

Recommended Practice is needed to help operators make best use of the spectrum while protecting incumbents Installation and deployment requirements to protect incumbents need to be well understood Typical WRAN deployment and installation need to be explained to new potential operators Capabilities and limitations of the 802.22 standard need to be known Impact of departure from typical operation needs to be understood

What the Recommended Practice may cover:

Best practices for base station siting and installation:

Site selection and frequency selection based on local TV channel usage Use of computer based coverage prediction tools and databases to identify potential coverage area and potentially affected incumbents Transmit antenna and power constraints for given location Co-existence with neighbour WRAN operators

Best practices for Base Station operation and performance verification:

Continuous monitoring of the interference environment

Interface with the incumbents for interference resolution Smooth increase of service provision by using multiple channels

Normal sensing reporting Special sensing request to CPEs and reporting Data fusion and automatic and/or manual frequency channel control

Monitoring of key operational and performance parameters

Load balancing Fall-back scheme in case of interference and insufficient channels

Best practices for CPE installation and control:

Verification of physical location (at registration, GPS, relative position among CPEs) Verification of the installation (10 m high antenna, right azimuth, fixed installation: remote, visual) Instruction to new subscribers (installation and antenna alignment, problem identification, network access) Guidance on serving subscribers near the edge of the coverage versus system loading and interference potential

Best practices for interference avoidance:

Optimizing collaborative sensing based on a number of well positioned CPEs relative to an incumbent operation Techniques for improved coexistence among WRAN operators in the same area

Best practices for Part 74 device protection

How to maximize the sensing capability of BS and CPEs for wireless microphones and the limitations Use of enhanced detection schemes (TG1) Means for the operator to avoid interference

Channel switch in the local vicinity based on location information

Conclusions
802.22 sees a compelling need to develop such a Recommended Practice
The PAR was everwhelmingly approved by the 802.22 WG members

Licensed incumbents wholeheartedly support the development of this Recommended Practice

802.22 wants to proceed and will be seeking EC approval to submit the PAR to NesCom