Oldroyd Viscoelastic Model

Lecture Notes
Drew Wollman
Portland State University
Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
ME 510: Non-Newtonian Fluids
Dr. Derek Tretheway
February 16, 2011
ME 510 - Non-Newtonian Fluids
Oldroyd Model Lecture Notes Drew Wollman
Putting the Oldroyd Model Into Context
Linear Models
Maxwell Model
+
1

t
=
0
(1)
Where
- stress tensor

1
- relaxation time

0
- zero-strain rate viscosity
- shear-rate tensor
We can see a clear linear relationship between and in the equation 1. See Zach Wilsons notes for details.
Jerey Model
If we add additional linear relationships, i.e. the time derivative of , then we arrive at the Jerey Model.
+
1

t
=
0

+
2

t

(2)
Where

2
- retardation time
Limitations
For ows where
max
1 the linear models can not describe shear-rate dependence of viscosity.
non-linear eects can not be described by linear model (normal stresses)
if small-strain phenomena require large displacement gradients to manifest them the linear models will
not work
in steady shear free ows the model produces an innite elongational viscosities
This motivates non-linear models.
Quasi-linear Models
Before we can introduce Non-linear models, there are a few building blocks we need to acquire.
Convected Time Derivative
For the convected time derivative of the stress tensor, , we will use the symbol
(1)
.

(1)
=
D
Dt

(v)
T
+ (v)

(3)
If is symmetric, then equation 3 becomes:

(1)
=
D
Dt
{ v}
T
{ v} (4)
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ME 510 - Non-Newtonian Fluids
Oldroyd Model Lecture Notes Drew Wollman
Retarded-Motion Expansion
Asymptotic expansion of used to describe small departures from Newtonian model.
We could use the series expansion
=

b
1

(1)
+ b
2

(1)
t
+ b
1 1

(1)

(1)

+b
3

(1)
t
2
+ b
1 2

(1)

(1)
t

+ . . .

However, this expansion does not lend itself to modeling certain ow very well. Also, we know from continuum
mechanics, that the partial time derivative of
(1)
should not be in constitutive equations. Only Convected
time derivative of
(1)
should appear in constitutive equations. We, therefore, need a more suitable expansion.
Assuming:
incompressible uid
stress tensor is symmetric
stress tensor can be expresses as polynomial in
(n)
And:
arranging terms of polynomial in increasing order
collecting terms of equal order
We end up with the Retarded-Motion Expansion.
=

b
1

(1)
+ b
2

(2)
+ b
1 1

(1)

(1)

+b
3

(3)
+ b
1 2

(1)

(2)
+
(2)

(1)

+ b
1: 1 1

(1)
:
(1)

(1)
+ . . .

Where
b
n
- retarded-motion constant (material properties)
these are dependent on the uid, ow, and model
What is important here is understanding vocabulary. Ordered uid model names come from truncating the
Retarded-Motion Expansion.
If we keep only the:
rst order terms, O(
(1)
), then we have the Newtonian model again with b
1
= viscosity.
second order terms, O(
(2)
), then we have an incompressible second-order uid
third order terms, O(
(3)
), then we have an incompressible third-order uid
You will not often see a higher order then third-order uids
Limitations of Retarded-Motion Expansion:
Can predict a shear stress vs shear rate maximum
Can predict a negative viscosity or elongational viscosity
Can predict an unstable behavior for second-order uids at rest
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ME 510 - Non-Newtonian Fluids
Oldroyd Model Lecture Notes Drew Wollman
May require additional boundary conditions
- if perturbation expansion is used, this is not the cases
Can not qualitatively describe entire ows (i.e. stress relaxation experiment)
Plus more ...
The point is to reinforce the small De restriction. This comes out in the scaling (Not done in this lecture.).
Convected Jerey Model (Oldroyd-B)
If we plug equation 4 into the Jerey model (equation 2) we get

t

(1)

n
t
n
( )
(n+1)
Jerey Model Convected Jerey Model
Making the substitutions yields the Convected Jerey Model :
This is also known as Oldroyd-B Model
+
1

(1)
=
0

(1)
+
2

(2)

(5)
Where

0
- zero shear-rate viscosity

1
- relaxation time

2
- retardation time
kinematic tensors dened previously in retarded-motion expansion.
One cool thing about the Convected Jerey Model is that it contains other models as special cases. So if
1.
2
= 0 then equation 5 transforms into the Maxwell Model (equation 1)
2.
1
= 0 then equation 5 transforms into a second order uid with a normal stress coecient 0
3.
1
=
2
then equation 5 transforms into the Newtonian Model with viscosity,
0
Non-Linear Dierential Models
Recall For a Newtonian uid:
= (6)
Where
is a function of scalar
The exact function is unknown but there are models. One famous model is the power law, = m
n1
.
While there are other models, the point is that for a Newtonian uid, = f( ). If we apply the same
principle for non-Newtonian uid, we can say:
=

1
2

(1)
:
(1)

(7)
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ME 510 - Non-Newtonian Fluids
Oldroyd Model Lecture Notes Drew Wollman
If we plug equation 7 into 5 to get a new model called the White-Metznel Model.
+
( )
G

(1)
= ( )
(1)
(8)
Where
G - constant modulus
Benets
Simple
Produces reasonable solutions for shear-rate dependent viscosity
Can handle the rst-order normal stress coecient
Can be used to model fast time dependent motions
It is good at ballparking interaction of shear thinning and memory on ow elds
Shortcomings
Poor model of fast time dependent motions
in steady shear free ows the model produces an innite elongational viscosities (same as in Maxwell
Model)
It is also important to note that instead of useing equation 7 we could have also used other models (ie
Phan-Thien-Taner or FENE-P) but those are not within the scope of this lecture.
* * * Oldroyd Model Fits Right Here.* * *
Non-Linear Integral Models
While there are many Integral Models in the literature, the details of each fall outside the scope of this
lecture. That said, to name a few:
Lodge
K-BKZ
Rivlin-Sawyers
Wagner
Doi-Edwards
Oldroyd Models
+
1

(1)
. .. .
term I
+
1
2

(1)
+
(1)

+
1
2

5
(tr )
(1)
+
1
2

:
(1)

=
0

(1)
+
2

(2)
. .. .
term II
+
4

(1)

(1)

+
1
2

(1)
:
(1)

(9)
Taking a closer look we may recognize that terms I and II are the terms of the convected Jereys model.
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ME 510 - Non-Newtonian Fluids
Oldroyd Model Lecture Notes Drew Wollman
Restrictions on Oldroyd Model
1.
1
>
2
> 0 in order to ensure

decreases with increasing .

2.
1
>
2
> . . .
i
> 0 to ensure viscosity is generally a monotone decreasing function of
Where
i
=
1
(
3
+
5
) +
1+2
(
1

3

5
) +
i+5

1

2

3
2

3. for steady shear ow,

2

1
9

1
to ensure |
xy
| is a monotone increasing function of
4.
1

2
<
1
(
1

2
) to ensure that curve is above

curve where ( ) and

() are plotted
together.
5.
2
3
(
5
+
6
)
1
3
[4
2
6
11
5

6
+ 4
2
3
]
1/2
<
1

3
<
2
3
(
5
+
6
) +
1
3
[4
2
6
11
5

6
+ 4
2
3
]
1/2
to ensure
that elongational viscosity is bounded
Benits of Oldroyd Model
More variety in rheological response can be described for Oldroyd then Jereys.
Wider range of of properties can be correctly described for Oldroyd then White-Wetzner.
Easier to solve analytically then White-Wetzner because of its form.
Like with the generalized Maxwell equation, more terms of
i
yield a more accurate result.
Limitations of Oldroyd Model
Strong presence of singularities in
1
and
2
for < 0 and 0 < b < 1.
No reason why a constitutive equation must be linear in stress.
This modivates the Giesekus Model which is outside the scope of this lecture.
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ME 510 - Non-Newtonian Fluids
Oldroyd Model Lecture Notes Drew Wollman
Summary
Name Model
Type
Newtonian =
Linear
Maxwell +
1

t
=
0

Linear
Jerey +
1

t
=
0

+
2

t

Linear
Convected Jerey
(Oldroyd B)
+
1

(1)
=
0

(1)
+
2

(2)

Quisi-linear
White-Metznel
+
( )
G

(1)
= ( )
(1)
Non-Linear
Dierential
Oldroyd
+
1

(1)
+
1
2

(1)
+
(1)

+
1
2

5
(tr )
(1)
+
1
2

:
(1)

(1)
+
2

(2)
+
4

(1)

(1)

+
1
2

(1)
:
(1)

Non-Linear
Dierential
Nomenclature
Latin Letters
b
n
- retarded-motion constant
G - constant modulus
Greek Letters
- shear-rate tensor
- extensional rate

1
- dynamic viscosity

2
-

0
- zero-strain rate viscosity

1
- relaxation time

2
- retardation time
- stress tensor
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