LV04 - Vehicle Construction - Issue 1

kap all covers
6/9/03
9:48 am
Page 7
Student Workbook
LV04 Vehicle Construction (1)
LV04/SWB
Student Workbook for Technical Certificates in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair
MODULE LV04 VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION
Contents
Page
Materials Used in Vehicle Construction: Main categories of materials used in automotive construction Metals Ferrous metals High strength steel plate Cast iron Nonferrous metals Copper Tin Lead Aluminium Other materials (non-metallic) Plastics Rubber Totally tempered glass Partly tempered glass Laminated glass Kevlar Progress check 1 Component Identification: Exercise 1 Spoilers and air dams Sub frames Roof panel Scuttle plate Side structure Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Panel fixing Locking and securing devices 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 Hinges Door lock mechanism Weather seals Progress check 2 Vehicle Chassis Types: Chassis construction Self supporting frame Partly supporting frame (sub-frame) Platform chassis Backbone chassis Composite body Ladder frame Monocoque body Space frame Progress check 3 Chassis Construction Subassemblies: Box section Tubular section (space frame) C shaped channel Load bearing points Progress check 4 Vehicle Safety Construction Features: Passive systems Crumple zones Side impact SRS airbag (Cont.) 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31
Page
32 32 33 33 34 35
36 36 36 37 38
-1Copyright Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue 1
Page
Seat belt pre-tensioners Energy absorbing steering column Active systems ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) VSC (Vehicle Stability Control) Progress check 5 Body Deformation and the Ripple Effect: Benefits of safety systems Regulations Progress check 6 38 39 40 40 40 41
42 43 43 44
Materials Used in Vehicle Construction

Main categories of materials used in automotive construction
The modern motor vehicle uses a vast array of differing materials in its construction, each material adding to the vehicles strength, reliability, resistance to corrosion and low noise vibration and harshness (NVH). Manufacturers of motor vehicles now have to consider the impact that the use of such materials will have on the environment.
Metals Metals form the major make up of a vehicles construction. The properties that metals possess lend themselves particularly well to use as a constructive material for vehicles. Metals have the following properties: ductility can be drawn into wire malleability can be rolled and hammered into sheets and foil large specific gravity (dense) high in electrical and thermal conductivity.
It should be noted that mercury is a metal but possesses few of the above properties.
Ferrous metals A ferrous metal is one that is derived from iron. Iron is seldom used in its pure form, as it possesses poor strength and durability (its quite brittle). To improve its characteristics, iron is often mixed with carbon. The amount of carbon that is used has a huge effect on the material. If we use between 0.035% and 2% carbon, we have just produced steel. If we use between 2% and 6.67% we have just produced cast iron. Carbon steel is used for body panels and some suspension components on motor vehicles.
High strength steel plate High strength steel plate can be created by mixing carbon steel with other materials, or through special heat-treating processes. Mixing in silicon, manganese, phosphorous, titanium, vanadium or chromium can vastly increase the strength of the steel and allow a manufacturer to reduce the thickness of the material for a given required strength. This reduces cost and saves weight, improving performance all-round. Heating steel to specific temperatures and then cooling them rapidly (known as quenching) can also achieve considerable changes in steels properties.
Cast iron Cast iron (iron containing 2% carbon or more) is often used for engine components and is hot cast into moulds as a liquid. Cast iron has good wear characteristics but is brittle.
Non-ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals are metals that contain no iron. Some examples that are used in the construction of vehicles are: Copper Copper has very high electrical and thermal conductivity properties. Copper is used in the electrical harnesses and cooling systems pipe work on vehicles.
Tin Tin is used to a limited degree in vehicle construction, as it is prone to corrosion. It is alloyed with lead to produce solder that is used in the joining of electrical circuits on vehicles. An interesting fact is that solder has a lower melting point than both of its constituent alloy materials (lead and tin).
Lead Lead is used in the construction of vehicle batteries and is also used in the alloyed metal of crank shaft bearings.
Aluminium
Aluminium, as well as being the most abundant metal (and therefore cheap) is extremely light and has good electrical conductivity. It is used extensively on vehicles often making up large proportions of engine components and even body panels and structural members. As can be seen from the table above, aluminium can be alloyed with many different materials to give it specific characteristics.
Other materials (non-metallic) Non-metallic materials are used in abundance on modern motor vehicles. They fall into two main categories organic (natural) and inorganic. Organic materials would include leather (seat covers etc.) and plastics (derived from oil) and inorganic would include glass.
Plastics
A selection of plastics that are regularly used in the construction of motor vehicles are shown above. Plastics are classified as either thermoplastics or thermosetting plastics. A thermoplastic is one that becomes pliable again when reheated, a thermosetting plastic, once initially set, cannot be reheated (they burn rather than melt). Be aware that ECU casings are often made of ABS and this can be misleading if you are trying to identify the ABS ECU (Anti-lock Braking System) as ABS is often stamped on these assemblies to identify the material not the function!
Rubber Rubber can be either natural or synthetic (man made). Natural rubber is made from the sap of a rubber tree. In its natural state it is of little use, but once vulcanised heated with sulphur it takes on elastic properties (the ability to readopt original shape once a deflecting force is removed). Synthetic rubber is an elastic polymer and tends to be far more suited to vehicle applications. Chemical engineers can change its structure to ensure compatibility with highly aggressive oils such as brake fluid.
Totally tempered glass
Totally tempered glass is heat-treated in accordance with the diagram above. When you heat a given material you change its molecular structure physically. Most materials if allowed to cool slowly will readopt their original molecular condition but if you quench that material (rapidly cool it) it will stick in that changed state. This is often a highly stressed state. Glass is no exception. Totally tempered glass is cooled rapidly at the end of the process to retain strength-orientated characteristics. Quenching rapidly makes the glass around four times more shock resistant than conventional glass. However, if it does break it often shatters catastrophically because of the quenching stresses within it depriving the driver of any forward vision. For this reason it is seldom used for front screens.
Partly tempered glass
Glass that is partly tempered receives limited quenching to the middle area. This process ensures that if breakage occurs the glass that has only been partly tempered breaks into very large pieces Therefore a limited amount of frontal vision is retained.
Laminated glass
To laminate means to layer. Laminated glass is two thin sheets of glass bonded together with a transparent resin film. As a safety glass it has huge benefits. The resin layer prevents the glass shards from falling into the vehicle when the screen breaks. It is highly resistant to penetration and frontal view is maintained upon breakage.
Kevlar Kevlar is a manmade organic fibre introduced in the early 1970s. It combines high tensile strength with low weight and has high chemical resistance. It is tough, with high cut resistance and is also flame proof and self-extinguishing. Typical applications: bullet proof vests helmets Formula 1 racing car bodies aircraft bodies brake pads and clutch linings tyres gaskets transmission belts hoses data transmission cables vehicle body panels.
Progress check 1
Answer the following questions:
1.
What are the minimum and maximum carbon content values for iron to be classed as steel?
2.
In the context of plastics, what does ABS stand for?
3.
What does synthetic mean?
4.
List five applications for Kelvar on a motor vehicle
5.
What does the term laminated refer to when used in conjunction with vehicle windscreens?
- 10 Copyright Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue 1
Component Identification
Doors, bonnet and boot lid
It is important to understand that all component parts that go up to make a vehicles body have specific names. However, different countries often use different names. Typical! A wing can also be a fender; a doorsill a rocker cover, a bonnet could be referred to as a hood. Today's vehicles evolved from early forms of transport and as such retain a certain amount of the terminology from these periods. For example, a list rail is a term used to describe a supporting piece stretching from one side of a structure to the other (such as the boat lists to port or starboard). A term derived from our naval heritage. A cant rail is a name given to a strengthening structure running from front to rear. A flitch plate is a strengthening plate inside a beam.
Exercise 1
Label the key components on the diagram below:
Spoilers and air dams
The front air dam and rear spoiler help to stabilise the vehicle and give better fuel economy through improved airflow over the body. Some spoilers can actually create a positive pressure above the assembly, resulting in considerable down force and vastly improved performance all round. However, this is most unusual for a road car at best the spoiler reduces lift at high speed, at worst there are no benefits whatsoever rather than the enhancement of appeal to some drivers!
Sub-frames
A sub-frame is often used to mount the major assemblies on a vehicle equipped with a monocoque type chassis configuration.
Roof panel
The roof panel is a major structural member, experiencing considerable compressive forces. If the vehicle has a factory fitted sunroof, the roof panel is often strengthened to accommodate the loss of strength that this item would create.
Scuttle plate
The scuttle plate used to form part of the integral structural strength of a vehicles chassis, but designs have altered considerably over the last few years and the importance of the scuttle has diminished. It is now more often a trim panel or at most a mounting for the wiper linkage.
Side structure
The side of the vehicle generates a good deal of the structural integrity of a vehicles chassis. The major components that go to make up the structure can be seen in the figure above.
Exercise 2
Working directly on the picture below, assign the correct letters to the component names in the list below: chassis leg boot floor boot floor side extension.
Exercise 3
Complete the list of component names working directly from the diagram ( 2 have been done for you)
A B C D E F G Front door H I J K Front wing L M N
Panel fixing Many different methods are employed to fix panels to a vehicles chassis. Below are a few examples: bolt speed clip and speed bolt hinge, bolted hinge, pinned locks weather seals fasteners welding.
Locking and securing devices
Bolt
Screw
Hex screw
Coach bolt Countersunk screw
Self tapping
There are many different types of locking device available, some of which are pictured here. They are all designed with one primary task in mind holding components together, either permanently or temporarily. A common misconception is that a screw has a sharp point and is designed to cut its own thread. This is not correct in engineering terms. A screw is almost identical to a bolt with the exception that it is threaded all the way to the bottom of the head and is seldom used in conjunction with a nut (it screws into threaded components). A bolt has a thread-less shank. Only self-tapping screws (cut their own thread) have sharp points! Hexagon head bolts and screws are used far less frequently now than was the case only a few years ago. You are far more likely to come across multispline types and Torx types where a securing device needs to be accommodated in a tight space (with hexagon head devices, space needs to be left around the head to accommodate a socket for the fitting and removal). Tight spaces are now commonplace on light vehicles as manufacturers strive for every gram of weight saving and every centimetre of extra occupancy space.
When ordering a bolt (standard design) from the parts department, they will want to know the following information if the device you want is not specific to task: overall length diameter thread pitch strength rating.
A typical specification could be: 75mm long, M8 coarse thread, strength rating 8.
This would give you a bolt that is 75mm in length from its threaded end to the underneath of the head, an 8 mm thread diameter with a thread pitch of 1.5mm with a strength rating that would see it safe up to a torque of 13Nm.
Nut
Flanged nut
Nylock nut
Castellated nut
Wing nut
Shear nut
Nuts are also available in several different types. When ordering you must ensure that you ask for a nut that has the same thread as the bolt to which it is to be fitted this means both thread diameter and thread pitch. Do you want metric fine (1.25mm pitch) or metric coarse (1.5mm pitch)? Some specialist nuts can be seen above. The flanged nut is designed to spread the compression load a little onto the component surface. The Nylock nut (trade name) is designed to grip the bolt thread through means of friction, generated by the bolts thread cutting through the nylon collar at the top of the nut. It should be noted that these nuts should never be reused. Castellated nuts are designed to be used in conjunction with split pins, and wing nuts are used where regular and easy removal is required (seldom used on modern vehicles). Shear nuts are often the choice where security is an issue such as with vehicle immobiliser equipment.
Flat washer
Penny washer
Spring washer
Washers are used to spread load and often to reduce the possibility of the bolt shaking loose through vibration.
There are now many different types of chemical compounds available to do anything from locking a thread to prevent vibration loosening, to sealing joints and even temporarily sealing radiators, tyres and cylinder blocks! Always read the instructions thoroughly before use and if you are unsure of the health and safety risks, always refer to the COSHH data sheet for that specific product. Some panels are bonded into place and others (like rear masking panels) can be riveted. Masking panels are found under the rear light units and sit on top of rear bumper. Not all parts, like front wings are bolted into place they are also welded. Trims are held in place with plastic clips or screws. Mouldings that go down the side of vehicles can be held with plastic clips or double sided tape. MIG Welder Spot Welder
````````` A spot welder is generally used but where space or access is limited or for welding panels such as chassis legs that need a seam weld a MIG welder is preferred.
Riveting: This kind of panel fixing is used on some steel vehicles but only a small amount. It is used on a larger scale on aluminium vehicles to fix panels together. Bonding of panels is also used on aluminium vehicles and composite cars and will be used to a greater extent in vehicle production in the future.
Hinges
Hinges are often bolted or pinned to the vehicles chassis. Pins are passed through a locating hole in the hinge, the hinge itself being welded to the body. The hinge is in two parts - upper and lower; on the door there is one locating hinge that fixes to the hinge on the body. The pin is then inserted into the hole going through all three parts of the hinge thus fixing the door to vehicle.
Door lock mechanism
Door lock mechanisms differ greatly in design between manufacturers, but a typical layout can be seen here. The hook (mounted on the door) when engaged with the striker (on the B post) secures the door in the closed position. The hook is rotated out of engagement with the striker, through movement of the ratchet mechanism, via the door handle.
Weather seals
Weather seals are used in a variety of places on a vehicle - in door shuts, sun roofs, door frames and scuttle cowls to name but a few. Many different cross-sectional shapes are available to realise good sealing properties across the broad range of applications.
Progress check 2
1.
What do other countries sometimes call a bonnet?
2.
What is the fixing device pictured called?
3.
What is the purpose of a spoiler?
4.
If a vehicle is leaking water from around the windscreen what is the most likely component that to have failed?
Vehicle Chassis Types

Vehicles have evolved from their early forms to those we have today; a multitude of differing body styles and construction techniques are employed in building them. Label the following body styles with the correct name:
Chassis construction Many different types of chassis construction methods have developed over the years. Whichever type is used, it is important that the structure provides a good deal of stiffness (to prevent handling anomalies) and general strength. It must also minimally intrude on occupancy space and be a cost effective method under mass production conditions. Safety in the event of a collision is also of primary importance, and increasingly, we are seeing emphasis placed on the ability to recycle the materials used in construction when the vehicle reaches the end of its useable life. A manufacturer will take these factors into account when considering their choice of chassis construction method for a given model, and will often choose a method that lends itself most favourably to the type of vehicle they are looking to build. For example, if the model were aimed at large volume sales, cost effective production suitability would be of primary importance and perhaps chassis stiffness less so.
Self supporting frame
This type of chassis is used on 4 wheel vehicles like Toyota Land Cruisers, Land Rovers and other off road vehicles. The body is mounted to the chassis on rubber bushes and the two bolted together.
Partly supporting frame (sub-frame)
This kind of frame was used on Minis and on older Renault models. It is also often referred to as a sub-frame. It is mounted on to the body and the engine and suspension are fixed to the sub frame. On some vehicles there are front and rear sub-frames.
Platform chassis
Volkswagen, Citroen and Renault used this method. The floor pan has the mechanical parts attached to it and the engine, transmission, steering mechanism and suspension is bolted to the platform.
Backbone chassis
This type of frame acts as a skeletal spine and is shaped like a single tunnel. The body is bolted directly to this spine.
Composite body
A composite designed vehicle is a chassis with a fibreglass or carbon fibre body that is secured to the chassis frame. Carbon fibre is very strong and extremely light weight.
Ladder frame
The ladder frame is made of two parallel side members that are joined by a number of cross members. It is commonly used on load carrying vehicles and light commercials.
Monocoque body
The monocoque body is a design concept that traces its origins to aircraft. The body is light yet has enough strength to withstand bends and twists due to its integrated construction. It is constructed with a combination of thin steel panels pressed into various shapes and spot welded together. Due to the combination of various panels pressed into complex shapes, once damaged the monocoque body requires extra time to repair.
Space frame
A skeletal structure formed from sections of steel pipe. It is very costly to produce and therefore rarely used.
Progress check 3
1.
What is the difference between a self-supporting frame and a monocoque chassis construction?
2.
Name one advantage of carbon composite chassis construction:
3.
Why do certain structural members have to be strengthened on a cabriolet-bodied vehicle?
4.
What is the most common type of chassis used on commercial vehicles?
5.
List two advantages of monocque construction:
Chassis Construction Sub-Assemblies

We have seen that there are numerous different chassis construction arrangements from which manufacturers can choose. Most of these methods employ the use of pre-fabricated sub-assemblies. These can consist of the following: box section tubular section channel.
Box section
The box section is made up of two C shaped channels combined. These are off-centred vertically and laterally and welded together to form the box section. This section has very high levels of stiffness but does tend to be relatively heavy. 4 wheel drive vehicles favour this design due to the expected rigours of off-road driving and the flex that this creates in chassis members.
Tubular section (space frame)
Constructed of steel pipe welded together to form a skeleton. As the chassis and body are constructed of steel pipe it is not exactly an independent type frame. Racing cars often use this type of construction.
C shaped channel
This is used on ladder frame chassis arrangements found on light and heavy commercial vehicles. Its properties include good stiffness and low cost. The open channel section also provides extra space for the mounting of components.
Load bearing points
Areas marked in grey are some of the areas on a monocoque body that are load bearing members and load bearing points. These areas provide the majority of the overall strength of the chassis in respect of driving, braking and cornering forces and also during accidents.
Progress check 4
1.
Name one load bearing point on a monocoque chassis:
2.
What type of vehicle often uses a ladder frame chassis construction?
3.
How is a list rail positioned on a chassis?
Vehicle Safety Construction Features

Modern vehicles have many safety features built in from the design stage. Some of these systems and features are more visible than others (such as airbags) and some less so - such as collapsible steering columns and crumple zones. All vehicle safety features and systems are classified as either passive or active. A passive safety system is one that acts to limit injury during an accident. An active safety system is one that acts to prevent the accident from happening in the first place.
Passive systems The following are examples of passive vehicle safety systems: crumple zones side impact protection air bagsair bags pre-tensioned seat belts energy absorbing steering column.
Crumple zones
These are pre-deformed sections in the chassis legs and body that allow the front and rear of a vehicle to collapse but to retain the integrity of the passenger compartment to reduce injury to the driver and passengers.
A chassis leg with pre-deformed sections absorbs the impact, absorbing the transmitted energy and reducing further damage to the vehicle in minor impacts. Flitch panels are often drilled to help it to crumple during impact. The holes allow the panel to give, releasing the energy created by the impact.
Side impact protection
Side impact bars in the doors and strengthened B posts and sills along with centre cross members protect the driver and passengers when the side of the vehicle suffers an impact. Front and rear bumpers are made for the most part of polypropylene plastic (which provides superior resistance) with a steel or aluminium impact bar behind. This provides protection at low impact speed.
SRS Airbag
SRS (Supplementary Restraint System) air bags are now commonplace. Airbags are now positioned to protect the driver and passengers in the event of impact from virtually any direction with the exception of rear end shunts (where the head restraint is of primary importance). Drivers airbags are housed within the steering wheel pad, passenger airbags within the dashboard, curtain shield airbags in the roof runner trim and side airbags in the seat back. Some manufacturers are now fitting airbags to protect the drivers knees and also airbags that deploy across the front screen. Rollover protection airbags can now be found under roof linings on high specification vehicles. Airbags are explosive devices and can cause serious injury if dealt with incorrectly. Technicians must not work on such systems unless trained to do so.
Seat belt pre-tensioners
Seat belt pre-tensioners work in conjunction with frontal protection airbags. Upon deployment of the front airbags, explosive charges remove any slack from the seat belt preventing the occupant from adopting a position dangerously close to the deploying airbag. The importance of wearing seatbelts in a vehicle equipped with airbags cannot be over stressed. Without this restraining mechanism, airbags can indeed be lethal. Hence the term SRS Supplementary Restraint System.
Energy absorbing steering column
In heavy frontal impacts, the steering column can cause considerable injury to a driver thrown forwards in their seat. To reduce this likelihood, steering columns are now designed to collapse in a controlled fashion therefore absorbing the energy of this impact. The diagram above shows the mechanism at the heart of this system. The inner steering column is fabricated in two parts mounted concentrically and pinned together. These pins are designed to shear in the event of sufficient axial force. In addition to this, the steering column outer is mounted to the bulkhead by a bending bracket. As the name suggests, this bracket bends to aid energy absorption. It should be noted that this system is surprisingly vulnerable to damage during stripping activities if the correct tools are not used. Worst-case scenario the pins are weakened during removal and refit and they shear during high speed cornering. Always use the correct tools!
Active systems The following are examples of active safety systems: ABS VSC / ESP / DSC collision prevention systems.
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) ABS is designed to prevent wheel lock up during emergency braking. A vehicle decelerates less efficiently with locked wheels and directional stability is completely lost. The ability to steer around obstructions during emergency braking can help prevent collision.
