Physical Sciences Paper 2 Winter School 2011 4 July 15 July Learners Guide

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Introduction: Have you heard about Mindset? Mindset Network, a South African non-profit organisation, was founded in 2002. We develop and distribute quality and contextually relevant educational resources for use in the schooling, health and vocational sectors. We distribute our materials through various technology platforms like TV broadcasts, the Internet (www.mindset.co.za/learn) and on DVDs. The materials are made available in video, print and in computer-based multimedia formats. At Mindset we are committed to innovation. In the last two years, we successfully ran a series of broadcast events leading up to and in support of the NSC examinations Now we are proud to announce our 2011 edition of Matric Exam Revision, which will begin with our Winter School in July. Weve expanded the broadcast to support you in seven subjects - Mathematics, Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematical Literacy, English 1st Additional Language, Accounting and Geography. During our Winter School, you will get Exam overviews, study tips on each of the topics we cover, detailed solutions to selected questions from previous examination papers, short question and answer sessions so you can check you are on track and live phone in programmes so you can work through more exam questions with an experienced teacher. Getting the most from Winter School Before you watch the broadcast of a topic, read through the questions for the topic and try to answer them without looking up the solutions. If you get stuck and cant complete the answer dont panic. Make a note of any questions you have. When watching the Topic session, compare the approach you took to what the teacher does. Dont just copy the answers down but take note of the method used. Make sure you keep this booklet for after Winter School. You can re-do the exam questions you did not get totally correct and mark your own work by looking up the solutions at the back of the booklet. Remember that exam preparation also requires motivation and discipline, so try to stay positive, even when the work appears to be difficult. Every little bit of studying, revision and exam practice will pay off. You may benefit from working with a friend or a small study group, as long as everyone is as committed as you are. Mindset believes that the 2011 Winter School programme will help you achieve the results you want. If you find Winter School a useful way to revise and prepare for your exams, remember that we will be running Spring School from the 3rd to 7th October and Exam School from 19th October to 22nd November as well.

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Programme Outline The Mindset Winter School is designed to focus on two subjects each day. For each subject you will find the following sessions: Examination Overview This is a 15 minute session that gives details of what you can expect in each examination paper. Practical guidelines are also given on how to prepare for the day of the exam. Topics Tips In this session you will be given a 15 minutes summary of the key ideas you need to know, common errors and study hints to help you prepare for your exams. Topic Session An expert teacher will work through specially selected questions from previous exam papers. Interactive Q & A After every topic you will get the chance to test yourself. Live Phone-in This is your chance to ask your own questions. So submit your question to the Help Desk and we might call you back to help you live on TV. All questions you submit will be answered within 48 hours as normal.

Winter Broadcast School Schedule

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Topic 1: Organic Chemistry Question 1 The table below shows the results obtained during a practical investigation. Two experiments were performed to determine the boiling points of compounds from three different homologous series under the same conditions. Each letter A to F represents the organic compound written in the block next to it. Experiment I A B C D E F Organic compound CH3COOH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CHO CH3(CH2)2COOH CH3(CH2)3CH2OH CH3(CH2)3CHO Molar mass (gmol-1) 60,5 60,1 58,1 88,1 88,1 88,1 Boiling point (C) 118 97 48 163 137 103

II

1.1

Name the homologous series to which each of the following pairs of compounds belong: 1.1.1 A and D 1.1.2 B and E 1.1.3 C and F

(1) (1) (1)

1.2

Write down the IUPAC name for: 1.2.1 Compound C 1.2.2 Compound E

(1) (1) (2)

1.3 1.4

Formulate an investigative question for this practical investigation.

Which other variable, apart from the conditions for determining boiling points, was kept constant? (1) What conclusion can be drawn from the results in Experiment II? (2)

1.5 1.6

Refer to intermolecular forces to explain the trend in boiling points, as shown in the table. (3)

Question 2 The flow diagram below shows the conversion of propene to a secondary alcohol. HBr Substitution Propene Compound X Secondary alcohol H2O 2.1 Give a reason why propene is classified as an unsaturated organic compound. (1)

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.2 Use structural formulae to write a balanced equation for the formation of compound X.

(4)

2.3

Name the type of reaction that takes place when propene is converted to compound X. (1) Write down the structural formula and IUPAC name for the secondary alcohol that is formed (3) Name the type of substitution reaction that takes place when compound X is converted to the secondary alcohol. (1) With the aid of a catalyst, propene can be converted directly to the secondary alcohol, without the formation of the intermediate compound X. 2.6.1 Besides propene, write down the NAME of the reactant needed for this direct conversion. (1) 2.6.2 Write down the FORMULA of a catalyst that can be used. 2.6.3 Name the type of reaction that will take place during this direct conversion. (1)

2.4

2.5

2.6

(1)

2.7

Instead of adding water to compound X, concentrated sodium hydroxide is added and the mixture is heated. 2.7.1Write down the IUPAC name of the organic product that is formed. 2.7.2 Name the type of reaction that takes place. (1) (1)

Question 3 There are two structural isomers for the organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2. 3.1 3.2 Define the term structural isomer. (2)

Write down the structural formula of these two isomers and next to each its IUPAC name. (6) State with reasons which ONE of these isomers: 3.3.1 Has the higher boiling point 3.3.2 Has the higher vapour pressure (3) (3)

3.3

3.4

Will the vapour pressure of carboxylic acids increase or decrease if the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases? Give a reason for your answer.

(3)

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 4 Many of the flavours and odours of fruits are esters. Ethyl ethanoate is the most common ester found in wines and contributes to the perception of the fruitiness of wine. A learner wants to prepare ethyl ethanoate in the school laboratory. She follows the instructions below. Mix 1 cm3 ethanoic acid and 1 cm3 ethanol thoroughly in a test tube. Slowly add 4 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid while swirling the test tube. Soak a paper towel in cold water and fasten it around the test tube close to its mouth with an elastic band. Place the test tube in a water bath and heat the water with a flame to a temperature of about 60 C. Leave the test tube in the hot water bath for about 15 minutes. Cool the test tube by placing it in a beaker of cold water. Smell the vapour in the test tube after 10 minutes. Apparatus Thermometer Paper towel soaked in cold water Water bath Ethanol + ethanoic acid + 4 drops of sulphuric acid

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

To which homologous series does ethanol belong?

(1)

Use structural formulae to write a balanced equation for the reaction taking place in the test tube (5) What is the function of the sulphuric acid in the above reaction? (1) Why does the method use a water bath instead of direct heating over an open flame? (1) State ONE function of the wet paper towel at the top of the test tube. (1) The learner finds it difficult to detect the smell of the ester due to the presence of sulphuric acid and unreacted ethanoic acid. A friend suggests that she add 10 drops of a diluted sodium carbonate solution to the contents of the test tube. Briefly explain why this suggestion might be a solution to the problem. (2) Whilst several esters may be present in wine, the observed aroma is generally that of the smallest ester present in wine, namely ethyl ethanoate. State a physical property of ethyl ethanoate which is responsible for this. (1)

4.7

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Topic 2: Rates & Chemical Equilibrium Question 1 A group of learners use the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium powder to investigate one of the factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction. The reaction that takes place is: Mg(s) + 2HC(aq) MgC2 (aq) + H2 (g) The learners use the apparatus and follow the method shown below to conduct the investigation. Method Experiment 1: Step 1: Place a spatula of magnesium powder in a conical flask and add 50 cm3 HC(aq) of known concentration. Step 2: Simultaneously start the stopwatch and close the flask with the rubber stopper containing the delivery tube. Step 3: Measure the volume of the H2(g) formed in time intervals of 20 seconds. Method Experiment 2: Repeat steps 1 to 3 above, but use only 25 cm3 of the same HCaq) diluted to 50cm3 with distilled water. Apparatus:

1.1

How does the concentration of the acid used in Experiment 2 differ from the concentration of the acid used in Experiment 1? Write down only GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1) Write down a hypothesis for this investigation. (2)

1.2 1.3

Why should the learners ensure that equal amounts of magnesium powder are used in each of the two experiments? (2)

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 1.4 The learners use an excess of HCaq) for the two experiments. Give a reason why the excess HCaq) will not influence the results. (2)

After completing the investigation, the learners represent the results obtained during each experiment on the graph below.

1.5

Write down the volume of hydrogen gas formed during the first minute in: Experiment 1 Experiment 2 (2) Which one of the experiments (Experiment 1 or Experiment 2) took place at the faster rate? Refer to the shape of the curves to motivate your answer. (2) Give a reason why the final volume of gas produced is the same in both experiments. What conclusion can the learners draw from the results obtained?

1.6

1.7

(1) (2)

1.8 1.9

How will an increase in the temperature influence the following: a) Final volume of gas obtained in each experiment (1) (Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.) b) Volume of gas obtained in each experiment after 40 s (1) (Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.)

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 2 Diagrams P, Q and R represent different reaction mixtures of the following hypothetical reaction that is at equilibrium in a closed container at a certain temperature. X(g) + Y2(g) XY(g) + Y(g) H > 0

If at equilibrium the Kc = 2, which diagram(s) correctly represent(s) the mixture at equilibrium? A P only B Q only A R only A P, R and Q (2) Question 3 The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an example of a heterogeneous equilibrium. The decomposition that takes place in a closed container can be represented by the following equation: CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) Initially 5 g of CaCO3(s) is placed in a closed 500 cm3 container and then heated. Equilibrium is reached at 900 C. 3.1 Why is the above decomposition referred to as a heterogeneous equilibrium? (1) Calculate the mass of unreacted CaCO3(s) that remains in the container at equilibrium if Kc for the reaction is 0,0108 at 900 C. (9) It is found that the value of Kc increases when the container is heated to a higher temperature. Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic? Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain your answer. (3) The volume of the container is now decreased to 250 cm3 while the temperature is kept constant. How will each of the following be affected? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1) (1) (1)

3.2

3.3

3.4

The value of Kc a) The number of moles of CaCO3(s) present in the equilibrium mixture b) The concentration of CO2(g) at the new equilibrium

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.5 More CaCO3(s) is now added to the equilibrium mixture in the 500 cm 3 container. How will this change influence the number of moles of CO 2(g)? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)

Question 4 2 mol of NO2(g) and an unknown amount of N2O4(g) are sealed in a 2 dm3 container, that is fitted with a plunger, at a certain temperature. The following reaction takes place: 2NO2(g) N2O4(g) At equilibrium it is found that the NO2 concentration is 0,4 moldm-3. The equilibrium constant at this temperature is 2. 4.1 Calculate the initial amount (in mol) of N2O4(g) that was sealed in the container.

(9)

The plunger is now pushed into the container causing the pressure of the enclosed gas to increase by decreasing the volume. 4.2 How will this change influence the amount of nitrogen dioxide at equilibrium? Only write down INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1) Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain your answer to 4.2 (2)

4.3

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Topic 3: Redox & Chemical Industries Question 1 Batteries consist of one or more galvanic cells. A galvanic cell is a combination of two half-cells. Phil wants to determine which one of Options A or B, shown below, can be used to assemble a galvanic cell with the highest potential difference. Option A B Combination of half-cells Ag(s) in AgNO3(aq) & Ni(s) in Ni(NO3)2(aq) Mg(s) in Mg(NO3)2(aq) & Ag(s) in AgNO3(aq)

1.1

Draw a fully labelled diagram of the galvanic cell that Phil can use to measure the potential difference for the cell in Option B. Use a positive (+) and negative (-) sign to indicate the positive and negative electrodes respectively. (5) Write a balanced chemical equation, excluding spectator ions, for the net (overall) cell reaction for the galvanic cell in Option B. (3) Calculate the initial potential difference that can be obtained under standard conditions for the galvanic cell in Option B.

1.2

1.3

(4)

1.4

State TWO standard conditions that John must adhere to during the experiment, to ensure that the measured potential difference is the same as the calculated potential difference. (2) Write down the cell notation (symbolic notation) for the galvanic cell in Option A. (3) WITHOUT ANY CALCULATIONS, determine which one of Option A or Option B should result in the galvanic cell with the highest potential difference. Refer to the relative strengths of the two reducing agents involved, as well as the relative strengths of the two oxidising agents involved, to explain your answer. (3)

1.5

1.6

Question 2 Electrolysis is an important industrial process used to decompose compounds, extract metals from their ores and to purify metals like gold or copper. The simplified diagram below represents an electrolytic cell used to purify copper.

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za
2.1 2.2

Define the term electrolysis.

(2)

Which electrode, P or Q, consists of the impure copper? Explain how you arrived at your answer. (3) Write down the half-reaction that takes place at electrode Q. (2)

2.3 2.4

During purification, metals such as silver and platinum form sludge at the bottom of the container. (2) Refer to the relative strengths of reducing agents to explain why these two metals do not form ions during the purification process. (2) Explain why the concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution remains constant. Assume that the only impurities in the copper are silver and platinum. (2) Why is the sludge of economic importance? (2)

2.5

2.6

2.7

Question 3 The diagram below is a simplified version of a membrane cell, one of the electrolytic cells used in the chlor-alkali industry. The letters P and Q represent the two gases formed during this process.

3.1 Write down the letters P and Q and next to each letter, write down the halfreaction that shows how gas P and gas Q are respectively formed.

(4)

3.2 Water (H2O()) and sodium ions (Na+(aq)) are both present in the cathode side of the membrane cell. Explain why hydrogen gas, and not sodium metal, is formed in the membrane cell. Refer to the relative strengths of oxidising agents to explain your answer. (2) 3.3 State ONE function of the membrane. (1)

Question 4 Some cells, such as the nickel-cadmium cell used in calculators and electric shavers, can be recharged. Others, such as those used in watches and torches, cannot be recharged. 4.1 Are rechargeable cells primary or secondary cells? (1)

The half-reactions occurring in a nickel-cadmium cell are shown below: Brought to you by Page 12

Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Cd(s) + 2OH-(aq) Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2e- (I) NiO2(s) + 2H2O( ) + 2e- Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) ..(II) The emf of the nickel-cadmium cell is 1,4 V. 4.2 Which ONE of these half-reactions occurs at the cathode? Give a reason for your answer. (2) 4.3 4.4 Write down the balanced equation for the overall cell reaction. (3)

Calculate the maximum work done by the cell under standard conditions as 1 mol of Cd is used up. (NOTE:1 mole of electrons has a charge of 9,65 x 104 C.) (4)

Question 5 About one third of the protein consumed by humans comes from fertilisers. The flow diagram below shows three industrial processes, A, B and C, that result in the production of fertilisers. Process A N2 H2 Process C Contact process Step 1: S + O2 SO2 Step 2: _________________ Step 3: SO3 + H2SO4 X Process B Step 4: X + H2O H2SO4 Step 3: SO3 + H2SO4 X NH3 Step 4: X + H2O H2SO4 H2SO4

Y 5.1 5.2 Write down the name of the Process A. Write down the balanced equation for the reaction which takes place in Process B. Write down the balanced equation for step 2 of Process C. (1)

(3) (3)

5.3 5.4

Write down the FORMULA and the NAME of product X in step 3 of Process C. (2) Write the FORMULA and the NAME of the fertiliser represented by Y. (3)

5.5

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 5.6 Fertiliser prices increased by more than 200 per cent since 2007. This rise is fuelled by new demand. 5.6.1 Give TWO reasons why there is a continuous demand for fertilisers. (2) 5.6.2 Give TWO reasons why there is an increase in the price of fertilisers. (2)

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Solutions Topic 1: Organic Chemistry Question 1 1.1.1 Carboxylic acids 1.1.2 Alcohols 1.1.3 Aldehydes 1.2.1 Propanal 1.2.2 Pentan-1-ol 1.3 OPTION 1 Relationship: Boiling point and type of functional group/homologous series What is the relationship between boiling point and the type of functional group / type of homologous series? OR How do the boiling points of compounds from the three homologous series differ / compare? OPTION 2 Relationship: Boiling point and chain length / molar mass/ molecular size (of compounds with same functional group / from same homologous series). What is the relationship between boiling point and chain length / molar mass / molecular size? OR How does chain length / molar mass / molecular size influence boiling point?

1.4

If Option 1 in Question 5.3 Molar mass / molecular mass / formula mass If Option 2 in Question 5.3 Type of functional group / homologous series Option 1: Molecules with different functional groups have different boiling points. More polar molecules have higher boiling points Option 2: An increase in the length of a molecules chain increases the boiling point Boiling point of carboxylic acids > alcohols > aldehydes.

1.5

1.6

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 2 2.1 Contains a double bond (between two carbon atoms). 2.2

2.3 2.4

Addition / hydrohalogenation / hydrobromination

Propan-2-ol

2.5

Hydrolysis

2.6.1 Water 2.6.2 H PO / H SO

3 4 2 4

2.6.3 Addition / hydration 2.7.1 prop-1-ene 2.7.2 Dehydrohalogenation OR Elimination Question 3 3.1 Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. 3.2 methylmethanoate

ethanoic acid 3.3.1 Ethanoic acid The hydrogen bonds/intermolecular forces between ethanoic acid molecules are stronger than the Van der Waals forces/intermolecular forces between the ester molecules. More energy needed to break bonds between ethanoic acid molecules

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.3.2 Methylmethanoate The Van der Waals forces/intermolecular forces molecules are weaker than the hydrogen bonds/ intermolecular forces between ethanoic acid molecules Less energy needed to break bonds between the ester molecules. 3.4 Decrease: Van der Waals forces increase with molecular size

Question 4 4.1 Alcohols 4.2

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

Catalyst Ethanol is flammable. Vapours are cooled down and condense / return to the test tube. Sodium carbonate solution is a base and will neutralise both acids, preventing them from masking the smell of the ester Boiling point OR Vapour pressure

4.7

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Solutions Topic 2: Rates & Chemical Equilibrium Question 1 1.1 Smaller than 1.2 Criteria for hypothesis: Refers to relationship between dependent and independent variables. Statement that can be proved correct or incorrect. prediction based on (prior) knowledge. Examples: Reaction rate (or volume of hydrogen gas produced per unit time) Increases (decreases) with increase in concentration The higher the concentration (of HC!) the faster the rate of the reaction. 1.3 To make a fair comparison / test. (or) Magnesium is a controlled variable (or) To ensure that there is only one independent variable (concentration). Magnesium is the limiting reagent. / When Mg is used up, the reaction will stop / The same amount (mass/volume) of Mg will react with the same amount of acid in each experiment. Experiment 1: 60 cm3 Experiment 2: 42 cm3 Experiment 1: The gradient / slope (of tangent to graph) is steeper. The number of moles / amount / mass of Mg used in both experiments were the same. Reaction rate increases with increase in concentration or Reaction rate (volume of hydrogen gas formed per unit time) decreases with decrease in concentration. Final Volume: Remains the same At 40s: Increases

(2)

(2)

1.4

1.5

1.6 1.7

1.8

1.9

Question 2 Solution: B In Q the number of molecules: Number of Y = 2 Number of X = 2 Number of Y2 = 2 Kc =

XY . Y X.

Number of XY = 4

4.2 2.2

=2

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 3 3.1 Reactants and products are in different phases i.e the reactant CaCO 3 and one of the products CaO are solids and the other product CO2 is a gas. 3.2 Multiple options Kc = CO2 0,0108 = [CO2] [CO2] = 1,08 x 10-2moldm-3 n(CO2) = cV = (1,08 x 10-2) (0,5) = 5,4 x 10-3mol n(CaCO3)used = n(CO2) n(CaCO3)used = 5,4 x 10-3mol m(CaCO3)used = nM = (5,4 x 10-3)(100) = 0,54 g Mass at equilibrium = 5 0,54 = 4,46 g 3.3 Endothermic According to Le Chatelier's principle an increase in temperature will favour the endothermic reaction. / the reaction that uses energy. When T was increased, Kc increased, therefore [CO2] increased / more products form, therefore forward reaction was favoured. Kc: Remains the same moles of CaCO3: Increases Concentration of CO2: Remains the same The number of moles of CO2(g): Remains the same

3.4

3.5

Question 4 4.1 Ratio from balanced equation: Initial number of mole (mol) Number of moles used/formed (mol) Number of moles at equilibrium(mol) Equilibrium concentration (moldm-3) Kc = 2 =
0,4

2NO2 2 2 -1,2 0,8 0,4

N2O4 1 x +0,6 x + 0,6 (x + 0,6) 2

x = 0,04 mol 4.2 4.3 Decreases When the pressure is increased the system will try to decrease the pressure. The forward reaction (2 mol to 1 mol) is favoured. Page 19

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Solutions Topic 3: Redox & Chemical Industries Question 1 1.1

1.2

Mg(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

E E cell cathode Eanode = 0,80 (- 2,36) = 3,16 V

1.3

1.4 1.5 1.6

Ensure a temperature of 25 C and solutions of concentration 1 moldm-3 Ni(s) | Ni 2+ (1 mol.dm-3) || Ag+ (1 mol.dm-3 | Ag(s) Option B The reaction leading to the highest emf (or potential difference) will be between the strongest reducing agent (Mg) and the strongest oxidising agent (Ag+).

Question 2 2.1 The process in which electricity is used to bring about a chemical change / decompose/break compounds into components. (A process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. )
2.2

P Reason: P is the electrode at which oxidation takes place (anode) Copper atoms loose electrons to form copper ions at this electrode. Cu2+(aq) + 2e- = Cu(s) 4Pt and Ag are both weaker reducing agents (than copper) and will not be oxidised. OR Cu is a stronger reducing agent (than Pt and Ag) and will be oxidised. The rate at which copper is oxidised (at the anode) is equal to the rate at which copper ions are reduced (at the cathode) Contains valuable / expensive metals. Or Platinum and silver are valuable / expensive metals.

2.3 2.4

2.5

2.6

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Physical Sciences P2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 3 3.1 P: 2C- C2(g) + 2eQ:
3.2

2H2O() + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)

H2O is a stronger oxidising agent (than Na+) and is more readily reduced than the Na+ Allows only the cation (Na+) to move across to the cathode compartment OR To separate the C- ions from the OH-

3.3

Question 4 4.1 Secondary cells 4.2 Equation II NiO2(s) + 2H2O( ) + 2e- Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) Reduction takes place at cathode NiO2(s) + Cd(s) + 2H2O() Ni(OH)2(s) + Cd(OH)2(s) W = Vq = 1,4 x 2(9,65 x 104) = 2,7 x 105J

4.3 4.4

Question 5 5.1 Fractional distillation of (liquid) air 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 bal H2S2O7 Oleum/pyrosulphuric acid (NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulphate

(1) (3) (3) (2) (3)

5.6.1 Soil cannot replenish nutrients at a fast enough rate to sustain growth. Globally a bigger demand for food (2) 5.6.2 Increase in oil price Increase in price of raw materials

(2)

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