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FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Wdshingto.nr D. C. 20546

WC) 3-6926 TEAS' WO 3-6928

IMMEDIATE FOR RELEASE: July 3, 1969

SPECIAL

NOTE TO EDITORS:

This is one of four packages of^special features detailing the activities of Apollo 11.

t, x

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546

WO 3-6926 TELL . WO 3-6928

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

SPECIAL

July 3, 1969

MOON TOOLS

When Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., mention MESA as they go about their chores during man's first visit to the Moon's surface they will not be talking about a table-like selenological formation. They will be refer.-ring to a pallet located on their lunar-landing spacecraft This Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) is located to the left of the ladder on
which the Moon-exploring astronauts descend to the s urface.

On the MESA will be carried fresh batteries and lithium hydroxide canisters for their life-support back-packs, a television camera which will transmit live pictures from the
5

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Moon to Earth, tools for gathering samples of the Moon and

containers for returning these samples to Earth

i

more

7/2/69

-2Appropriately enough, the MESA also contains a folding table on which the sample containers are placed for loading by the astronauts. The tools include a hammer which will be used to drive a core-sampling tool into the lunar surface and scoop and tongs, each with an extension handle, for collecting soil and rock

samples.
An equipment transfer bag, which looks like a laundry bag, also will be on the MESA to offer a handy place for the astronauts to place tools while they are not being used. The bag hangs on the edge of the table portion of the MESA. The sample containers look like a fisherman's tackle box. They have seals to preserve the vacuum in which the samples are collected. One container will carry about 20 pounds of a bulk sample,..lunar material scooped into.a large bag. The second box will contain the 15 or so small bags of documented lunar.samples-and the core sample. Material in the second box will weigh about 30 pounds.

-end-

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FEATURE

NAMNAI AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION' Washington, D. C. 20546

WO 3-6926 TE CS WO 3-6928

IMMEDIATE FOR RELEASE: July 3, 1969 SPECIAL

APOLLO 11 ASTRONAUTS ARE ALL EXPERIENCED

Three veteran astronauts, all experienced at the critical maneuvers of rendezvous and docking two vehicles in space, will fly Apollo 11 in America's attempt to land men on the Moon. All are also former jet test pilots, with a total of nearly 12,000 manhours flying time.

Spacecraft Commander Neil A. Armstrong,

commanded Gemini

scheduled to be

the first Earth man to set foot on another celestial body.,

when it made history' s first space dock-

ing in March 1966, joining nose-to- nose with an unmanned Agena target vehicle When an electrical short circuit caused a thruster
to malfunction, Armstrong and his crewmate, David Scott,

demonstrated exceptional piloting skill in overcoming t}io problem and bringing their
splashdown.

spacecraft to a safe

emergency

^i ;I
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7/2/69

T^1

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-2Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., who will

descend to the Moon's surface with Armstrong, set a record of 5 1/2 hours of extravehicular activity (EVA) as pilot--No. 2 man--of Gemini 12 in November 1966. While outside the spacecraft, he attached a tether to the Agena, retrieved a micrometeorite detector, and evaluated the use of special body restraits as aids to working in weightlessness. That 94 1/2-hour flight, with James Lovell as Commander, included rendezvous and docking with a previously launched Agena, using backup onboard computations for the first time because of a radar failure. Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11, Michael Collins, who will-remain-in Lunar orbit while Armstrong and Aldrin descend to the surface and return, was pilot of Gemini 10 in performing complex rendezvous and docking maneuvers

in

July

1966.
Collins and Command Pilot John Young docked with
a separately launched Agena and, using its engine, maneuvered into another orbit for rendezvous with a second, passive Agena. Also using the Agena engine, they propelled the docked space, craft to an altitude of 475 miles, then a record.

more-

3 I a1 r

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In two periods of EVA, Collins worked a total of 92

minutes outside the spacecraft at tasks that included retrieving

a micrometeorite experiment from the passive Agena.

