PROJECT REPORT ON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT rd (23 JUNE-23rd JULY)

SUBMITTED BY:SAURABH AGARWAL B.Tech(Biotech) IVTH YEAR AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

CONTENTS

1) History of Dabur
2) Dabur at a glance 3) Product Profile 4) Introduction to Quality Assurance

2 6 7 9 11 26 29 30 31

5) Effluent Treatment Plant

6) Water Treatment A) Reverse Osmosis Plant B) De-Mineralized water Plant

7) Conclusion 8) Reference

Dabur India Ltd.

made its beginnings with a small pharmacy, but has continued to learn and grow to a commanding status in the industry. The Company has gone a long way in popularising and making easily available a whole range of products based on the traditional science of Ayurveda. And it has set very high standards in developing products and processes that meet stringent quality norms. As it grows even further, Dabur will continue to mark up on major milestones along the way, setting the road for others to follow.

1884 - Established by Dr. S K Burman at Kolkata 1896 - First production unit established at Garhia 1919 - First R&D unit established Early 1900s - Production of Ayurvedic medicines Dabur identifies nature-based Ayurvedic medicines as its area of specialisation. It is the first Company to provide health care through scientifically tested and automated production of formulations based on our traditional science. 1930 - Automation and upgradation of Ayurvedic products manufacturing initiated 1936 - Dabur (Dr. S K Burman) Pvt. Ltd. Incorporated 1940 - Personal care through Ayurveda Dabur introduces Indian consumers to personal care through Ayurveda, with the launch of Dabur Amla Hair Oil. So popular is the product that it becomes the largest selling hair oil brand in India. 1949 - Launched Dabur Chyawanprash in tin pack Widening the popularity and usage of traditional Ayurvedic products continues. The ancient restorative Chyawanprash is launched in packaged form, and becomes the first branded Chyawanprash in India. 1957 - Computerisation of operations initiated 1970 - Entered Oral Care & Digestives segment Addressing rural markets where homemade oral care is more popular than multinational brands, Dabur introduces Lal Dant Manjan. With this a conveniently packaged herbal toothpowder is made available at affordable costs to the masses. 1972 - Shifts base to Delhi from Calcutta 1978 - Launches Hajmola tablet Dabur continues to make innovative products based on traditional formulations that can provide holistic care in our daily life. An Ayurvedic medicine used as a digestive aid is branded and launched as the popular Hajmola tablet. 1979 - Dabur Research Foundation set up 1979 - Commercial production starts at Sahibabad, the most modern herbal medicines plant at that time 1984 - Dabur completes 100 years 1988 - Launches pharmaceutical medicines 1989 - Care with fun The Ayurvedic digestive formulation is converted into a children's fun product with the launch of Hajmola Candy. In an innovative move, a curative product is converted to a confectionary item for wider usage. 1994 - Comes out with first public issue 1994 - Enters oncology segment 1994 - Leadership in health care Dabur establishes its leadership in health care as one of only two companies worldwide to launch the anticancer drug Intaxel (Paclitaxel). Dabur Research Foundation develops an eco-friendly process to extract the drug from its plant source 1996 - Enters foods business with the launch of Real Fruit Juice 1996 - Real blitzkrieg

Dabur captures the imagination of young Indian consumers with the launch of Real Fruit Juices - a new concept in the Indian foods market. The first local brand of 100% pure natural fruit juices made to international standards, Real becomes the fastest growing and largest selling brand in the country. 1998 - Burman family hands over management of the company to professionals 2000 - The 1,000 crore mark Dabur establishes its market leadership status by staging a turnover of Rs.1,000 crores. Across a span of over a 100 years, Dabur has grown from a small beginning based on traditional health care. To a commanding position amongst an august league of large corporate businesses. 2001 - Super specialty drugs With the setting up of Dabur Oncology's sterile cytotoxic facility, the Company gains entry into the highly specialised area of cancer therapy. The state-of-the-art plant and laboratory in the UK have approval from the MCA of UK. They follow FDA guidelines for production of drugs specifically for European and American markets. 2002 - Dabur record sales of Rs 1163.19 crore on a net profit of Rs 64.4 crore 2003 - Dabur demerges Pharmaceuticals business Dabur India approved the demerger of its pharmaceuticals business from the FMCG business into a separate company as part of plans to provider greater focus to both the businesses. With this, Dabur India now largely comprises of the FMCG business that include personal care products, healthcare products and Ayurvedic Specialities, while the Pharmaceuticals business would include Allopathic, Oncology formulations and Bulk Drugs. Dabur Oncology Plc, a subsidiary of Dabur India, would also be part of the Pharmaceutical business. Maintaining global standards As a reflection of its constant efforts at achieving superior quality standards, Dabur became the first Ayurvedic products company to get ISO 9002 certification. Science for nature Reinforcing its commitment to nature and its conservation, Dabur Nepal, a subsidiary of Dabur India, has set up fully automated greenhouses in Nepal. This scientific landmark helps to produce saplings of rare medicinal plants that are under threat of extinction due to ecological degradation. 2005 - Dabur aquires Balsara As part of its inorganic growth strategy, Dabur India acquires Balsara's Hygiene and Home products businesses, a leading provider of Oral Care and Household Care products in the Indian market, in a Rs 143crore all-cash deal. 2005 - Dabur announces bonus after 12 years Dabur India announced issue of 1:1 Bonus share to the shareholders of the company, i.e. one share for every one share held. The Board also proposed an increase in the authorized share capital of the company from existing Rs 50 crore to Rs 125 crore. 2006 - Dabur crosses $2 bin market cap, adopts US GAAP. Dabur India crosses the $2-billion mark in market capitalisation. The company also adopted US GAAP in line with its commitment to follow global best practices and adopt highest standards of transparency and governance. 2006 - Approves FCCB/GDR/ADR up to $200 million Moving forward on the inorganic growth path, Dabur India decides to raise up to $200 million from the international market through Bonds, FCCBs, GDR, ADR, QIPs or any other securities.The capital raised will be used to fund Dabur's aggressive growth ambitions and acquisition plans in India and abroad. 2007 - Celebrating 10 years of Real Dabur Foods unveiled the new packaging and design for Real at the completion of 10 years of the brand. The new refined modern look depicts the natural goodness of the juice from freshly plucked fruits. 2007 - Foray into organised retail

Dabur India announced its foray into the organised retail business through a wholly-owned subsidiary, H&B Stores Ltd. Dabur will invest Rs 140 crores by 2010 to establish its presence in the retail market in India with a chain of stores on the Health & Beauty format.

