Worksheet

Lesson: Water

1.

a)
b)

ls water a polar or non-polar molecule? Why?

water is an excellent solvent for molecules that have electrical charges. Name two examples of
hydrophilic (water loving) molecules.

c) The diagram below shows a water molecule. Draw several more water molecules to show how

hydrogen bonds form between the molecures. Label the covarent and hydrogen bonds. H&

H6*

d)

Exptain how a hydrogen bond forms between two molecutes of water.

a)

cohesion, high surface tension, high specific heat and tower den$ity as a solid than as a liquid, are emergent properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding. Give examples of the
biological importance of each of the properties nrentioned above.

i) ii) iii) iv) b)

Cohesion High surface tension High specific heat Less dense as a solid than as a liquid

Explain why ice is less dense than liquid water.

iO

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3.

a)

A solution having more H* than oH- is known as

more Oll- than H* is known

an

(i)

solution, while that having

as

(ii) be
(iii)

solulion. A solution in which the H* and OH-

concentration are equal is said to

b)

What is the pH range of most biological fluids?

c)

Why rs it important to maintain the pH within this narrow range?

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Worksheet
Lesson: Two Forms of Glucose

Tvro Forrns ol Glucose

1.

Look at th model.

a) ldentify the atoms labelled A and B. b) Which numbers conespond to the carbon atoms tabelled (i), (ii) and (iii)?

2.

Monosaccharides contain atoms in the ratio c"(H20)n. Glucose is a hexose whose formula is C5H12O6. Write down the formula for a

a) triose

b)

pentose

@ 20A3

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3'

from this.

Look at the structural diagram of alpha glucose and describe how beta glucose would differ
T

'

oxli

.'/ \.1

t'''"1l.__--\t' .,t\ o.,

I

c-.

rllr
r..

l./ \

il

Joining glucose molecules togther

1 a) Name the molecules in the simplified diagram below.
CH. O.l
I ;

Bi6x \i

ok

ct+f

'

,Z ..i

.,'

.-

F- --- r !
i

ot{

o|r

b) Draw and label a diagram to show how these molecules join to produce a disaccharide.

c) On the diagram, name and label the bond which links the two molecules.
d) Name the type of raction that produces a disaccharide from two monosaccharides.

2.

cllr

oat

xl

\".

-,\'

aT

, \! \-I oe.r
l

otl

a) Name this s'mplified molecule.

b) Draw diagrams to show how it can be broken down to fomt 2 monosaccharides.

c) Name the type of reac{ion that you have illustrated.

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Malaysia A// Righls Reseryed.

Worksheet
Lesson: Polymers of Glucose

Match the images below with the monosaccharides from which they are built.

{, ;i a l.l i, !'l
't.
-

*':

'i:";--'

!'; t -_;.,'- ':19,11

'i
1.

'r, :.1

r, l
."1

'l

:t

'f

t"--

,:,

- -,

i-,-

I
B

rt

:-..

-,i::Fl!

<?i ,

-"__

-ri'-(
.

*\r
c

i(.

::- -'$r

'{,:*--,'i},

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I I

'\i

i-.

'.

_rc '.os

il

t;
ro

\
a) Explain why the shape formed when beta glucose molecules join in a single chain is different from that formed when alpha glucose moleculea join in a single chain. b) Describe how beta glucose chains are held together to make microfibrits.
a) Which two polysaccharides are found in starch?

b) Give three reasons why starch is a useful energy store. c) suggest why glycogen is a more effective form of energy storage morecure than amyropectin.

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Structures from carbohydrates

a) Name lhe structures labelled A and B and summarise the function of each structure. b) Name the carbohydrates that are found in each of the structures A and B. c) Write a paragraph to,explain how the molecular slructures of lhe carbohydrates in each structure are suited to the functions that they each pefform.)
5.
,,1

Match tho conect term to the statements.

ferm

Stat6ments

A B

Condensation 1- The bonds between 2 monosaccharides that form through condensation. Hydrolysis 2. A coiled polymer of alpha glucose that acls as an energy store. 3. The weak bonds between OH groups that connect adjacent chains of beta glucose. 4. The addition of water to a bond resultin_ in the breakage of the bond. 5. A chemical reaction between two molecules that results in them joining and releasing a molecule of water. 6. A polymer of beta glucose where straight molecules are arranged to form strong fibres.
7. A densely branched polymer of alpha r;lucose containing ,4 and 1 ,6 glycosidic

C D
E F '
G

Cellulose

Amylose

Glycogen

Glycosidic bonds Hydrogen bonds

bonds.

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Worksheet
Lesson: Lipids
1

1.

a)

What are the elements found in lipids?

b)

Write down the general formula for fatty acids?

c) i)

Draw the structural formuta for fatty acids and indicate the hydrophobic part.

How many molecules of glycerol and fatty acid are used in the synthesis

of a triglyceride?

iii)

Outline this reaction diagrammaticatly with chemical formula.

iv)

What is the name given to this type of reaction?

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a)

The diagrams show fatty acid molecules in saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.

i)

ldentify and tabel the

fo owing;

Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fafty acid

ii) 3. a) b)

ln what ways do the properties of saturated and unsaturated fats differ?

Why are lipids usefut as d storage motecutes

Give two uses of lipids, other than slorage.

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Worksheet
Lesson: Lipids
2

1.

The diagram represents a phospholipid molecule.

Name the parts of the molecule K, L and M.

K
L
M

b)

The bond between molecule K and L can be broken down by a reaction called
(D

c)

What are the differences between phospholipid and triglyceride?

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2-

a)

State what will happen:

(D

if phospholipid molecules aro put into the water.

lf more phospholipidl moleculos are mixed with water.

b)

Sketch and label a diagram of a trigtyceride molecule.

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Worksheet
Lesson: Arnino Acid Structure

c
Which
oJ

carboxy,l group.

the labelled boxes represents (a) the R group; (b) the amino group; (c) the

2.x

\lli \'-*--+_t /l
n;*.on

Soso

li\

t/-

On the above diagram box the peptide bond.

3.

Show with labelled diagrams, how this dipeptide can be hydrolysd.

4.

ln what way do amino acids differ from each other?

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5.

How many different types of amino acid are in the follorving polypeptide?

CHr

H H

ttiltltilltl N- C -C -N*C-c-N Itttilttit

I

}.I

CHZO

-C -C -N_C _C
H H H
OH

H CHZO
cHe

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Worksheet
Lesson: Secondary and Tertiary protein Structure

1.

a)

There are 20 different naturally occuring amino acids. what makes each of them different from one another? Give reason for your answer.

b)

What is meant by the primary struclure of a proiein?

c)

How many different tetra-peptide chains can be formed from 4 different amino acids?

show the different anangements of primary structure of tripeptide with three amino acids A, B and C.
iiD

Given the structural formuta below wfrereby A is Glycine, B Alanine and draw the primary struclure of a tripeptide ABC.

c Aspartic acid,

HO
HzN

-c

c-oH

HO Iil H2N - C- C-OH

I
CH:
B : Alanin
H

A;

Glycine

o
c- oH

H2N

- CcH2

cooH
C

Aspartic acid

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iv)

Name the bond that formed between the amino acids in the chain formation.

v)

a
2.

Name lhe functional groups found at both ends of a primary structur of polypeptide chain.

a)

i)
iD

State what you understand by th6 secondary structure of a protein. Name two types of a secondary protein structur. Why does the primary structure of a protein coils to form the helical secondary structure? Can all primary structures of protein fold or coil to form secondary structures? Suggest a reason for your answer in (2a) (iv) above.

iii)

iv)

v)

b) c)

Dscribe the structure of keratin.

Give a reason for the following statements:

i) iD iii)

Hairs can be straightened or curled with heat or chemical treatment.

lt is dif{icult to iron pure sitk materiats smoothly. Fibrous protein such as keratin that make up our hairs has a high tensile strength and a certain degr of elasticity.

3.

a)

i)

ln your own words, state briefly wtlat is meant by the tertiary structure

of

protein.

ii)

State the main reason, why the shape or the 3-D tertiary structure of protein differs from on protein to another. What causes the folding of the secondary structure?.

iiD

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Can secondary and tertiary structures coexist in the same protein?

(i)

why do most globular proteins such as enzymes, hormones and antibodies in our body need to be soluble in the blood plasma?
Describe th anangement of R groups which give them the sotubility.

(ii)
c)

Haemoglobin is a coniugated protein and-has a quatemary structure. What is the significance of these structures in relation to its function?

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Worksheet
Lesson: Nucleic Acids

1.

Th diagram blow shows the structure of one molecule found in cell_

a)

The molecule shown above is monomer.

(il

. lt is a polymer

of

(ii)

b)

T_here are two types

of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides. Name these two types, and state the differences batween them.
List down the structural differences between DNA and RNA molecules.

c)

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2.

a)

DNA is made of two polynucleotide strands. what are the complementary base pairing involvd and indicate the number of hydrogen bond in eacl" base pair?

b)

Namo three types of RNA and state where each of these molecules can be found in the celt.

c)

Draw the molecular structure of a DNA strand showing:

The hydrogen bond
Th

e Phosphod ie ster

ridg e

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