Prof.

Luis Federico Btiz

SNP

Nervous structures outside the brain and spinal cord Nerves allow the CNS to receive information and take action Functional components of the PNS

Sensory inputs and motor outputs

Categorized as somatic or visceral

Sensory inputs also classified as general or special

Functional Organization of the PNS

Basic Structural Components of the PNS

Sensory receptors pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body Motor endings axon terminals of motor neurons

Innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands) Nerves bundles of peripheral axons Ganglia clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies

Nerves and ganglia

Structural Organization of PNS in Region of a Spinal Nerve

Peripheral endings Afferent: Sensory Receptors Efferent: Motor Somatic / Vegetative

Peripheral Sensory Receptors

Structures that pick up sensory stimuli Initiate signals in sensory axons Two main categories of sensory receptors Special nerve endings of sensory neurons Monitor general sensory information Independent receptor cells specialized epithelial cells or small neurons Monitor most types of special sensory information Sensory receptors also classified according to: Location Type of stimulus detected Structure

Classification by Location

Exteroceptors sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body

Located at or near body surfaces Include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Interoceptors (visceroceptors) receive stimuli from internal viscera

Monitor a variety of stimuli

Proprioceptors monitor degree of stretch

Located in musculoskeletal organs

Classification by Modality

Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces Thermoreceptors respond to temperature changes Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals in solution Photoreceptors respond to light located in the eye Nociceptors respond to harmful stimuli (pain)

Classification by Structure

General sensory receptors

Widely distributed Nerve endings of sensory neurons monitor:

Touch, pressure, vibration, stretch Pain, temperature, proprioception

Divided into two groups

Free nerve endings Encapsulated nerve endings

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Free Nerve Endings

Abundant in epithelia and underlying connective tissue Respond to pain and temperature Two specialized types of free nerve endings

Merkel discs lie in the epidermis

Slowly adapting receptors for light touch

Hair follicle receptors wrap around hair follicles

Rapidly adapting receptors

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unencapsulated Nerve Endings

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Encapsulated Nerve Endings

Consist of one or more end fibers of sensory neurons Enclosed in connective tissue Mechanoreceptors Include four main types

Meissners corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles Ruffinis corpuscles Proprioceptors

Encapsulated Receptors

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Proprioceptors

Monitor stretch in locomotory organs Three types of proprioceptors

Muscle spindles measure the changing length of a muscle Imbedded in the perimysium between muscle fascicles Golgi tendon organs located near the muscle-tendon junction Monitor tension within tendons Joint kinesthetic receptors Sensory nerve endings within the joint capsules

Proprioceptors

Structure of Receptors in Skin

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Somatic efferent: Innervation of Skeletal Muscle

Motor axons innervate skeletal muscles

Neuromuscular junctions (motor end plates)

Similar to synapses between neurons Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Binds with molecules (receptors) on the sarcolemma

Motor axons branch to innervate muscle fibers

The Neuromuscular Junction

Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Vegetative efferent: Innervation of Visceral Muscle / Glands

Simpler than neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle Near the smooth muscle or gland it innervates

Visceral motor axon swells into a row of varicosities Slower than somatic motor reflexes

Visceral motor responses

Innervation of Smooth Muscle

Nerves

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs

Functional components of nerves

General somatic afferent fibers (GSA): transmit exteroceptive and proprioceptive impulses from head and face to somatic sensory nuclei Special somatic afferent fibers (SSA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of vision, equilibrium and hearing to the brain General visceral afferent fibers (GVA): transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to the visceral sensory nuclei Special visceral afferent fibers (SVA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of smell and taste to the brain

General somatic efferent fibers (GSE): innervate skeletal muscles of eye and tongue Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE): transmit motor impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles derived from brachial (gill) arches of embryo. These include the muscles of mastication, facial expression and swallowing General visceral efferent fibers (GVE): transmit motor impulses from the general visceral motor nuclei and relayed in parasympathetic ganglions. The postganglionic fibers supply cardiac musclessmooth muscles and glands

Cranial Nerves

Attach to the brain and pass through foramina of the skull Numbered from IXII Cranial nerves I and II attach to the forebrain

All others attach to the brain stem The vagus nerve (X) extends into the abdomen

Primarily serve head and neck structures

http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/cnerves/cn1/cn1_1.html

The 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves

Classification of cranial nerves

Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers

Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve

Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers

Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Abducent nerve Accessory nerv Hypoglossal nerve

Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers-- Trigeminal nerve, Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve

Sensory cranial nerves

N.

Location of cell body and axon categories Olfactory cells (SVA) Ganglion cells (SSA) Vestibular ganglion(SSA) Cochlear ganglion (SSA)

Cranial exit Cribrifom foramina Optic canal Internal acoustic meatus

Terminal nuclei Olfactory bulb Lateral geniculate body Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei

Main action

Smell Vision

Equilibrium Hearing

CN I: Olfactory Nerves

Sensory nerves of smell

CN II: Optic Nerve

Sensory nerve of vision

Table 14.2

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Sensory nerve of hearing and balance

Table 14.2

Motor cranial nerves

N. Nucleus of origin and axon categories Nucleus of oculomotor (GSE) Cranial exit Superior orbital fissure Main action Motot to superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris Parasympathetic to sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscl Superior orbital fissure Superior orbital fissure Jugular foramen Motor to superior obliquus Motor to lateral rectus Motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Motot to muscles of tongue

Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (GVE) Nucleus of trochlear nerve (GSE) Nucleus of abducent nerve (GSE) Nucleus of accessory nerve (SVE)

Nucleus of hypoglossal Hypoglossal canal nerve( GSE)

Motor cranial nerves

III IV VI

XI XII

CN III: Oculomotor Nerve

Innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles

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Table 14.2

CN IV: Trochlear Nerve

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle

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Table 14.2

CN VI: Abducens Nerve

Abducts the eyeball

Abducent nerve injury

Mixed Nerves

V VII IX X

CN V: Trigeminal Nerve

Provides sensory innervation to the face

Motor innervation to chewing muscles

CN VII: Facial Nerve

Innervates muscles of facial expression Sensory innervation of face Taste

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Sensory and motor innervation of structures of the tongue and pharynx Taste

CN X: Vagus Nerve

A mixed sensory and motor nerve Main parasympathetic nerve

Wanders into thorax and abdomen

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs contain thousands of nerve fibers Connect to the spinal cord Named for point of issue from the spinal cord 8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8) 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12) 5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5) 5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5) 1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)

Spinal Nerves

Connect to the spinal cord by the dorsal root and ventral root Dorsal root contains sensory fibers Cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

Ventral root contains motor fibers arising from anterior gray column (cell bodies in gray matter of spinal cord no ganglia)

Spinal Nerves

Branch into dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

Both contain sensory and motor fibers

Rami communicantes connect to the base of the ventral ramus Lead to the sympathetic chain ganglia (gray and white ramus)

Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes

Dermatome an area of skin

Innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

Upper limb skin is supplied by nerves of the brachial plexus Lower limb

Lumbar nerves anterior surface Sacral nerves posterior surface

Map of Dermatomes

Spinal nerve pathways

Cervical plexus

Formed by ventral rami of C1C4 Innervates skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders Phrenic nerve Major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm (receives fibers from C3C5)

Brachial plexus

Formed by ventral rami of

C5C8 and T1 (and often C4 and T2) It gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb Major branches of this plexus: Rootsfive ventral rami (C5T1) Trunksupper, middle, and lower Divisionsanterior and posterior Cordslateral, medial, and posterior
Roots (ventral rami): C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 Upper Middle Lower Long thoracic Medial pectoral Lateral pectoral Upper subscapular Lower subscapular Thoracodorsal Medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm Trunks

Dorsal scapular Nerve to subclavius Suprascapular Posterior divisions Lateral Cords Posterior Medial Axillary Musculocutaneous Radial Median Ulnar (a) Roots (rami C5 T1), trunks, divisions, and cords

Anterior divisions

Posterior divisions

Trunks

Roots

Lumbar plexus

Arises from L1L4 Innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle Femoral nerveinnervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg Obturator nervepasses through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles

Sacral plexus

Arises from L4S4 Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum Sciatic nerve Longest and thickest nerve of the body Innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot Composed of two nerves: tibial and common fibular

Disorders of the PNS: Shingles

Herpes zoster

Viral infection Stems from childhood chicken pox Often brought on by stress Mostly experienced by those over 50

Disorders of the PNS: Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis

Progressive weakening of the skeletal muscles An autoimmune disorder Antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors

Ptosis due to weakness of eyelid muscles

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