Dabur at a Glance
Dabur India Limited has marked its presence with some very significant achievements and today commands a market leadership status. Our story of success is based on dedication to nature, corporate and process hygiene, dynamic leadership and commitment to our partners and stakeholders. The results of our policies and initiatives speak for themselves.

Leading consumer goods company in India with a turnover of Rs.2233.72 Crore (FY07) 2 major strategic business units (SBU) - Consumer Care Division (CCD) and Consumer Health Division (CHD) 3 Subsidiary Group companies - Dabur Foods, Dabur Nepal and Dabur International and 3 step down subsidiaries of Dabur International - Asian Consumer Care in Bangladesh, African Consumer Care in Nigeria and Dabur Egypt. 13 ultra-modern manufacturing units spread around the globe Products marketed in over 50 countries Wide and deep market penetration with 47 C&F agents, more than 5000 distributors and over 1.5 million retail outlets all over India

CCD, dealing with FMCG Products relating to Personal Care and Health Care

Leading brands Dabur - The Health Care Brand Vatika-Personal Care Brand Anmol- Value for Money Brand Hajmola- Tasty Digestive Brand and Dabur Amla, Chyawanprash and Lal Dant Manjan with Rs.100 crore turnover each Vatika Hair Oil & Shampoo the high growth brand Strategic positioning of Honey as food product, leading to market leadership (over 40%) in branded honey market Dabur Chyawanprash the largest selling Ayurvedic medicine with over 65% market share. Leader in herbal digestives with 90% market share Hajmola tablets in command with 75% market share of digestive tablets category Dabur Lal Tail tops baby massage oil market with 35% of total share

CHD (Consumer Health Division), dealing with classical Ayurvedic medicines

Has more than 250 products sold through prescriptions as well as over the counter Major categories in traditional formulations Asav Ras - Medicated Oils Proprietary Ayurvedic medicines developed by Dabur Nature Care - Trifgol

include: Arishtas Rasayanas Churnas include: Isabgol Madhuvaani

Division also works for promotion of Ayurveda through organised community of traditional practitioners and developing fresh batches of students

PRODUCT PROFILE
Dabur name today is synonyms with Ayurvedic products. The company has some very strong brands such as Dabur lal dant manjan, Chyawanprash, Hajmola, Pudin hara, Real juice etc. In recent years Dabur has diversified into manufacture of allopathic medicines in the antibiotics, an antacids and Hypersensitive segments.

The company has a spun off the strategic business units for the manufacture and marketing of its numerous product ranges and brands. The companys product range can be classified in the following product categories: 1) Export Division In both the areas of health and beauty care the post few years have witnessed a resurgence of interest and faith in herbal and natural remedies, the world over. The company has made an all effort to make its presence felt in the market. As a result, Dabur is exporting to over 35 countries in the world and exports have contributed to rs. 169 crore for the year ending. The major products being exported are Amla hair oil, Chyawanprash, Hajmola candy, Cardamont- extract, Shilajit. The company has up a separate company called Dabur International ltd., which will focus solely on the export market. 2) Consumer health Division Dabur India has launched its new herbal product, Dabur glucorid-KP, for diabetes mellitus, which contains karela (bitter gourd) freeze-dried powder along with other components. The new pill, launched across the country from Hyderabad, aims to correct the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disorders. With the unique combination of herbs, it is expected to regulate the sugar metabolism, protect the body against free radical damage, delay or arrest various problems of disturbed sugar metabolism. 3) Cosumer Care Division a) Health Care Dabur's Health Care range brings for us a wide selection of herbal products, to provide complete care for varying individual needs. They derive their products from the time-tested heritage of Ayurveda, backed by the most modern scientific test and trials. That ensure unfailing quality and safety in anything we pick. The products are Dabur Chyawanprash, Glucose-D, honey, Dabur Lal Tail, Hajmola, Pudin Hara, Hingoli, Anardana, Shilajit, Dabur Balm, Sankh pushpi etc.

b) Personal Care Dabur presents its range of herbal personal care products, created to make us look and feel good deep down. Bringing together the gentle touch of nature and Ayurvedas wisdom. Backed by the unfailing quality of Dabur Products. The products are Amla Hair Oil, Vatika Hair Oil, Gulabari, Vatika Fairness Face Pack, Vatika Shampoo, and Dabur Red Toothpaste Gel etc. 4) Pharmaceutical Division For the sale of Ethical Allopathic Medicines and Bulk Drugs both for Indian and export market. This division has recently commenced activity and formulates drugs and Pharmaceuticals for ailments, such as Rheumatic and Muscular pain, Anticancer like Constrastin, Angina, Pectoris and Hyper. Dabur has 7

already tied up with an American company to supply an intermediate chemical, which goes into making an anticancer drug called Texol. 5) Ayurvedic Division After more than a century of producing health care products and Ayurvedic medicines, the company has extended its activities to the Animal health care field with a range of Ayurvedic specialties. 6) Food Division In the area of foods, Dabur has stepped and its widely accepted ethnic pastes are in regular demand. The Real Juices is having its own importance for the absence of any chemical preservatives in it. The pure Lemon juice replacing the lemon in use.

INTRODUCTION TO QUALITY ASSURANCE

It is the total arrangement made with the object of ensuring that pharmaceutical products are of the quality required for their intended use. The system of quality assurance appropriate to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products should ensure that:

a) Pharmaceutical products are designed and developed in a way that accounts of the requirements of GMP and associates codes such as those of good laboratory practice GLP and good clinical practice (GCP). b) Production and control operations are clearly specified in a written form and GMP requirements are adopted. c) Arrangements are made for the manufacture, supply, and use of the correct starting and packaging material. d) All necessary control on starting materials, intermediated products, and bulk products and other in process controls, calibrations and validations are carried out. e) The finish product is correctly processed and checked, according to the defined procedures. f) Pharmaceutical products are not sold or supplied before the authorized person have certified that each production batch has been produced and controlled in according with the requirements of the label claim and any other regulations relevant to the production, control and release of pharmaceutical products. g) Satisfactory arrangements exist to ensure, as for as possible, that the pharmaceutical products are stored by the manufacturer, distributed and subsequently handled so that quality is maintained through out their shelf life. h) There is a procedure for self inspection and/or quality audit that regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the QA system. To achieve the quality objective reliably there must be a comprehensively designed and correctly implemented system of QA incorporating GMP and QC.

