Geometry, Quarter 1, Unit 1.

Geometric Congruence
Overview Number of instructional days: Content to be learned
Prove geometric theorems regarding angles and lines. Prove geometric theorems regarding triangles. Prove geometric theorems regarding parallelograms.

12

(1 day = 45 minutes)

Mathematical practices to be integrated

Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Apply definitions, axioms, and properties to prove theorems. Quantitatively solve for angle measurements, segment lengths, and algebraic expressions.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Make conjectures and justify conclusions. Analyze the arguments developed by others.

Attend to precision. Prove geometric theorems by focusing on logical reasoning while using a variety of ways of writing proofs.

Essential questions
What is the process for proving a geometric theorem? What is the relationship between the properties of lines, angles, triangles, and parallelograms?

Warwick Public Schools, in collaboration with the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin

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Geometry, Quarter 1, Unit 1.3 2011-2012

Geometric Congruence (12 days)

Written Curriculum Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content

Geometry
Congruence G-CO

Prove geometric theorems [Focus on validity of underlying reasoning while using variety of ways of writing proofs] G-CO.9 Prove theorems about lines and angles. Theorems include: vertical angles are congruent; when a transversal crosses parallel lines, alternate interior angles are congruent and corresponding angles are congruent; points on a perpendicular bisector of a line segment are exactly those equidistant from the segments endpoints.

G-CO.10 Prove theorems about triangles. Theorems include: measures of interior angles of a triangle sum to 180; base angles of isosceles triangles are congruent; the segment joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half the length; the medians of a triangle meet at a point. G-CO.11 Prove theorems about parallelograms. Theorems include: opposite sides are congruent, opposite angles are congruent, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, and conversely, rectangles are parallelograms with congruent diagonals.

Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Practice

2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problem situations. They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability to decontextualizeto abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically and manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarily attending to their referents and the ability to contextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of operations and objects. 3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a logical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking them into cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify their conclusions, communicate them to others, and respond to the arguments of others. They reason inductively about data, making plausible arguments that take into account the context from which the data arose. Mathematically proficient students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two plausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed, andif there is a flaw in an argumentexplain what it is. Elementary students can construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings,
C-10 Warwick Public Schools, in collaboration with the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin

Geometric Congruence (12 days)

Geometry, Quarter 1, Unit 1.3 2011-2012

diagrams, and actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, even though they are not generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learn to determine domains to which an argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read the arguments of others, decide whether they make sense, and ask useful questions to clarify or improve the arguments. 6 Attend to precision.

Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others. They try to use clear definitions in discussion with others and in their own reasoning. They state the meaning of the symbols they choose, including using the equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are careful about specifying units of measure, and labeling axes to clarify the correspondence with quantities in a problem. They calculate accurately and efficiently, express numerical answers with a degree of precision appropriate for the problem context. In the elementary grades, students give carefully formulated explanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they have learned to examine claims and make explicit use of definitions.

Clarifying the Standards

Prior Learning In grade 6, students built on their work with area in elementary school by reasoning about relationships among shapes to determine area, surface area, and volume. They found areas of right triangles, other triangles, and special quadrilaterals by decomposing these shapes, rearranging or removing pieces, and relating the shapes to rectangles. Using these methods, students discussed, developed, and justified formulas for areas of triangles and parallelograms. They reasoned about right rectangular prisms with fractional side lengths to extend formulas for the volume of a right rectangular prism to fractional side lengths. In grade 7, students learned about angle measures, protractors, and described two-dimensional figures. Students solved problems involving the area and circumference of a circle and surface area of threedimensional objects. They reasoned about relationships among two-dimensional figures using scale drawings and informal geometric constructions, and they gained familiarity with the relationships among angles formed by intersecting lines. In grade 8, students have learned about angles with the same measure, line segments, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, and properties of rotations, reflections, and translations. Students used ideas about distance and angles, how they behave under translations, rotations, reflections, and dilations, and ideas about congruence and similarity to describe and analyze two-dimensional figures and to solve problems. Students showed that the sum of the angles in a triangle is the angle formed by a straight line, and that various configurations of lines give rise to similar triangles because of the angles created when a transversal cuts parallel lines. Current Learning Students prove theorems about lines, angles, triangles, and parallelograms. Future Learning Students will be able to construct mathematical arguments when thinking abstractly and logically about geometric figures. Students will use this knowledge in engineering, artwork, education, and computer science applications.

Warwick Public Schools, in collaboration with the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin

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Geometry, Quarter 1, Unit 1.3 2011-2012

Geometric Congruence (12 days)

Additional Finding
A Research Companion to School Mathematics indicates that students build networks of relations between shape categories. The intuitive foundation of proof begins with a pupils statement that the belief of the truth or some assertion is connected with the truth in other assertions. Logic is created by analyzing and abstracting these laws (p. 168). The book also states that if instruction does not develop students geometric thinking to level 2 or higher, students may only memorize and fail to understand the purpose of proof (p. 168).

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Warwick Public Schools, in collaboration with the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin