Hydrodynamics and Heavy-Ion Collisions: P. Romatschke

Viscous Hydrodynamics Theory
Hydrodynamics for Heavy-Ion Collisions

Hydrodynamics and Heavy-Ion Collisions
P. Romatschke
INT, University of Washington, Seattle
SEWM, August 2008
Paul Romatschke Hydrodynamics and Heavy-Ion Collisions
Outline
1
2
What is Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics = Energy-Momentum Conservation
= 0
Ideal Hydro
Ideal hydro Energy-Momentum Tensor
T
0
= u
= g
Continuity Equation:
u
0
= 0
Euler Equation:
0
= 0
Viscous Hydro
Viscous Hydro: Departures from Equilibrium
Viscous hydro Energy-Momentum Tensor
T
= T
0
+
contains rst, second, . . . spatial gradients

Gradient Expansion Hierachy
1
Zeroth Order: Ideal Hydrodynamics (Euler equation)
2
First-Order: Viscous Hydrodynamics (Navier-Stokes
equation)
3
Second-Order: Viscous Hydrodynamics (e.g.
Mller-Israel-Stewart theory)
Important Parameters for Hydro
Mean free path
mfp
(should be smaller than system size L)
Reynolds number
Re
+p
|
|

sT
/L
Zeroth Order Hydro (Ideal Hydro)
Ideal Hydro has no viscosity
= 0
Small Re correspond to laminar (smooth) ow
Large Re correspond to turbulent ow
Ideal Hydro:
= 0, Re =
Ideal Hydro is (strictly speaking) a sick theory!
Zeroth Order Hydro (Ideal Hydro)
Ideal Hydro has no viscosity
= 0
Small Re correspond to laminar (smooth) ow
Large Re correspond to turbulent ow
Ideal Hydro:
= 0, Re =
Ideal Hydro is (strictly speaking) a sick theory!
First Order Viscous Hydro (Navier-Stokes)
For simplicity, consider only shear viscosity
Navier-Stokes equation:
,
where
2
3
Re nite, can get laminar ow

Consider small perturbations (t , x), u
i
(t , x)
Hydro Equations
y
= 0 give
t
u
y
(t , x)

+p
x
u
y
(t , x) = 0
In Fourier-Space,
i

+p
k
2
u
y
(, k) = 0
Dispersion relation
|| = k
2

+p
Diffusion group velocity
v
T

d||
dk
= 2k

+p
For large k ,
v
T

Perturbations propagate at superluminal speed!
Relativistic Navier-Stokes equation is (strictly speaking)
sick!
Diffusion group velocity
v
T

d||
dk
= 2k

+p
For large k ,
v
T

Perturbations propagate at superluminal speed!
Relativistic Navier-Stokes equation is (strictly speaking)
sick!
Second Order Viscous Hydro
Problematic modes are k 1: outside of hydrodynamic
regime
Nevertheless problematic in numeric problems (almost
always for hydro!)
Regulate by hand?
Look for regulator from microscopic physics: 2nd order
gradients!
Second Order Viscous Hydro
History: Mller-Israel-Stewart theory
Change the Navier-Stokes relation
,
to
. .. .
+. . .
Differential equation for
with new parameter
(=second order transport coefcient)

For weak-coupling QCD,
= 6/( +p)
Consequence: transverse perturbations move with
lim
k
v
2
T
=

( +p)
=

s
1
T
so that v
2
T

1
6
< 1 !
MIS: no ordering principle (many 2nd order terms, which to
keep?)
Matching of MIS to strongly coupled eld theories?
Regime of applicability of MIS (large gradients?)
Recently claried:
MIS: no ordering principle (many 2nd order terms, which to
keep?)
Matching of MIS to strongly coupled eld theories?
Regime of applicability of MIS (large gradients?)
Recently claried:
Hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography
Bulk viscosity T
(e.g. Kharzeev, Tuchin 07)

Considering = 0 means considering T
= 0 (conformal
uids)
Consider hydrodynamics of conformal uids, e.g. uids
with
T
e
6
T
when g
e
2
g
.
Hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography
Write down all terms to 2nd order in gradients in d dimensions
(c.f. Andreis and Pauls talk?):
<
D
>
+
d
d 1
(u)
R
<>
(d 2)u
R
<>
u
<
>

<
>
+
3
<
>
.
[Baier, Romatschke, Son, Starinets, Stephanov 07]
Second Order Conformal Viscous Hydro
Five allowed second-order transport coefcients:
, ,
1
,
2
,
3
More general than Mller-Israel-Stewart (which has = 0)
Weakly coupled plasmas (Boltzmann equation):
= 6

+p
, = 0,
1
=?,
2
= 2
,
3
= 0
Strongly coupled N = 4 SYM:
=
2(2 ln 2)
+p
, =

T
,
1
=

2T
,
2
=
ln 2
T
,
3
= 0
[Baier, Romatschke, Son, Starinets, Stephanov 07], [Bhattacharyya,
Hubeny, Minwalla, Rangamani 07], [Natsuume, Okamura, 07]
For weakly coupled plasmas
lim
k
v
L
, v
T
< 1
For stronlgy coupled N = 4 SYM
lim
k
v
L
, v
T
< 1
Second Order Conformal Viscous Hydro is not sick!?
lim
k
v
L
, v
T
< 1
lim
k
v
L
, v
T
< 1
lim
k
v
L
, v
T
< 1
lim
k
v
L
, v
T
< 1
Lets use viscous hydro for Heavy-Ion Collisions!
Outline
1
2
Can we apply hydro at RHIC?
dN/dp/d
Change 2nd order vs. 1st order
2 4 6 8
[fm/c]
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
e
x
,

e
p
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08, IS
/s=0.08, AdS
/s=0.16, IS
/s=0.16, AdS
(b)
e
x
e
p
[Luzum, Romatschke 08]
0 5 10

0
(fm/c)
0
0.05
0.1

p
,
ideal hydro
viscous hydro: full I-S eqn.
viscous hydro: simplified I-S eqn.
EOS L
e
0
=30 GeV/fm
3
,
0
=0.6fm/c
Au+Au, b=7fm,
(f)
[Song, Heinz 08]
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
v
2
p
T
(GeV)
=4.5
[Dusling, Teaney 07]
0+1d hydro vs. transport
Navier-Stokes
transport
IS hydro
/s const
ideal hydro
K
0
= 1
K
0
= 2
K
0
= 3
K
0
= 6.67
/
0
p
L
/
p
T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
[Huovinen, Molnar 08]
Answer: Yes, if /s < 0.5
Do we agree on size of viscous effects?
0 1 2 3 4
p
T
[GeV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
v
2

(
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
)
ideal
/s=0.03
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
STAR
[Romatschke
2
07]: 25% at p
T
= 1.5 GeV
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
v
2
p
T
(GeV)
=4.5
Ideal
/s=0.05
/s=0.13
/s=0.2
[Dusling, Teaney 07]: 25% at p
T
= 1.5 GeV
0 0.5 1 1.5
p
T
(GeV)
0
0.1
0.2
v
2
ideal hydro
0 0.5 1 1.5
p
T
(GeV)
ideal hydro
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
p
T
(GeV)
ideal hydro
viscous hydro: full I-S eqn.
Cu+Cu, b=7 fm
SM-EOS Q
e
0
=30 GeV/fm
3
/s=0.08,
=3/sT
0
=0.6fm/c
/s=0.08,
=3/sT
e
0
=30 GeV/fm
3
0
=0.6fm/c
Au+Au, b=7 fm
SM-EOS Q EOS L
Au+Au, b=7 fm
(a) (b) (c)
/s=0.08,
=3/sT
e
0
=30 GeV/fm
3
0
=0.6fm/c
T
dec
=130 MeV
T
dec
=130 MeV T
dec
=130 MeV
[Song, Heinz 08]: 20% at p
T
= 1.5 GeV
[Molnar, Huovinen 08]: 20% at p
T
= 1.5 GeV
Answer: Yes, we (now!) do
Does hydro imply early thermalization?
2 4 6 8 10
[fm/c]
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
e
x
,

e
p

0
=2 fm/c
0
=1 fm/c
0
=0.5 fm/c
(a)
e
x
e
p
0 1 2 3 4
p
T
[GeV]
0
0.1
0.2
v
2

0
=2 fm/c
0
=1 fm/c
0
=0.5 fm/c
(b)
Answer: No
Answer assuming pre-hydro is free-streaming: Maybe
Answer: No
Answer assuming pre-hydro is free-streaming: Maybe
What is /s at RHIC?
What is /s at RHIC?
Things to know about Hydro @ RHIC
For any hydrodynamic model of a heavy-ion collision
Hydrodynamics = differential equations. Need to x
initial/boundary conditions!
the time when to start the hydrodynamic evolution
the initial distribution of energy density (Glauber? CGC?)
the equation of state for QCD (lattice!)
the freeze-out procedure (Cooper-Frye?)
There is much more to RHIC hydro than just uid
dynamics!
dynamics!
dynamics!
Hydro @ RHIC: mode demploi
Use (some) RHIC data to x freedom:
use centrality dependence of multiplicity to x the initial
distribution of energy density
use centrality dependence of < p
T
> to x hydro
starting/stopping time/temperature
Once this is done, v
2
in the hydro model is xed and can
be compared to data (prediction)
Min. Bias v2 (Glauber)
0 1 2 3 4
p
T
[GeV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
v
2

(
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
)
ideal
/s=0.03
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
STAR
[Romatschke
2
07]
New Min Bias v2 data
0 1 2 3 4
p
T
[GeV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
v
2

(
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
)
STAR non-flow corrected (est.)
STAR event-plane
Glauber
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
Eccentricity: Glauber vs CGC
0 100 200 300 400
N
Part
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
e
x
Glauber
CGC
(a)
[Luzum, Romatschke 08], adaption of [Drescher et al. 06]
Min. Bias v2 (Glauber)
0 1 2 3 4
p
T
[GeV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
v
2

(
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
)
STAR non-flow corrected (est.)
STAR event-plane
Glauber
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
Min. Bias v2 (CGC)
0 1 2 3 4
p
T
[GeV]
0
5
10
15
20
25
v
2

(
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
)
STAR non-flow corrected (est).
STAR event-plane
CGC
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
/s=0.24
What is /s at RHIC
Answer: /s < 0.5 (all groups)
Answer: /s = 0.1 0.1(th.) 0.08(exp) for our model
Summary
Viscous hydro theory is solid
Viscous hydro groups agree on size of v
2
reduction
Extraction of /s dominated by uncertainties from ICs and
non-ow
Open Problem: above which Reynolds number ( s/)
onset of turbulence?
Bonus Material
Bonus Material
Speed of Sound from Laine and Schrder, PRD73
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
T [GeV]
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
c
s
2
pQCD
resonance gas
crossover transition
(interpolated)
Multiplicity in Viscous Hydro
dN
,visc
dy
/
dN
,ideal
dy
dN
K,visc
dy
/
dN
K,ideal
dy
/s = 0.08 1.06 1.06
/s = 0.16 1.12 1.12
/s = 0.24 1.18 1.19
/s = 0.32 1.23 1.23
/s = 0.40 1.28 1.28
For
0
= 1 fm/c, viscous hydro creates 0.75/s more nal
multiplicity!
Multiplicity (Glauber)
0 100 200 300 400
N
Part
0.01
0.1
1
d
N
/
d
Y
/
(
0
.
5

N
p
a
r
t
)
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
Glauber
pions
kaons
protons
Multiplicity (CGC)
0 100 200 300 400
N
Part
0.01
0.1
1
d
N
/
d
Y
/
(
0
.
5

N
p
a
r
t
)
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
/s=0.24
CGC
pions
kaons
protons
Mean momentum (Glauber)
0 100 200 300 400
N
Part
200
400
600
800
1000
<
p
T
>

[
M
e
V
/
c
]
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
Glauber
protons
kaons
pions
Mean momentum (CGC)
0 100 200 300 400
N
Part
200
400
600
800
1000
<
p
T
>

[
M
e
V
/
c
]
/s=10
-4
/s=0.08
/s=0.16
/s=0.24
CGC
protons
kaons
pions

Hydrodynamics and Heavy-Ion Collisions: P. Romatschke

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Hydrodynamics and Heavy-Ion Collisions: P. Romatschke

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Viscous Hydrodynamics Theory

Hydrodynamics for Heavy-Ion Collisions

contains rst, second, . . . spatial gradients

Re nite, can get laminar ow

with new parameter

(=second order transport coefcient)

(e.g. Kharzeev, Tuchin 07)

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