ANALYSIS OF RAW WATER

TEST
Total Plate Count

SPECIFICATION
Not more than 100 cfu/ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

RESULT
< 10cfu/ml Complies Complies Complies Complies Complies

Coliforms E. coli Salmonella spp P. aeruginosa S. aureus

ANALYSIS OF R.O. WATER

TEST SPECIFICATION
RESULT (II-A)

(AFTER CARTRIDGE)

RESULT( III -A)

RESULT(IV -A)

RESULT (VA)

(AFTER RO)

(AFTER RO)

(AFTER DEGASSER 1)

Total Plate Count

Not more than 100 cfu/ml Absent

< 10 cfu/ml

< 10 cfu/ml

< 10 cfu/ml Complies

< 10 cfu/ml

Coliforms E. coli

Complies

Complies

Complies

Absent

Complies Complies

Complies Complies

Complies Complies

Complies Complies

Salmonella spp Absent P. aeruginosa S. aureus 10

Absent Absent

Complies Complies

Complies Complies

Complies Complies

Complies Complies

EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

INTRODUCTION
The effluent treatment facility is installed for biological treatment of the effluent emanating. The effluent bears large amounts of organic matter. The direct discharge of the effluent into the water bodies causes depletion, of DO of the water. Hence, in order to meet the recommended standards of quality of the effluent, it is necessary to treat the effluent before it is finally disposed off. This treatment facility provides for removal of major pollutants from the effluent. There are three reasons why most companies consider on site treatment of wastewater: a) To avoid prosecution b) To remove restriction on the output of the factory c) To save money d) To protect public health in the service area e) To protect the water quality in the waterway which receives the treated effluent from the processes. f) To protect the environment which receives any residuals from the treatment processes. Industries carry out cost/benefit studies to show how to achieve the greatest benefit from the investment in effluent treatment. They design plants for the treatment of industrial effluents tailored to the requirements of the site and the industrial process, and they can arrange a complete service through to installation and commissioning of the effluent plant. It may not be possible to treat the effluent with municipal sewage, or it may be cost-effective to treat the effluent on site. The plant may be designed to reduce the strength of the effluent to a level suitable for discharge to the sewer. Industrial wastewaters are typically much stronger than domestic sewage, and require a different approach if they are to be treated economically. Sludge disposal is becoming one of the greatest problems both for the industrial wastewater treatment plants. The available routes for disposal are reducing rapidly, and costs are escalating. Modern aerobic treatment plants produce far less sludge with a smaller footprint on the site. Anaerobic plants produce minimal sludge with a by-product of methane, which can be used in the upstream processes for heating or power generation.

TREATMENT PROCESS
PROCESS CONCEPT The raw effluent, bears large amount of suspended solids and oxygen consuming organic matter. The conceptual approach of the treatment includes the removal of suspended particles, dissolved organic matters and handling of sludge for disposal.The heart of this treatment scheme is the aerobic biological reactor, which are designed on the basis of activated sludge process. The activated sludge treatment 11

process basically involves the stabilization of organic matter by the action of various microorganisms as depicted in the following equation. Organic + Microorganisms + Oxygen + Nutrients = New cells + Carbon dioxide + Ammonia + Energy This could be restated in engineering term asWaste + Sludge + Air Surplus Sludge + End products In this biological process, a part of the newly synthesized sludge undergoes oxidation called, Endogenous respiration. Cells + oxygen End products + Less cells The preformed biological flocks (MLSS) come in contact with the incoming waste in the aeration tank under highly aerobic environment, and oxidize the organic matter to more stable materials. The efficiency of the system mainly depends upon the concentration of active microorganism present to perform the assimilation of organic matter. The activated sludge, in general, consists bacteria and protozoan, rotifers etc. in the presence of DO. The desirably environmental condition like sufficient DO, substrate and nutrients are required for cell growth and energy for various metabolic functions. It is essential that the biological flock should readily separate from the treated wastewater in the final clarifier. The oxygen supply is required for the following: 1. 2. 3. Oxidation of organic matter (substrate removal) Endogenous respiration of microorganisms. Nitrification

Oxidation of nitrogenous materials is slower. Nitrification generally begins after carbonaceous demand is satisfied and occurs in two steps: Nitrosomonas 2 NH + 3O Nitrobacter 2 NO + O 2 NO Excess or deficient quantity of food (incoming BOD) adversely affects the physical quality of biological sludge. The activated sludge system is designed on the basis of a particular food to microorganism ratio. This ratio is in practice indicated by the quantity of BOD in influent per unit quantity of mixed liquor suspended solids per unit time. This may be expressed as kg, BOD/kg, MLSS/day. The volatile suspended solid, which repression is between 60 70% of MLSS is used as a measure of active cells in the system. The optimal pH for an active biological aeration system is between 6.5 9.0. PROCESS UNITS 12 2 NO + 2HO + 4 H

The units are designed for maximum of efficiency within certain flow range and effluent characteristics. Close control and coordination of the operation of different units are required within limits of design. Efficient plant operation is possible only when the operator is fully conversant with the equipments and function of each unit. This effluent treatment facility consists of the following units: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Storage tank Equalization tank Neutralization tank Primary clarifier Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor Aeration tanks 1 & 2 Final clarifier 1 Final clarifier 2 Sludge drying beds UNIT DISCRIPTION AND OPERATION 1) STORAGE TANK OBJECT The function of storage tank is that it collects and store the raw effluent from different part of the factory. PROCESS The raw effluent is collected from the different part of the factory and stored. The storage tank is of 40 feet in height. The capacity of the tank is two lack liters. Now from the storage tank the raw effluent is passed to the equalization tank with the help of pump. The pH of the raw effluent in the storage tank is 5.5 6.5, which generally come out from the factory. 2) EQUALISATION TANK OBJECT The function of equalization tank is to equalize the raw effluent emanating from different processing units. PROCESS The effluent is collected in an existing combined effluent from where it is pumped to the existing aeration tank, which serves as an equalization tank. The floating aerator is operated to homogenized effluent is pumped to the neutralization tank. 3) NEUTRALIZATION TANK OBJECT The function of the neutralization tank is to neutralize the raw effluent, which is generally acidic in nature. PROCESS 13

The raw effluent, which is usually acidic (pH-5.5 to 6.5) in nature is neutralized by adding the saturated solution of NaOH, So, the final pH of the neutralization tank is adjusted to pH- 8.0 to 9.0. Then the raw effluent after has been treated in neutralization tank is allowed to passed in the primary clarifier through gravity. 4) PRIMARY CLARIFIER OBJECT The function of PC is to remove suspended heavy particles from the raw effluent. PROCESS In this tank, the heavy particles along with the sludge, which the bacteria have degraded settles down at the bottom of the tank and the water flows on top of it. A rotator is fixed in the middle of the tank, so that the heavy particle along with the sludge which has been settle down does not block the outlet of the PC. In this tank mostly the inactive heavy particles along with little amount of sludge is thrown out in the Sludge drying beds. The pH of the PC is maintained to 7.0 to 8.0. 5) ANAEROBIC HYBRID REACTOR OBJECT This unit is provided for the anaerobic treatment of the effluent. PROCESS The effluent after treated in PC is passed to the AHR through gravity. The design of the AHR is in a way that at the bottom of this tank anaerobic bacterias beds are made. The effluent which comes from PC react with the anaerobic bacteria and the break up of organic compounds takes place with the production of Methane gas which can be seen in the form of bubbles on the upper layer of the water in the tank. The pH of the AHR is maintained to 7.0-7.5 because the anaerobic bacteria are stable in this pH. If there is much fluctuation in the pH of this tank the anaerobic bacteria can die.

6) AERATION TANKS 1 & 2 14

OBJECT This unit is provided for aerobic biological treatment of the effluent for the reduction of organic matter in the effluent. PROCESS The effluent from the AHR is received in the aeration tank stage-1 by pumping and is aerated by the help of OXYRATOR mechanical surface aerators in the presence of previously developed biological sludge (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids i.e. MLSS). The food / microorganism ratio is maintained at about 0.6 and 0.137 in the first and second stage aeration tanks respectively which correspond to about 3500 mg / ml. OPERATION The start up of the activated sludge process can be accomplished by using seed sludge available from night soil develop a suitable microorganism population expressed as MLSS. The following method is recommended for the initial development of MLSS in the aeration tank: The use of seed sludge (Night soil) provides the reliable means of start up. Seed sludge may be added in the aeration tank to provide approx. 500mg/ltr. MLSS. The tank is to be filled up with fresh water prior to the addition of seed sludge. The seed sludge is to be aerated by running both the aerators and be continued for at least 24 hrs. in order to make the sludge into aerobic. With the seed sludge aerated, raw effluent into the aeration tank is to be introduced at approx. 25% of the design flow. If possible, aeration must be continued by all aerators and feeding of effluent increased in daily increments of 25%. If there is no indication of the process deterioration. This enables the treatment process to produce a quality effluent as the MLSS concentration is increasing. During this operation also be added the requisite quantity of nutrients in aeration tank. Required nutrients viz. N and P are added with aeration tanks by pumping a solution of Urea and DAHP. The aerators also help to keep the biological solids in suspension. The mixed liquor from the aeration tanks is subjected to gravitational settling in the hopper bottom secondary clarifier. 7) FINAL CLARIFIER 1 OBJECT The function of final clarifier-1 is to separate biological solids from the mixed liquor first stage aeration tank. PROCESS The mixed liquor from the first stage aeration tank is received in the clarifier by gravity. The clarifier is hopper bottom type. The sedimentation of sludge is withdrawn by pumps and is recirculated back into the aeration tank stage-1 for maintaining the MLSS. Provision is given to transfer the sludge into the stage-2 aeration tank through the necessary connections given on the delivery line of the sludge recirculation pump. OPERATION The clarifier is filled up with effluent by gravity. The biological solids get settled by gravity at bottom. Keep the suctions valves corresponding to each hopper portion of clarifier open. Recirculate the settled sludge by operating pump back into the aeration tank continuously. If the MLSS exceed the required level, or sludge needs to be wasted, divert the sludge into aerobic. 15

7) FINAL CLARIFIER 2 OBJECT The function of final clarifier-2 is to separate the biological sludge from the mixed liquor from the aeration tanks before the final effluent is disposed off. PROCESS The mixed liquor from the aeration tank is received in the clarifier by gravity. Final clarifier-2 is a circular sedimentation tank with the central chute inlet peripheral overflow laundar. The sedimentation of sludge takes place by gravity setting. The settled sludge is collected to a central circular channel around the inlet chute by a rotating scarper. Scraper is driven by a central drive head. The settled sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank. The clarified effluent from the annular laundar is disposed off through the V- Notch. 8) SLUDGE DRYING BEDS OBJECT This unit is meant for dewatering and drying the excess biological sludge. PROCESS The excess biological sludge from the stage-1 aeration tank after aerobic digestor is conveyed to the sludge drying beds by gravity. The excess sludge from the stage-2 aeration tanks withdrawn to the sludge drying beds by pumping. Each bed comprises of course sand broken stone as sand media support and under drain. The dewatering of sludge is affected by percolation of associated water through the filter media while the sludge is retained on the media surface. The sludge over the media gets dried up by natural drying and removed manually for disposal as landfill. The percolated water is pumped to the aeration tank-2. OPERATION Allow the sludge to flow to the drying beds. Once the sludge thickness comes to about 300 mm charging of sludge is to be stop and the bed is isolated to dry up by natural evaporation. This takes about 10 days. After drying and dewatering, the sludge cakes are removed manually and are disposed off.

INSTRUMENTS :
pH meter It is used to obtain pH value of different sample calibration is done carried out with standard buffer solution of pH 4.0, 7.0,10.0 Weighing Balance It is a precious weighing instrument for small load. It is used primarily in professional and technical application. It is calibrated against standard weights Hot Air Oven It is used in dry heat sterilization. It is used at 180C for two hours. Reflux Apparatus It is an apparatus in which iodine flask is fitted along with the solution and heated. When the solution is heated nothing is lost from it. 16

Vacuum Suction Pump It is used to suck the water from the sample. BOD Incubator Specially designed to meet the requirements for incubation of bacteria to decompose organic matter in wastewater at temperature 25C.

SPECIFICATION OF ETP S.No. 1. Test pH Tank name Raw PC AHR FC-1 FC-2 Neutralization tank Raw PC AHR FC-1 FC-2 AT-1 AT-2 Raw AHR FC-1 FC-2 Raw PC FC-1 FC-2 AT-1 AT-2 Specification 5.00 6.50 7.00 8.00 7.00 7.50 5.50 9.00 5.50 9.00 7.50 9.00 NMT 3500 mg/ltr NMT 3000 mg/ltr NMT 2500 mg/ltr NMT 250 mg/ltr NMT 250 mg/ltr NMT 5.0 mg/ltr NMT 5.0 mg/ltr NMT 1800 mg/ltr NMT 1500 mg/ltr NMT 30 mg/ltr NMT 30 mg/ltr NMT 2000 ppm NMT 1500 ppm NMT 100 ppm NMT 100 ppm NMT 2000 ppm NMT 3000 ppm

2.

COD

3. 4.

DO BOD

5.

SS

6.

MLSS

TESTING GENERAL 17

It is impertative to analyze regularly the operational parameters and maintain a systematic record as a ready reckonar. Sampling and testing should be done as per the methods prescribed in: 1) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (APHA, AWWA, WCPC 1975) 2) Manual for the examination of water, sewage and industrial waste. (ICMR) 3) Methods of sampling and test for sewage and industrial effluent. (IS-2488 PART-1 1966) SAMPLING POINTS S.No. 1) 2) 3) 4) SAMPLE Raw effluent Final effluent Mixed liquor suspended solid Return sludge SAMPLING POINTS Equalization tank Final clarifier launder Aeration tanks Return sludge line (Stage 1 & 2)

METHOD OF SAMPLING Samples are to be taken at regular intervals to check whether the plant is giving the desired output and any corrective measures are called for. It is essential that the collected samples be truly representative of the product. While collecting samples the following procedures are to be adhered to: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Samples are to be collected in dry, clean-stoppered bottles. The bottles are to be rinsed thoroughly before collection of samples. While collecting samples from channel, launder it, sample is to be collected only from surface. Avoid the bottles touching or scraping the surface of the structure. Stopper the bottles after collection of sample. Attach a tag, on the bottle indicating date, time and name of sample and tests to be carried out. While collecting composite samples it is suggested that the samples be preserved in refrigerator to avoid any biological activity within the samples.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS pH The pH of water refers to its hydrogen ion activity and is expressed as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity in moles per litre at a given temperature. The practical pH scale extends from 0 (Very acidic), to 14 (Very alkaline), with 7 corresponding to exact neutrality at 25C PRINCIPLE Although the hydrogen electrode is recognized as the primary standard, the glass electrode is less subject to interferences and is used in combination with a calomel reference electrode. The glass reference electrode pair produces a change of 59.1 mg/pH unit at 25C. APPARATUS 1) Electronic pH meter with temperature compensation arrangement. 18

2) 3)

Glass electrode; are available for measurement over the entire pH range with minimum sodium ion-error types for high pH- high sodium samples. Reference electrode; Use calomel, silver-silver chloride or other constant potential electrode.

PROCEDURE Firstly, calibrate the pH meter with the buffer solution of pH -7.0 and then the pH - 4.0. After calibrating it the electrode is washed with DM water and finally the pH is taken of the sample. After doing the work again the electrode is washed with DM water and then the electrode is dipped in DM water. One-Day Analysis: Raw PC AHR FC-2 N-TANK 6.8 8.2 7.2 8.2 8.58

SUSPENDED SOLID Estimation of suspended solid plays a important role for the process evaluation. These solids are mostly of organic species and contributes pollutants load to the treatment system. SS is analysed once in a week. PRINCIPLE This test is based on the evaporation of the residues obtained after filtering a known volume of sample, to dryness under standard conditions and weighing the residue after drying. APPARATUS Gooch Crucibles Measuring cylinder Vacuum pump Dry heat Oven SAMPLE Raw PC FC-1 FC-2 50 ml. Capacity 100 ml. Capacity

100 ml. 100 ml. 50 ml. 50 ml.

PROCEDURE 1) Firstly weigh the apparatus without any sample. 2) Filter the well-known sample (Raw, PC, FC-1 & FC-2) through the Gooch crucible under suction, dry at 103 to 105 C to constant weight. Cool and weigh. The increase in weight equals the total suspended solid.

CALCULATION 19

Suspended solids Mg/litre One-Day Analysis: -

Weight of crucible Weight of empty + dry residue crucible = ________________________________________ X1000 Volume of sample = 0.0249 X 10 = 249 X 2mg = 498 ppm. = 0.0197 X 10 = 197 X 2mg = 394 ppm = 0.0012 X 10 = 12 ppm = 0.0010 X 10 = 10 ppm

RAW: - 44.9035gm 44.8786gm

PC: - 44.4568gm 44.4371gm

FC-1: - 55.8496gm 55.8484gm FC-2: - 55.9635gm 55.9635gm

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND The COD determination provides a measure of oxygen equivalent of that portion of he organic matter in a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. In the absence of a catalyst however, this method fails to include some organic compounds (such as acetic acid), which are biologically available to the stream organisms, while including some biologic compounds, which are not part of the immediate biochemical load on the oxygen assets of the receiving water. The use of exactly the same technique each time is important because only a part of the organic matter is included, the proportion depending upon the chemical oxidant used the structure of the organic compounds and the manipulative procedure. The dichromate reflux method has been selected for the COD determination because it has advantages over other oxidants in oxidizability, applicability to a wide variety of samples and ease of manipulation. PRINCIPLE A boiling mixture of chromic and sulphuric acids destroys most types of organic matter. A sample is refluxed with known amounts of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid, and the excess dichromate is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate. The amount of oxidizable organic matter, measured, as oxygen equivalent is proportional to the potassium dichromate consumed. COD is analyzed daily. APPARATUS a) b) c) d) 20 Reflux apparatus consisting of a flat bottom 250 to 500 ml. capacity flask with ground glass joint and condenser with 24/40 joint. Hot plate Titrator Reflux flasks

e) f)

Simple flask Pipette

REAGENTS 1) Potassium dichromate 0.25 N Dissolve 12.25 gm of potassium dichromate. previously dried at 103C for 24 hrs, in DM water and dilute to 1000 ml. 2) 3) 4) 5) Ferrous ammonium sulphate 0.1 N Dissolve 39.2 gm FAS in about 400 ml water, add 40 ml concentrated HSO, then dilute it to 1000 ml DM water. This solution must be standardizing against standard potassium dichromate solution daily. Ferroin Indicator Dissolve 1.735 gm of 1, 10 phenonthroline dihydrate together with 695 mg ferrous sulphate crystalline, in DM water and dilute to 100 ml. Siver sulphate Mercuric sulphate 1 ml. 2 ml. 5 ml. 10 ml. 10 ml.

SAMPLES Raw PC AHR FC-1 FC-2

PROCEDURE a) Firstly, take known quantity of samples in reflux flasks. b) Then, 20 ml. DM water in Blank and others make the volume 20 ml. with DM water. c) After that add 400-mg. mercuric chloride, 10 mg. silver sulphate, 10 ml. potassium dichromate and finally add 30 ml. concentrated sulphuric acid. d) Keep it for 2 hrs. for reflux on reflux apparatus. e) Then cool it for 30 minutes. f) After cooling add 100 ml. DM water. g) Then, titrate with 0.1 N ferrous ammonium sulphate using ferrion indicator. Take as the end point the orange color change to blue, then green and lastly to reddish brown, even through the blue- green may reappear within minutes. CALCULATION (a-b) N X 8000 COD in mg./liter Where: COD a b N Normality = ml. sample = = = = = Chemical Oxygen Demand ml. Ferrous ammonium sulphate for Blank ml. Ferrous ammonium sulphate for sample Normality of Ferrous ammonium sulphate 0.25 X 10 / Volume consume of FAS for Blank

One-Day Analysis: 21

Blank RAW PC AHR FC-1 FC-2

= = = = = =

24.8 23.5 21.7 22.5 23.9 23.8

Normality = 0.1008 1.3 X 0.1008 X 8000 / 1 = 1048.30 mg/ltr. 3.1 X 0.1008 X 8000 / 2 = 1249.00mg/ltr. 2.3 X 0.1008 X 8000 / 5 = 370.90mg/ltr. 0.9 X 0.1008 X 8000 / 10 = 72.50 mg/ltr. 1.0 X 0.1008 X 8000 / 10 = 80.64 mg/ltr.

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PRINCIPLE Biochemical Oxygen Demand is defined as the amount of O required by microorganism while stabilizing biologically decomposable organic matters in a waste under aerobic conditions. The BOD test is widely used to determine: 1) 2) 3) The pollutional load of wastewater. The degree of pollution in lakes and streams at any time and their self-purification capacity. Efficiency of sewage treatment plant.

Since the test is mainly a bioassay procedure, involving measurement of oxygen consumed by bacteria while stabilizing organic matter under aerobic condition, it is necessary to provide standard conditions of nutrient supply, pH, absence of microbial growth inhibiting substances and temperature. Because of low solubility of oxygen in water strong sewage is always diluted to ensure that the demand does not increases the available oxygen. The test is conducted for 3 days at 25C as 70 to 80% the waste is oxidized during this period. APPARATUS a) BOD Bottles b) Incubator c) Titrator d) Pipette e) Iodine flask 300 ml. capacity

REAGENTS 1) Phosphate buffer Dissolve 8.5 gm KHPO, 21.75 gm KHPO, 33.4 gm NaHPO. 7HO and 1.7 gm NHCl in DM water and dilute to 1000 ml and adjust pH to 7.2 2) Magnesium sulphate Dissolve 22.5 gm MgSO .7HO and dilute to 1000 ml. 3) Calcium Chloride Dissolve 27.5 gm of Anhydrous Calcium Chloride and dilute to 1000 ml. 4) Ferric Chloride Dissolve 0.25 gm FeCl .6HO and dilute to 1000 ml. 5) Manganous Sulphate Dissolve 36.4 gm of MnSO .HO and dilute to 100 ml. filter if necessary. This solution should not give color with starch when added to an acidified solution of KI. 6) Alkali Iodide-Azide Dissolve 500 gm of NaOH and 150 gm of KI and dilute to 1000 ml with DM water. Add 10 gm of sodium azide (NaN) dissolved in 40 ml of DM water. This solution should not give color with starch solution when diluted and acidified. 7) Starch Indicator Prepare paste of 0.5 gm starch powder in DM water. Pour the solution in 100 ml boiling water, allow to boil fpr few minutes. cool and then use. 22

8)

Sodium thiosulphate 0.025 N Dissolve 6.25 gm of sodium thiosulphate in boiled and cooled DM water, dilute to 1000 ml preserve by adding 5 ml chloroform. Standardize before each titration.

SAMPLES Seeded Blank Raw AHR FC-1 FC-2 METHOD PREPERATION OF BUFFER SOLUTION Firstly prepare the buffer solution. Take 5000 ml. of BOD bottle. In this BOD bottle, add 3600 ml. DM water. After that add 4 ml. of every reagent known as Magnesium sulphate solution, Ferric Chloride solution, Calcium Chloride solution and Phosphate Buffer solution. And mix well. Take prescribed samples in BOD bottles and make upto neck with buffer solution. Two sets of sample is to be analyzed i.e. for 0 day and 3rd day. Add 2 ml. of manganous sulphate solution followed by 2 ml. of Alkali Iodide azide solution, weight for 5 10 minutes till the precipitation are settled. Now add 2 ml of concentrated HSO and shake well. Take 203 ml of it into the 500 ml Iodine flask, add 510 drops of starch solution as indicator and titrate with 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate till the color changes from brown to colorless. Note the volume of 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate consumed. Seeded blank is also performed to see the growth in final treated water, it is not taken in calculation. CALCULATION Note the Blank difference. Note the 0 day and 3rd day difference. BOD = sample difference Blank difference X 300/sample taken 2ml. FC-1 and 2ml FC-2 1 ml. 2 ml. 30 ml. 30 ml.

One-Day Analysis: 0 Day S.Blank Blank Raw AHR FC-1 FC-2 = = = = = = 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.5 3rd Day 7.3 7.2 5.9 6.3 6.8 6.8 Blank Differenece = 0.2ml

(1.5 0.2) X 300 / 1 = 390 mg/ltr. (1.2 0.2) X 300 / 2 = 150 mg/ltr. (0.8 0.2) X 300 / 30 = 6 mg/ltr. (0.7 0.2) X 300 / 30 = 5 mg/ltr.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN 23

PRINCIPLE DO is one of the most important indicators of the quality of water for aquatic life. O dissolves freely in water as a result of photosynthesis, community, respiration, diffusion at the air water interface, and wind driven mixing. Temperature, pressure and salinity determine the amount of DO water can hold, or its saturation level. DO concentration below 3.0 mg/l are generally consider harmful to aquatic life, but requirements vary according to species, temperature, life stage, activities and concentration of dissolved substances in the water. APPARATUS a) BOD bottles b) Measuring cylinder c) Titrator d) Iodine flask e) Pipette REAGENTS 1) Manganous Sulphate Dissolve 36.4 gm of MnSO .HO and dilute to 100 ml. filter if necessary. This solution should not give color with starch when added to an acidified solution of KI. 2) Alkali Iodide-Azide Dissolve 500 gm of NaOH and 150 gm of KI and dilute to 1000 ml with DM water. Add 10 gm of sodium azide (NaN) dissolved in 40 ml of DM water. This solution should not give color with starch solution when diluted and acidified. 3) Starch Indicator Prepare paste of 0.5 gm starch powder in DM water. Pour the solution in 100 ml boiling water, allow to boil fpr few minutes. cool and then use. 4) Sodium thiosulphate 0.025 N Dissolve 6.25 gm of sodium thiosulphate in boiled and cooled DM wsater, dilute to 1000 ml preserve by adding 5 ml chloroform. Standardize before each titration. SAMPLES FC 1 FC 2 METHOD Take 300ml of sample of FC 1 and FC 2 in 300 ml BOD bottle. Add 2 ml. of manganous sulphate solution followed by 2 ml. of Alkali Iodide azide solution, weight for 5 10 minutes till the precipitation are settled. Now add 2 ml of concentrated HSO and shake well. Take 203 ml of it into the 500 ml Iodine flask, add 5-10 drops of starch solution as indicator and titrate with 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate till the color changes from brown to colorless. Note the volume of 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate consumed. CALCULATION DO in mg/ltr = Volume consumed of 0.025 N Hypo

One-Day Analysis: FC 1 2.0 mg/ltr. 24

FC 2 3.5 mg/ltr. ABOUT WATER Chemical formula Molecular weight : : H2O 18

pH

7.0

R.O.PLANT
25

WATER PRODUCED BY REVERSE OSMOSIS Water produced by R.O. is forced by an osmotic pressure through a semi-permeable membrane, which acts as a molecular filter. The diffusion of soluble dissolved in water is impeded, and those with a molecular weight in excess of 250 do not diffuse at all. The process, which is the reverse of the natural process of osmosis, thus removes microorganisms and their pyrogens. Post RO contamination may occur if the plant after the membrane, the storage vessel or the distribution system is not kept free from microorganisms. PROCESS In filtration process, the suspended matter in the liquid is effectively removed by passing the liquid containing suspended matter through the filtering medium (a suitable porous material). Filtration, therefore, is employed in treatment of industrial water to remove or to reduce suspended solids and turbidity. ACTION PLAN OF R.O.SYSTEM This can explain with the following headings: The water is collected from the ground through bore wells and is collected in the storage tank. Now, from the storage tank the raw water is passed to the duel media filter through pumps for filtration. PRE TREATMENT STEP DUAL MEDIA FILTER Along with the underground water, organic, inorganic and microbiological impurities comes, so with the help of dual media filter these suspended impurities are removed. Contents of DMF The dual media filter consists of a pressure vessel with filtering media kept inside. Filter media commonly employed are graded and washed filtering sand of effective size 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm resting on a supporting perforated nozzle plate Backwashing of DMF Backwashing of filter bed has to be carried out periodically (normally once in 24 hrs) more frequently if pressure drops across the bed exceeds 1.0 kg/cm2, which indicates accumulation of dirt in the bed. Backwashing should be done with filtered water at a minimum head of 10 mWC. 1. Normally filter should not be fed with water carrying suspended matter and turbidity content more than 50 mg/ltr. Feed water provided shall be within 22C to 40C. After 22 hrs of operation, the filter should be backwashed at the specified minimum backwash flow and time as indicated in the technical data. During initial commissioning, the backwash operation may have to be extended for longer period till the time clean flow is observed at the backwash outlet. DOSING OF CHEMICALS The two chemicals, which are inoculated into the water, which has been filtered through DMF, are HCl (Hydrochloric acid) and SHMP (Sodium Hexa Meta Phosphate). The water, which comes from dual media filter, is high in CaCO3 and MgCO3, when it react with HCl it forms Carbonic acid, CaCl2 and MgCl2. CaCO3 + HCl MgCO3 + HCl 26 CO2 + H2O + CaCl2 CO2 + H2O + MgCl2

The CaCl2 and MgCl2, which forms, act as descaling agent for the membrane of RO. The carbonic acid, which forms during the process lower, downs the pH of water to 5.0 to 6.0. This pH is required for the stability if the RO membrane. The SHMP plays a vital role in protecting RO membrane because it act as an antiscaling agent HCl 3.0 23% SHMP 3.0 1.3%

Dosing rate (ltr/hr) Strength of solution in the tank ( %)

CARTRIDGE FILTER Now the water along with the chemicals moves forward through the cartridge filter. The function of the cartridge filter is to remove the suspended impurities, which have been passed from the dual media filter. The size of the cartridge filter is 5 micron. HIGH PRESSURE PUMP With the help of this pump the water is thrown forward with increased pressure i.e. from 5 kg/cm2 to 30 kg/cm2. The water is move forward with the help of impellers, which have been feeted in the high-pressure pump, which is made up of Stainless steel, chromium and nickel. Now the water along with the 30-kg/cm2 pressures is moved forward to the RO system. POST TREATMENT STEPS: RO SYSTEM The water, which comes for the filtration, has the pH 5.0 to 6.0 because it provides stability to the polyamide filter of which it is made up off. The water enters the membrane from one side and then filters through the membrane so product water is obtained which is passed to the second membrane for further filtration and finally it is passed to the Degasser. From both the membrane filter reject water is thrown out which carry more hardness in it. Bacterial reduction by RO Bacteria levels of pharmaceutical and dialysis systems should be monitored in the permeate and in the system downstream of the RO. If installed and operated correctly, RO membrane elements should provide a 3-log reduction (99.9%) in bacteria. If the bacteria levels in the product water of the RO are higher than the bacteria levels in the feed, it is likely that bacteria are multiplying on the surface of the membrane and downstream. DEGASER The water after purification from the RO system is passed to the Degaser. The water is thrown from the shower from the upper side and from the lower side air is blown. When both combine together, then they react to form pure water and CO2 (which is blown away). The pure water has high pH-7.0, and then the water is collected in the Degaser. The carbonic acid, which was present before, reacts with the air to form water and CO2. H2CO3 H2O + CO2

STORAGE TANK 27

Now from the Degases the water is stored in the storage tank, which is made up of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic). ANALYSIS IN RO PLANT Mainly three tests are done in this plant i.e. pH, Conductivity and Hardness of water. pH The pH is checked with the help of pH meter. During the flow of water through the various systems of this plant. Conductivity This is done with the help of conductivity meter and further Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) is taken out. Calculation T.D.S. = Conductivity X 0.667 Hardness The hardness of water is due to the presence of Ca and Mg. Reagents Ammonia Ammonium Chloride Buffer Solution Take 16.9 gm of ammonium chloride in 250 ml. Volumetric flask and dissolve in it 143 ml of ammonia liquid and make up the volume up to 250 ml DM water. EDTA 0.01 M Take 3.723 gm of EDTA in 1 ltr. Volumetric flask and dissolve it in 400 ml. of DM water and finally make up the volume up to 1 ltr. Eriochrome Black T Mixer (indicator) Triturate 1 gm. of Eriochrome Black T indicator with 99 gm. of sodium chloride in mortar pestle up to the fine powder and use few crystal of this dry powder as indicator. Method Take 100 ml. of sample in Conical Flask, add 1 ml. of ammonia ammonium chloride buffer solution in it. Now add few crystals of indicator and mix well, reddish color appears. Now titrate with 0.01M EDTA solutions up to bluish black color end point. Note the volume of 0.01M EDTA used. Calculation Vol. (Titration) X Normality (0.01) X Factor (0.001) X 106 Hardness of water = Sample vol. taken X Stated Normality (0.01) One-Day Analysis: SAMPLE Raw water C1 C2 P3 P4 P7 P8 pH 7.21 6.96 7.04 5.90 5.66 5.60 5.58 CONDUCTIVITY 3890 3900 3980 55 112 118 168 HARDNESS 740 740 740 00 00 00 00

D. M. PLANT
28

INTRODUCTION D.M. generally means, demineralized water or deionised water. This water is prepared by passing RO water through anion and cation exchange resin bed to remove the ions. Thus, any bacteria present in the RO water will also be present in the deionised water, and beds which are not regenerated frequently with strong acid and alkali are often heavily contaminated and add to the bacterial content of the water. This problem has prompted the development of resins able to resist microbiological contamination. One such resin, a large pore, strong-base, microreticulatar, quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin which permits microorganisms to enter the pore cavity and then electrostatically binds them to the cavity surface, is currently being marketed. The main function is as a final cleaning bed downstream of conventional demineralising columns. Deionised water is used in pharmaceutical formulation, in various industries, for washing containers and plant, and for the preparation of disinfectant solution. PROCESS OF ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM The RO water carrying the high conductivity in it i.e. ions is removed through the system with the help of following process Cation Unit It is a cylindrical tank unit in which synthetic resins are filled, which is charged by HCl to remove the alkalinity of water and to reduce the conductance of water by the presence of alkaline matters. When the resin is charged with HCl on the surface of the resin the Cl group binds all along it surface. When the RO water moves through it get neutralized in the tank and a Na bind to Cl to form NaCl, which is neutral in nature. Now, this water passes through the anion unit. Anion Unit It is also a cylindrical tank unit and filled with synthetic resins, which is charged by NaOH to remove the acidity of water and to reduce the conductance of water by the presence of acidic matters. When the resin is charged with NaOH on the surface of the resin the Na group binds all along its surface. When the RO water which have been passed from cation unit now moves through this unit it get neutralized by binding to the Na group. Now this water is passed through mix bed unit. Mix Bed Unit This is a cylindrical tank in which resins are filled in two layers by separating from the middle. These resins are also charged with NaOH and HCl. This unit is made in such a way that both the resins do not mix with each other but are separated with a layer in middle and both are charged separately. The function of this unit is that if any ion not removed by the previous tanks is finally removed with the help of this unit. Now, this water is passed through UV Chamber. a. U. V. Chamber The function of this chamber is mainly disinfections. b. Storage Tank After the treatment the water is stored in the Storage tank. This is the water, which is used in the various processes in the industry.

CONCLUSION
29

Quality Assurance assures that all the products released from the company are upto their mark. All the products are thoroughly tested by each chemist and microbiologist encharge. No product is released fro the company if they do not satisfies the standard by products, which are given by the company. In the Food Manufacturing and Cosmetic Good companies the food is directly related to human being and it directly affects the health and the hygiene of living being, if it is not a good quality, so the product manufactured are a good quality only and assures the standards of it. I was mainly focused on the microbial load of the product and the effluent wastewater treatment, which was the heart of the company. Personal health and hygiene is also maintained during doing any testing of the products.

REFERENCES
30

1. Poffer N.Norman; Food Science, III ed. (1987), CBS Publishers and Distributers, Delhi. 2. Colwell R.R. and Grigorova R.; methods in Microbiology, Vol. 19, (1987), Acedemic Press INC. Florida. 3. Varnam H.A. and Evans G.N.; Foob Borne Pathogens, (1991), Wolfe Publishing Ltd. England. 4. Nielsen S. Suzanne; Introduction to Chemical Analysis of Foods, (1994), Jones an Bartlett Publisher, Boston, London. 5. Miller M. James and Crowther B. Jonathan; Analytical Chemistry in G.M.P. Environment (2000), John Wiley and Sons, U.S.A. 6. United State Pharmacopoeia, The national Formulation, Ist ed. (2002), United State Pharmacopeial Convention, INC., U.S.A. 7. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Vol. I, II, III (1996), Controller of Publications, Delhi. 8. British Pharmacopoeia, Vol. I, II (2001), Deptt. of Health, U.K. 9. Aneja R.K.; Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology, IV ed. (2003), New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi. 10. Internet

31

REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT

HP Raw water tank Cartridge filter

DMF

Pump

Pump

P2 P1

Reject water

Storage Tank

32