Armstrong, 38-year-old civilian, was born in WaP akoneta, Ohio, and graduated in aeronautical engineering; from Purdue University. He was a naval aviator in the Korean war and flew 78 combat missions. As a NASA aeronautical research pilot before becoming
an astronaut, he flew the X-15 rocket plane to 200,000 feet

and 4,000 miles an hour. He also flight-tested other rocket and jet planes and the unpowered paraglider.
t

Armstrong married Janet Shearon, of Evan: )n, Ill., and has two sons, 12 and 6. His hobbies incli. ,, soaring, for which he holds an expert's gold badges. Collins, also 38, was born in Rome, Italy. After receiving

a bachelor of science degree from the U.S. Military

f
1

Academy, he j oined the Air Force--in which he is now a lieu tenant colonel--and served as an experimental flight test-
officer.

j
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Married to the former Patricia Finnegan, of Boston, he has two daughters, 10 and 7, and a son of 6. For fun he goes-fishing and plays handball morez6

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-4

Aldrin, 39, was born in Montclair, N.J. Iie

hau

bachelor of s cience degree from the U.S. Military Academy and a doctorate in science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where his thesis was on guidance for manned orbital rendezvous. Now an Air Force colonel, he flew 66 combat missions in Korea and later taught aerial gunnery, served at the Air Force Academy, flew jet fighters in Germany, and moved into Air Force spaceflight assignments before becoming a
NASA astronaut,

Aldrin married Joan Archer, of Ho-Ho-Kus, N.J.; they have two sons, 13 and 11, and a daughter of 12.
..,

He likes to

in and scuba dive.

The Apollo 11 crew is closely matched physically as

well as in age and flight experience: are both 5_feet 11 inches; Aldrin, 165 pounds.

Armstrong and Collins And each weighs

5- 10.

-end-

FEATURE
SPECIAL

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546

WO 3-6926 TELS. WO 3-6928

IMMEDIATE FOR RELEASE: July 3, 1969

MOON SUITS

America's first men on the Moon will wear a bulky

snowsuit-like garment and a backpack that make walking and working difficult but protect them agains t hazards unknown on Earth. The Extravehicular Mobility Unit ., as i.t's called, amounts'to a one-man

spacecraft. It provides an atmosphere

cold,

for

breathing and pressurization,

protection against

heat,

a communications link, and meteoroid particles, and solar

radiation. The complete 183-pound outfit will weigh the

equivalent of only 30

1/2 pounds- in the Loon's reduced

gravity. But
joints

in

the lunar vacuum the suit 'tends to retain

its fullest shape, like a

ballon, and resist bending at the

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-2The basic pressure garment consists of a nomex comfort layer ., a , neoprene-coated nylon pressure bladder ,, and a nylon restraint layer. This is topped by a thermal-meteoroid cover consisting of a liner of two layers of neoprene-coated nylon, seven layers of Beta/Kapton laminate, and an outer layer of Teflon-coated Beta fabric. The cover is designed to protect against temperatures from 250 degrees above to 250 degrees below zero Fahrenheit and micrometeorites traveling at speeds up to 64,000 miles an hour. Over a soft communications helmet the astronauts wear a transparent bubble helmet and an extravehicular visor to shield their eyes from the Sun's ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light. Insulated gloves and 33-layer lunar overshoes protect their hands and feet. Under the suit is a cooling garment of knitted nylon spandex with a network of plastic tubing through which water is circulated from a 70-pound backpack called the Portable Life Support System. The backpack also supplies oxygen for up to - P our hours, plus a 30-minute emergency supply, and contains communications and biotelemetry equipment and batteries.

-end4

FEATURE
SPECIAL

NATIONAL AERONAU i ICS AND

SPACE

ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D. C . 20546

iE L^ . WO 3_69?p

NO 3-6926

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

J uly

9, 1969

NOTE TO EDITORS:

This is the second of four packages of ppecial features detailing the activities of Apollo 11.

-end-

7/9/69

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FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546

WO 3-6926 TELS . WO 3-6928

FOR RELEASE' IMMEDIATE

July 9, 1969 SPECIAL

SPLASHDOWN PROCEDURES

When the Apollo 11 astronauts land in the Pacific Ocean following the first manned landing on the Moon they may at first glance think they have landed on the wrong planet. First person to greet them will be a Navy swimmer decked out in a strange looking biological isolation garment (BIG) The

swimmer will pass three more of the strange costumes into the Apollo spacecraft ' for donning by the astronauts The garments are designed to prevent any alien organisms that the. astronauts- may have .picked up on the Moon. Although the

chanced
E

of this happening are considered remote, all precautions are being taken in line with recommendations of an inter-agency committee which has approved NASA plans and procedures to prevent contamination.

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The isolation garments are made of a lightweight cloth fabric

which completely covers the wearer. Built into a hood is a face mask with a plastic visor, air inlet flapper valve and air outlet biological filter. The swimmer's suit is designed to prevent
the inhaling of potentially contaminated air and the astronaut's suit filters the exhaled air of the flight crew. Tests have shown that the astronauts can put on their suits in less than five minutes inside the spacecraft in good sea conditions. The biological garments were developed by the Crew Systems Division at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center. Manned testing was done in various test chambers and at sea under recovery conditions. The garments are made by the B. Wilson Co., Hartford, Conn., under a contract with the Manned Spacecraft Center. Of the 100

garments ordered, three were used as qualification test articles

at the Army Biological Laboratories, Ft. Dietrck, Md., where they were certified for biological containment. After putting on the garments, the crew will leave the Apollo spacecraft and step into a raft containing a liquid decontaminating solution. The solution also will be-applied to the suits
in the raft

end-4

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FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Wasfiington, D. C. 20546

TELS . WO 3-6928

WO 3-6926

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

July 9, 1969
SPECIAL

VISUAL APOLLO 11 SIGHTINGS POSSIBLE

Earth-bound observers may have two opportunities to see the Apollo 11 space vehicle during the first 12 hours of its flight to the Moon. 11he first opportunity is for observers in the South Pacific (wily when the S-TVL thivd ,tage engine fires a second t irrie to inject the ;spacecraft on a path to the Moon. This will occur midway through the second revolution in Earth parking orbit over the Gilbert Islands at 2 hours 44 minutes 1$

seconds after lift-off. The engine's exhaust plume should be easily visible to the eye over a large part of the sky and will
be between 3 and 20 degrees long. Visibility

should last for

several minutes for observers between the Gilbert and the Phoenix Islands,

r,

-2-

The second visibility phase will last up to 10 hours during

hick the spacecraft should be visible through telescopes in the United States, Mexico ., Central and South America, and western
Africa. This phase begins about 25 minutes, after the trarislunar

injection burn, scheduled for 12:16 p.m. EDT July 16 ., when the Apollo 11 crew will separate the command/service module and the lunar module from the S-IVB rocket stage and begin the translunar coasting portion of the flight. For several ho=,, after this separation, the combined command/service and lunar modules, the S-IVB, and the four spacecraft lunar module adapter (SLA) panels may be sighted
u ,'Ang a telescope with a lens diameter, of at lca t three inches. They will, not be visible to the n-'ed eye.

These objectscan be identified by their slew motion relative to the stars and by the bright flashes caused by the rotating SLA panels. The spacecraft and S-IVB will be lo-14th magnitude and For comparison

the SLA panels may be as bright as 8th magnitude.

Polaris is second magnitude.

AW

1 1"li p ; tijnc*: cif' local. vi.sibili ,y for this second pha:,; , and i.ho telescope pointing coordinates, are given below. Without tlr.i data, it will be impossible to find the spacecraft. This data applie s only if the luanch is at the scheduled time, 9:32 a.m. EDT July 16, and the mission proceeds as planned. They will be incorrect if the mission is off nominal. The following chart gives the pointing; data for telescopes. Observers should use the data for the nearest city.

City

Gr eenwich Mean

Time

:ascension

bight

t)eclination
ncgrocs

Hrs.

Min.

New Yorks
Washington, D.C.

1
1
2

20
30
10

10h 31m 15s

10h 33m 35s

8.67
8.41

10

10h 31m 50s

10h
34m 50s

3.68
8.34

Jacksonville
Miami is St. Lou i s

1 2
1

10 20
00

10h 29m 27s 10h 34m 32s

10h 28m 08s

9.31 8.65
9.66
8.95

2
2

10

10h 33m 19 s
lOh 35m 40^

3
2
2

00
20
50

20

10h 38m 17s

10h 36m 02s
10h 38m 02s

f;.0
8.20
7.97

Chicago

Houston Denver
Phoenix
Los

2
3

10
20

10h 34m lls

8.87

10h 38m 33s

8. 28

3
4

20
00

10h 39m, 51s

10h 42m 06s

7.9;2
7.64

3
4

30
30

10h 39m 55s

10h 43m 05s

8.14
7.71

Angeles

00 30
20

10h 41m 44s _;

10h 44m 46s

7.92 7.60
7.29

00

7.5_?.

Sari Francisco

4
5

10h 43m 42s

10h 46m 09s

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r. v,

Ci ty

Greenwich. Mean Time zirs . Min. 40 30 50 30 10 40 40 30 00 30 20 50

Right Ascension

Declination 1)cSrees

Santiago Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro, Lima Mexico City Panama Citv

22 00 21 23 21 22 23 1 2 3 0 1

10h 16in 1ls 10h 26m 04.s 10h 08m 38s 10h 19m 57s 9h 58m 18s 10h llm 41s 10h 20m 39s 10h 29m 16s 10h 32m 58s 10h 38m 20s 10h 23m 55s 10h 30m 43s

15.45 13.28 16.69 14.28 16.90 14.44 13.06 11.36 9.51

8.68

11.14 10.02

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACS 1 r,MINISTQATION

Washington, D. C. 20546

TE LS .

WO 3-6926

WO 3-6928

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

July 9 1
SPECIAL

1969

APOL LO 11 MENU

The Apollo 11 astronauts will carry some 70 items of food for regular meals and snacks as they leave Earth for their historic Moon-landing voyage. For the first time in the United States manned. space flight program spacemen will have a selection of four different classes

-2 Another innovation for the Apollo 11 is the "snack pantry" which will be carried to complement the regular menu of balanced meals. Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., will be able to make pantry-raiding forays without having to break into the regular food packs. Among the snacks aboard will be cheddar cheese spread, various salad spreads, bread, hot dogs, puddings, beverages including coffee (black, with sugar, or with sugar and cream). The items were selected by the individual crew members according to their own tastes. The regular balanced meals also were selected individually by the astronauts. A typical dinner includes beef and potatoes, butterscotch pudding, brownies and grape punch. The freeze -dried rehydratable foods are prepared for eating by inserting water into the plastic bag containers, kneading the bag to mix the ingredients for about three minute sand then squeezing the food into the mouth through a tube at the tope of the bag. Either hot or cold water may be added while the crewmen are in the Apollo command module but only cold water is available for `Armstrong and Aldrin while they are 'in the lunar module. The wet pack food is similar to the tv dinners on sale at grocery stores. No addition of water is necessary and these foods are eaten with a spoon. Since the spacecraft does not have an oven or refrigerator, these foods are eaten at room temperature more_

The spoon-bowl foods are similar to the wet pack food except

that they are contained in plastic bags like the rehydratable

food. No water is added and the ci-ewman can squeeze it into his mouth through a tube or open the bag and eat with a spoot-).

In addition to the food item-O ., the Apollo 11 crew also w.Lll

have chewing gum ., wet cleaning towels ., tooth brushes and edible toothpaste, dental floss and three stainless steel spoons in their food kits.

Their bread supply consists of rye and white.

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-end-

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D. C. 20546

TEL = WO 3-692i

W(; :3 , 6141t,

FOR RELEASE: IMME DIATE

July

10,

1969

SPECIAL

NOTE TO EDITORS

This is the third of four packages of :special features detailing the activities of Apollo 11.

- end-

7/8/69
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+"._4"y#

FEATURE
SPECIAL

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546

TELS . WO 3-6926

WO 3-6928

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

July 10, 1969

MOON WATCH SET

A world-wide watch has been set up for unusual events on the Moon's surfeac through the course of the

Apollo 11 flight and lunar landing next month. More than 200 astronomers on Earth will be scanning for unusual and
unexplained activity. The watch f or . "traslent lunar

phenomena" is being

coordinated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., under a contract with the National Aeronautics and' Space

Administration.

Throughout the eight-day flight, the Center will send reports of unusual events to NASA'.s Mission Control Center, Houston, for careful study and possible verification. by the astronauts. A similar watch was held on the Apollo 8

and 10 circumlunar flie ts,- although no phenomena were reported.

-moren -

7/8/69

+4

-2Observers have reported strange events on the Moon for several hundred years, although

nothing has been verified.

Most often reported were flashing lights, spots of color

and gaseous clouds -- activities which could indicate the presence of energy in a Moon that is otherwide believed to
be "dead." The Smithsonian, through its Center for Short-Lived

Natural Events, will involve more than 200 amateur and professional astronomers in the informal network. They will be
linked together through the Observatory's-world,-wide communication system.

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington,; D. C. 20546

TE LS . WO 3 -6926 WO 3-6928

TOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

SPECIAL

July 10, 1969

LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS

Besides taking pictures and gathering samples of lunar soil and rocks, the first Americans on the Moon will set out three instruments to collectother scientific information. The first to be deployed is foil that will be unrolled like from a in the

sheet of aluminum

a window shade and hung

pole, facing solar wind.

the Sun, to entrap particles of gases Before leaving, Spacecraft Commander

Neil Armstrong will simply roll it up again to bring 'back

for laboratory
foil.

analysis of bits

of matter embedded in the

-mo e-

7/8/68

.r

-2The other two inst:L=ument s--which will be left

behind- -are called EASEP, for Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Payload. One is a Moonquake detector, called the Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP). The other, called the Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector Experiment-(LRRR), is an array of small mirrors that will reflect beams Of light projected from Earth. The Passive Seismic Experiment Package is basically a set of suspended weights thattend to remain immobile as
the package itself, a vertical cylinder on a cylinder on a square base, moves with motions of the Moon. Relative motion between the weights and the rest of

the package generates, an electric charge proportional to the amount and frequency of-the.motion. transmitted to Earth by radio. The unit includes fold-out solar panels that will power the experiment during the lunar_ day and isotope heaters to help it survive the cold (-280 to a year. F.) lunar night for up the-readings are

The heaters are fueled with a small amount of

plutonium 238, which emits a very low level of radiation. r They are shielded so that no stray radioactitity- can escape'
to the lunar environment,

-more-

-3-

Measurements of the Moon's earthquake-like vibrations will indicate its structure and internal physical properties, shifts of the lunar crust, and meteoroid impacts. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., the Lunar Module Pilot, will begin deploying the PSEP by opening a door on the outside of the LM-and pulling a lanyard. This extends a boom and allows the PSEP to be drawn from the scientific equipment bay and lowered to the lunar surface Aldrin then picks up the package, which weighs only
a sixth of its 100 Earth pounds, and walks about 30 feet

from the LM. He sets the PSEP on the lunar surface.-walks around it, and pulls out a deployment handle. Using the handle 'to steady himself, he removes a series of retainer-pins and lanyards. He then grasps the carrying handle and, rotating the unit, aligns it by.observing the.shadow-cast by an indicator on 'top.- When he is satisfied with the alignment, he pulls..

a lanyard attached to the deployment handle, and the springloaded solar panels pivot to their deployed position. Finally,
s^

Aldrin will adjust the antenna for best transmission to Earth from the particular landing site.ws

-more-

i
r

Total deployment time: about six minutes. The Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector is a wholly passive experiment, having no electronics and no connection with the seismic experiment. It consists of 100 cylindrical, cavities each containing a fused silica retro-reflecting

prism shaped like the inside of a hollow cube sliced in half.

Such corner reflectors, each formed by three flat surfaces at right angles to one another, have the unique property that light shining into the corner is bounced sequentially off each of the three faces of the corner and thus reflected straight back to its source. F Narrow laser beams projected from Earth thus will be reflected back to the same station, and the time they take to go to the Moon and return will provide a measure of the distance to within about six inches as compared to about .five feet by present methods. By sending beams from two or

more Earth stations to one reflector on the Moon -observers

can also calculate accurately the distance between the stations. ry

r i

-5Observations from a number of stations over several years are expected to reveal previously unmeasurable variations in the orbits and rotation of the Earth and Moon, pro

viding new understanding of the nature of gravity and of the internal structure of the Moon. They will also permit precise studies of the wobbling of the Earth on its axis, producing information that may allow scientists to predict.earthquakes. Precise measurements of the distances between points on the Earth may also provide a check on the theory of con tinental drift: the theory that Africa, South America, mid Antartica were once a single continent that have drifted apart and area still slowly moving away from one another. To deploy the reflector array, which weighs about 65 Earth (or 11 lunar) pounds, Spacecraft Commander Armstrong will remove the unit from the scientific equipment bay of the LM by using a boom and lanyard as in removing the seismicexperiment. He carries it about 30 feet from the LM and sets It on the lunar surface about 10 feet from the seismic exper i
to tilt andturn.the unit, he then

-ment.Usigwohadle

aligns the reflector toward Earth. The job takes about four minutes.
i

-end-

77,7 f

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tr

FEATURE
SPECIAL

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C 20546

WO 3-6926 TELS WO 3-6928

IMMEDIATE FOR RELEASE: July 10, 1969

QUARANTINED ASTRONAUTS

Home for Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins for the first 65 hours after they have returned to Earth from the Moon will be a modified 35-foot long converted house trailer called the Mobile Quarantine Facility. The facility, called MQF for short, is made of heat-

-2-

Bunks ., chairs, tables, toilet facilities, sink and kitchen equipment are designed to offer the most comfortable living accommodations as well as to facilitate medical and debriefing activities. The Moon explorers will enter the recovery ship, the
USS Hornet, MQF

aboard thc^

about

90

minutes after they

have landed in the Pacific Ocean and remain until they arrive at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center near Houston nearly three days later. Power systems in the mobile facility are designed to operate while it is being transported on the recovery ,;hip, a C-141 aircraft which will carry it from Hawaii to 14 .11ington Air Force Base near Houston, and a truck which will carry it from Ellington to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The Mobile Quarantine Facility is airtight and the pressure inside will be slightly less than that outside to insure that any gas flow will be inward so that the quarantine of the crew will be assured. Wastes will be stored in container.-) until after the quarantine period of 21 days beginning with
the a.scent from the Moon': ,, ,,urfacc.

-more-

;;i

_3Items to be passed into or out of the facility will go through a submersible transfer lock. Specially packaged and controlled meals will be passed in where: they will be prepared in a microwave oven. A complete communications system is provided for intercom and external communications to land bases from ,;Ij aircraft. The Mobile Quarantine Facility weighs about 12,00 pounds and is mounted on a pallet. The facility, one of four units including a training model, were built under contract with Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va. Fabrication of the units was done by Air-:;cream,
p or

qw

il

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE; ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546

WQ 3.,6026 TELS . W(`.) 3-6928

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

July 11, 1969
SPECIAL

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D. C. 20546

WO 3-6926 TELS< WO 3-6928

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

July 11, 1969 SPECIAL

LUNAR MODULE DECISION

Delays in perfecting the Lunar Module may actually have speeded the landing of U.S. Astronauts on the Moon How it happened was told recently by George Low, Manager

of the Apollo Spacecraft Program, and Chris Kraft, Director of

Flight Operations, at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, in recounting the story behind the Apollo 8 flight around the Moon by Frank Borman and his crewmates last Christmastime.
Low: "The Lunar Module, like every first ship of a kind,

..

was taking longer to get through checkout at the Cape than we

had planned for.

"But we were in a position where we could get a good flight test off on the Saturn V to make sure that it really would function as it should; and more than that, to perform the `{

design mission of the Command and Service Module to fly to the

Moon, " go into lunar
: -more- 7/9/69

'orbit,

and come back again much earlier

t;

than we would have,otherwise have done it.

-2 "I was pretty sure of the spacecraft and its hardware and felt we could do it from that point of view; the real question was: Was Chris ready with his operational people and did he have the trajectories and programs for his computers and all the other things that needed to
be done?

"Chris, taking his usual positive attitude, said: Yes, let's do it.
"Understand, the lunar orbit portion is a great deal difficult than a circumlunar

more

flight, because all the systems

without fail.

have to work one more time and work

Kraft: "This was ahead of the schedule that we

had in-

tended to build some of the software necessary to do the job in the control center. We had to develop all the procedures,

all the mathematics. At the same time, Lunar Orbiter had

shown us that not going

the determination of
a

orbits around the Moon was

to be

very easy problem.

"It was on that basis that I insisted we attempt anyway to do the lunar orbit aspects of the Apollo 8 flight. It would give us an early lead, not only in our ability to get into

orbit around the Moon, to get to the right place at the right pericynthion at the back- side of the Moon, but also to get some experience with the orbits with which we were going to fly the landing missions."

x_

-end-

Iv.

I
10

i v

low'

FEATURE

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington, D. C. 20546

WO 3 -6926 TELS . WO 3-6928

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE

SPECIAL

July 11, 1969

LUNAR EXPLORATION AFTER THE FIRST LANDING

From.statement of George E. Mueller , Associate

.

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, before the Committee

on Aeronautical April 29, 1969.

and Space

Sciences, United States Senate,

Because of the uncertainty regarding the number of developmental flights required before the handing, the planning and development of the

Apollo capability has

included acquisition of a sufficient quantity of hardware

items and operatt-nnal facilities to achieve the program's

initial objective with a reasonable allowance for poscsible contingencies Early accomplishment of the Apollo objective would make available Apollohardware for continued utilization and development of

this

nation's capabilities in manned

4

space flight.

-motre- 7

7/9/69
fx':a+r

2 Our plans for Saturn V launch vehicles which remain after the initial lunar landing are to use them for continuing lunar exploration, which includes a number of manned landings, the emplacement of experiment packages on the surface of the Moon, and other activities to increase not only our operational capabilities in space but also to increase our store of scientific data. The current Apollo schedule provides for five .flights in 1969, the last three of which are being configured to carry out a lunar landing. Assuming a successful manned lunar landing and return on the Apollo 11 mission in the summor. of 1969, we plan to reduce the number of Apollo launches in fiscal year 1970 from five to three. Once the national

goal has been achieved, the lunar exploration phase will be conducted at a rate of approximately three launches per year. We have developed 'a lunar exploration program with planned landings,at ten sites, four of which lie essentially` in the zones of the intital Apollo lunar landing candidate sites. The first landings, if the launch is on schedule this ..#

summer, will be in an Eastern Mare region and the second in another Mare of different characteristics in the weste-rn region. is i -more-

The third flight will be directed to a highland, flat region characterized by the Fra Mauro formation. The fourth landing; will be the first attempt to land in the cr.atered highlands near the Crater Censorius. The fifth landing mission is planned for the Littrow area which is characterized by dark volcanic material. The next visit will be to the impacted Crater Tycho which is the site of the Surveyor VII landing. This will be followed by a landing mission in the Marius Hills, area with its many volcanic domes. The eighth landing is planned for Schroter's Valley with ti'le purpose of looking for and examining possible transient events and to learn more about the red. flares which have been seen in the area. Hyginus Rille will be the site of the ninth landing mission where we will be looking for volcanic craters in the Linear Rille to determine whether or not its origin is volcanic. The Crater Copernicus is the site where we will be looking for deep seated material which will have come from deep below the surface by the explosive force which Formed the crater. .. x
Kell

-more-

-4-.

Initial steps required to provide a greater capability in the basic Apollo system for lunar exploration involve: Space Suit Astronaut mobility is a key element in effective manned lunar surface exploration. Studies have indicated that astronaut mobility can be gained by the adoption of a constant volume suit. This

type suit reduces the amount of energy expended in movement by improvements to joint design, incorporating rotary bearings, rolling convolutes and convolutes and constant volume bellows. This suit requires simpler fabrication techniques than current models and offers opportunities for improved quality contr ol- . Also, the constant volume suit
does

not involve an entirel y

new development effort in that it uses a considerabe amount of existing Apollo technology - materials, thermal meteoroid
t:

garment layup, extravehicular visor assembly, helmets and connectors for life support system.
Portable Life Support System (PLSS)

As the constraints imposed by the space suit are relaxed it will also be necessary to provide improvement to the current Portable Life Support System to permit a longer life support capability while the astronaut; .I.. out :id*e tha Lunar Module. Some gain in this direction can be

provided by incorporating an additional battery and water` tank, -more.-.

x h a

-5Extended Lunar Module Staytime

Tho current staytime capability of the Lunar Module

is approximately 36 hours, with the initial rrii;sions planned

for less than 24 hours. Within either of these periods, there is a fixed period of time required for a checkout of Lunar Module systems just after

touchdown and again

before lift-off.

These checkout periods will remain essentially constant regardless of overall duration of the surface mission. Therefore, additional

staytime can be

devoted to lunar

exploration.

Modifications to increase staytime will include adding water and oxygen tanks, batteries, crew provisions, enlarging the

descent propellant tank and providing a

habitability.

greater measure of

Command and Service Module Modifications and Instruments A variety of scientific instruments has been studied over the past few years, with a view to providing an orbital soientific capability for the Command and Service Module. These

instruments include camaras and other remote sensors which will permit detailed-geologic and geochemical study of the interr._-7-71ationships of surface features on the Moon and allow some 'cientific extrapolation of the data returned from samples and other surface measurements. The installation of science instru-

ments and the overall increase in mission duration imposed by extended surface staytime would require some modifications to the basic Command and Service Module. inoreP

Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP) The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package is the

basic geophysical tool for lunar exploration. It is designed

to measure the internal structure of the Moon, determine the

heat flow from the interior of the Moon and monitor the solar wind and radiation environment. To get an accurate picture
of the internal structure of the Moon, it will be necessary

to emplace

ALSEP

stations in networks. Improved

ALSEPS

will

allow continuation of a seismic network on the Moon and permit

measurement over an extended period of time of such lunar activities as heat flow ,, solar wind and charged particles. Advanced Lunar Supporting Systems To expand further our lunar exploration capability, we are continuing sl.--uaies of more extensive supporting systems. Beyond improved suit mobility, there will be a need for versatile mobility aids which will permit the astronauts to visit areas of difficult access but high scientific interest. A lunar flying unit would provide not only greater range to travel over the lunar surface, but also a vertical mobility for exploration of crater walls and steep terrain.

-more--

-7Another mobility aid under active study 1:3 the

roving vehicle which would make possible more far ranging automated traverses over the lunar surface and increase the capability for gathering lunar samples. To further increase staytime for the astronauts to accomplish complex investIgations on the lunar surface, studies are being pursued on the concept of landing shelters and logistics support at the site by an automated lander.

"0g

-end-