VSC (Vehicle Stability Control)
Vehicle stability control is a system that reduces the tendency of a vehicle to understeer or oversteer during high speed cornering. This can help prevent a potentially dangerous vehicle attitude that the driver finds difficult to recover from. Manufacturers use different terms for this system and the following are typical: ESP - Electronic Stability Programme DSC Dynamic Stability Control.
Progress check 5
1.
Name two types of active safety systems:
2.
Name two types of passive safety systems:
What does a seat belt pre-tensioner do?
Body Deformation and the Ripple Effect
It is advantageous for a vehicles chassis to deform during impact as this process absorbs the energy of the impact. Major injury results from a high rate of speed change during the impact. If this process can be slowed, survival chances will increase. Deformation of the chassis slows this rate considerably. The drawback of this process (albeit a minor one when considered in context) is that a relatively minor impact can create considerable damage through what is known as the ripple effect. A minor frontal collision can result in damage being sustained towards the rear of the vehicle also. This can make repairs very costly.
Secondary damage can also add to repair costs. The picture above shows a potential source of such damage.
Benefits of safety systems The design and production of crumple zones or passive and active safety measures over the last few years have meant that even after heavy impacts car drivers and passengers are receiving less serious injuries due to vehicle accidents. In the case of strong impacts from the front, air bags deploy rapidly in order to reduce the possibility of the head and upper torso colliding directly with the steering wheel or instrument panel. Seat belt restraining time is quicker to improve initial restraining performance and the force limiter in the seat belt absorbs the energy and reduces the load on the torso. The crumple zones absorb the impact front and rear on the vehicle body, minimizing injury to occupants from the engine compartment or boot area. Safety glass lessens the chance of serious cuts and facial injury from the windscreen and side glass. Side impact bars and side air bags protect occupants from serious injury when involved in impacts from the off side or near side of the vehicle. All of these safety measures have led to fewer fatalities and less serious injuries due to car collisions.
Regulations The EU and the Department for Transport (DfT) govern regulations on design and construction of motor vehicles. These departments ensure that motor manufacturers comply with all safety legislation and that vehicles are crash tested and components tested to their limits. Approved centres such as Motor Insurance Repair and Research Association (MIRRC) at Thatcham are supported and approved by the Government and the motor industry to ensure that all vehicles comply with the regulations relating to the construction, design and safety of motor vehicles.
Progress check 6
1.
Name one application of aluminium in a vehicles construction:
2.
Is Kevlar natural or synthetic?
3.
Where is a flitch plate located on a vehicle?
4.
What is Ripple Effect?
5.
What is Crumple Zone?

LV04 - Vehicle Construction - Issue 1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

LV04 - Vehicle Construction - Issue 1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

kap all covers

LV04 Vehicle Construction (1)

MODULE LV04 VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION

Materials Used in Vehicle Construction

Totally tempered glass

Partly tempered glass

In the context of plastics, what does ABS stand for?

What does synthetic mean?

List five applications for Kelvar on a motor vehicle

Doors, bonnet and boot lid

Spoilers and air dams

A B C D E F G Front door H I J K Front wing L M N

Locking and securing devices

Coach bolt Countersunk screw

Door lock mechanism

What do other countries sometimes call a bonnet?

What is the fixing device pictured called?

What is the purpose of a spoiler?

Vehicle Chassis Types

Self supporting frame

Partly supporting frame (sub-frame)

Name one advantage of carbon composite chassis construction:

Why do certain structural members have to be strengthened on a cabriolet-bodied vehicle?

What is the most common type of chassis used on commercial vehicles?

List two advantages of monocque construction:

Chassis Construction Sub-Assemblies

Tubular section (space frame)

Load bearing points

Name one load bearing point on a monocoque chassis:

What type of vehicle often uses a ladder frame chassis construction?

How is a list rail positioned on a chassis?

Vehicle Safety Construction Features

Side impact protection

Seat belt pre-tensioners

Energy absorbing steering column

VSC (Vehicle Stability Control)

Name two types of active safety systems:

Name two types of passive safety systems:

What does a seat belt pre-tensioner do?

Body Deformation and the Ripple Effect

Name one application of aluminium in a vehicles construction:

Is Kevlar natural or synthetic?

Where is a flitch plate located on a vehicle?

What is Ripple Effect?

What is Crumple Zone?

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi