VOITH

MANUAL LOW ASH SENSITIVITY PROMETHIUM-147 BASIS WEIGHT SENSOR MODEL 4403-3 PN: 42.0157.00

LOW ASH SENSITIVITY PROMETHIUM-1 BASIS WEIGHT SENSOR MANUAL

VOITH

PAPER AUTOMATION

Contents: 1. Sensor Overview 2. Sensor Description 2.1 Operating Principle and Measurement Algorithm 2.2 Sensor Electronics 2.3 Cooling System and Purge Air 2.4 Air Column Temperature Measurement and the Air Curtain 2.5 Sensor Wiring 3. Troubleshooting 4. Window Replacement 4.1 Source Window 4.2 Receiver Window 5. Shutter Operation 6. Basis Weight Calibration 6.1 Overview 6.2 Initial Dynamic Calibration 6.3 Continued Dynamic Basis Weight Verification 7. Leakage Radiation 8. Spare Parts

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1. Sensor Overview The Impact Basis Weight Sensor measures the basis weight of paper using the absorption of -rays from a radioactive source. This source contains 500 mCi (18.5 GBq) of Promethium-147. Figure 1.1 shows the transmission curve for Promethium-147.
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Signal 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 g/m 2 150 200 250

Figure 1.1. Transmission Curve for Pm-147 Promethium-147 source is used for basis weights up to 250 g/m2. The half life of Pm147 is 2.6 years and the recommended working life for the source is 5 years. After the working life of the source has expired, the source needs to be replaced by a person trained by Impact and properly authorized to work with radioactive sources. Radiation safety issues are covered in a separate manual.

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Source/Shutter Internal Standard Sheet

Silicon Detector Array

VFC Pre-Amp. Figure 1.2 Basis Weight Sensor Block Diagram

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The Pm-147 source is mounted on a rotating source holder that acts as a shutter by moving the source in and out of the measuring position. An internal mylar standard can be inserted in front of the source. This standard is used to improve dirt compensation and to verify calibration stability automatically. The receiver has a four element Silicon detector array mounted on a temperature controlled platform. Detectors are connected to a preamplifier and a voltage to frequency converter. Both the source and the receiver heads have a air circulation system that will keep the air behind the external window in rapid motion. A venturi is used to keep the air flowing through a tube containing an air temperature sensor. The signal from this temperature sensor is used for calculating the air density compensation for the internal air columns. The external air gap is purged from both sides of the sheet with a circular air curtain surrounding the window area. The spent sensor cooling air flows through a temperature controlled plenum into this curtain.

2.

SENSOR DESCRIPTION

2.1 Operating Principle and Measurement Algorithm As the radiation penetrates the sheet, it will interact with the charged particles in the matter in several ways. Beta rays can lose energy by colliding inelastically with the electrons in the atoms. In this case the beta ray will not only slow down, but it will also change direction, i.e. it will scatter. A beta particle can also collide with the atomic nucleus elastically, in which case it will scatter without a loss of energy. A small amount of a beta particles energy is also lost as the electromagnetic field around the atoms will cause the particles to decelerate and emit X-rays (bremsstrahlung). The absorption of beta energy by matter is generally proportional to the density of electrons in the matter. For all common elements, with the exception of hydrogen, the mass number of an atom is close to two times the number of electrons in the atom, so the mass absorption coefficient for a beta ray with a given energy is almost independent of the element. Hydrogen, of course, has one electron and a mass number of one, so any material with a high Hydrogen content will have a high absorption. Elastic scattering increases with increasing mass number. Even through there is no energy loss, the elastic scattering increases the average path through the sheet, and therefore increases the absorption by the inelastic collisions. A beta sensors ash sensitivity is primarily a result of the increased elastic scattering by the heavier elements PN: 42.0157.00 REV 1 Page5

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in ash. Impacts sensor is compensated for ash variations by the proper selection of source and receiver geometry. Increasing basis weight reduces the average energy of the beta particles, and the absorption coefficient increases with lower energy. This means, that if the sensor windows get dirty thus increasing the total mass, the sensor will become marginally more sensitive requiring a small correction. Impacts basis weight sensor is equipped with an internal standard that is used to calculate this correction. Since the beta absorption does not accurately obey Beer's law, the calculation algorithm used by Impact is somewhat complex. 2.1.1 On-sheet Algorithm (1) (2) BW0=A+B*x+C*x2+D*x3- (xf K)*(H*x+I*x2+J*x3) + E*Uacc +F*Lacc BW=Slope*BW0+Offset Where: Slope and Offset are grade dependent entries from the supervisory system. A through K are gauge constants. Uacc and Lacc are the upper and lower air column density correction factors. BW is the basis weight in g/m2. (3) (4) x=ln[(I0-IB)/(I(n)-IB) xf=ln[(I0-IB)/(Ifl-IB) Where: I0 is the signal at STDZ with the shutter open and IB is the STDZ signal with the shutter closed with a correction for the X-ray background. Ifl is the signal with the internal standard. ln in formula (3) means natural logarithm. (5) I(n) = PROF(n)*IACT(n) Where: PROF(n) is the air profile correction factor for data box n. (See 2.1.3) PN: 42.0157.00 REV 1 Page6

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IACT is the actual on-sheet signal without any corrections 2.1.2 Standardization (STDZ) A. Home Standardization This form of standardization is done in home position, either by request or based on time. Phase 1: Open the shutter. Read and average the sensor signal for 5 seconds. This average will be the new I0. Insert the internal standard into the beam. Read and Average the signal for 5 seconds. This average will be the new If. Close the shutter. Read and average the sensor signal for 5 seconds, this reading is used to calculate IB.

Phase 2:

Phase 3:

B. Edge Standardization The edge standardization is used to update open shutter reading every time the sensor crosses the edge of the sheet in order to continuously compensate for dirt accumulation.

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2.1.3 Air profile correction Air profile correction is used to correct possible errors in the scanner alignment. The correction array is created by scanning with an open shutter and empty gap over the maximum scan range, and by calculating the following expression for each data box: (5) PROF(n) = I0(home)/I0(n) where: I0(home) is the sensor signal with open shutter in the home position, and I0(n) is the signal at data box number n.

In order to obtain a valid I0(home), the air profile measurement sequence starts with a home standardization. Air profile correction measurement normally scans ten times in each direction and then goes off sheet and calculates arithmetic averages for the correction factors. It is, however, sometimes necessary to terminate the process early by pushing the off sheet button. The system will then calculate the averages using a lesser number of scans (minimum one each way). Initially all values in the correction array are set to one.

2.1.4

Set-up Data

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This version of the basis weight sensor is supported by the Aplus version 3.0 or higher. The key basis weight related items in v3.0 are: aplus.sensor.bw.stdzOpenLimits: aplus.sensor.bw.stdzCloseLimits: aplus.sensor.bw.basisWeightLimits: aplus.sensor.bw.flagLimits: aplus.sensor.bw.coeA: aplus.sensor.bw.coeB: aplus.sensor.bw.coeC: aplus.sensor.bw.coeD: aplus.sensor.bw.coeE: aplus.sensor.bw.coeF: aplus.sensor.bw.coeG: aplus.sensor.bw.coeH: aplus.sensor.bw.coeI: aplus.sensor.bw.coeJ: aplus.sensor.bw.coeK: 30000.0 220000.0 1.0 350.0 10.0 300.0 15000.0 40000.0 0.16 55.88 -3.929 0.2438 -16.5 -8.5 0.006953 36.7687 -1.9371 -1.8287 2.12044 # low, high # low, high # low, high # low, high # coeA # coeB # coeC # coeD # Upper air comp. # Lower air comp. # Background comp. # Dirt curve 1st power # Dirt curve 2nd power # Dirt curve 3rd power # Clean xf

The new sensor open counts are higher than the old model had, the range is now up to 250000. Typically the open counts are set to be just below 200000. Typical value for flag counts is 25000. Closed counts are set to approximately 200. 2.2 Sensor Electronics 2.2.1 Preamplifier (05-1142-00)

The detectors operate with zero bias voltage. Each of the four detectors has a separate front end preamplifier with an offset adjustment. These offsets are factory adjusted to approximately 1 mV. These adjustments are used to control the closed sensor output signal. The signals from the input amplifiers are then filtered with a 6th order low pass filter with a 3 dB point at 1 kHz, and then combined in a summing amplifier to form the output signal to the VFC. The summing amplifier has an adjustable gain. This gain adjustment is highly linear and has no influence on sensor calibration. It is used to bring the signal levels back up for older sources to maintain high signal resolution. 2.2.2 Voltage to Frequency Converter (05-1137-00) Voltage to frequency converter board has a 0 to +5 V input corresponding to a 0 to 200 kHz output. The analog basis weight signal from the 05-1142-00 board J6-1 is connected to the VFC board J1-1, converted to a frequency signal, and transmitted from the VFC board connector J2 pins 1 and 2 to the sensor connector pins D and E. 2.2.3 Temperature Control Board (05-1112-01) The temperature control board keeps the area around the window inside the basis weight sensor at a constant temperature, heats the sheet guide to prevent condensation, and PN: 42.0157.00 REV 1 Page9

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provides the air column temperature measurement. This board is used in both the upper and the lower head. The window area temperature control uses a PT-100 type Platinum resistor temperature transducer to measure the temperature. A similar temperature sensor is used in the air space behind the sensor window to measure the air column temperature. U2 amplifies the temperature signal (set point deviation) and switches the heaters on and off as required via transistors Q1 and Q2. Temperature set point is selected with jumper JA as shown on the schematic. Air column temperature is measured with a semiconductor temperature sensor. The signal from this temperature sensor is converted to a frequency signal with U5, and transmitted to the computer frequency input from the line driver U4. The output frequency is approximately 30 kHz at room temperature and increases 0.35%/oC with increasing temperature. 2.2.4 Detector Temperature Controller (P/N 05-1117-01)

This board controls the temperature of the four detectors using a Peltier cooler and a semiconductor temperature sensor as a feedback element. The detector temperature is controlled to be approximately 25oC. The board has four bridge circuits that measure the detector temperature. These signals control the cooling with four current drivers. All four coolers are connected in series. One of the current drivers controls the overall current through all Peltier coolers using the Darlington pair Q1&Q2, the other three drivers provide a small balance adjustment current for three of the coolers.

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2.3.5

DC-DC Converter Board (P/N 05-1124-00)

The function of the DC-DC converter board located in the lower (receiver) head is to provide +15 V, -15 V, and +5 V for the sensor electronics. The power input to the sensor is +24 Vdc. 2.3 Cooling System and Purge Air

The cooling system for this sensor utilizes a vortex cooler inside each sensing head. Vortex cooler produces a cold air flow and a hot air flow. Cold air is fed to a cooling coil and heat exchanger inside each sensing head, and from there to an external outlet fitting. This cold air outlet is available for other sensors that may need cooling. From these other sensors the spent cooling air is looped back through the return fitting to the air curtain, where it is combined with the hot air from the vortex cooler. A removable plug on the air manifold connected to the hot end of the vortex cooler provides access to the cooler adjustment screw at the end of the cooler. The vortex cooler is adjusted to maximum power by turning the adjustment screw until the hot end of the device is as hot as possible. The inside of the sensor is purged with clean, dry instrument air through a separate 4 mm fitting. This purge air also drives the venturi that is used for the internal air column circulation in each head.

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2.4

Air Column Temperature Measurement and the Air Curtain

The density of the air between the source and the detector will influence the sensor reading, unless it is compensated for. Standardization will correct the effect of the air density variations as long as there are no temperature or humidity variations between standardizations. The Impact basis weight sensor measures the empty gap at each scan turn-around, so in normal scanning operation the variations in the density of air in the internal air column is negligible. The external air gap is protected from temperature and humidity variations by the air curtain. Even though the effect of the air density variations is very small during normal scanning, significant errors can occur when the sensor is used either in the single point or in the sample mode. To eliminate the air density related errors for these cases, the internal air columns on both sides of the measuring gap are purged through a suction tube connected to a venturi. Inside this suction tube is a semiconductor temperature sensor (AD590). The suction system replaces the air in the air column rapidly, thus preventing rapid temperature changes due to sheet temperature variations, and the temperature sensor will measure the temperature of this air for an accurate software compensation. The external air gap is protected from density variations by the air curtain surrounding the window area. This air curtain will keep the air in the measuring beam between the source and receiver windows dry and at a nearly constant temperature. All of the sensor cooling air is fed into this curtain through a temperature controlled plenum.

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2.5

Sensor wiring 2.5.1 Source Wiring

The source head connector signals are: A B C D E F G H J K L M N P R S T N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C Upper Air Column Temperature+ Upper Air Column TemperatureShutter Switch1+ (Common) Shutter Switch1- (N/O) Flag Drive (+24V off, 0V on) +24 Vdc GND N/C N/C N/C

Internally the Upper Air Column Temperature+ is connected to 05-1112-01 TB2-3 and the Upper Air Column Temperature- is connected to 05-1112-01 TB2-4. The air column temperature sensor + is connected to 05-1112-01 TB2-2 and to 051112-01 TB2-1. The radiation lights mounted on the source head are connected to a second shutter switch, the return wire from both lamps is connected to ground, the red lamp is driven from Shutter Switch2 (N/C) and the green lamp is driven from the Shutter Switch2 (N/O). Shutter Switch2 (Common) is connected to +24 Vdc at the source head connector pin N. The temperature control board 05-1112-01 is powered from source connector pin N connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-7 and from source connector GND pin P connected to 051112-01 TB1-8. The air curtain heater is connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-1 and TB1-2 and the face plate heater is connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-3 and TB1-4. The temperature feed-back (Pt100) from the air curtain heater is connected between 05-1112-01 TB1-5 and TB1-6. 2.5.2 Receiver Wiring Page13

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The receiver head connector signals are: A B C D E F G H J K L M N P R S T N/C N/C N/C BW+ BWN/C N/C Lower Air Column Temperature+ Lower Air Column TemperatureN/C N/C N/C +24 Vdc GND N/C N/C N/C

Temperature control board 05-1112-01 is powered from receiver connector pin N connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-7 and from receiver connector GND pin P connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-8. Internally the Lower Air Column Temperature+ is connected to 05-1112-01 TB2-3 and the Lower Air Column Temperature- is connected to 05-1112-01 TB2-4. The air column temperature sensor + is connected to 05-1112-01 TB2-2 and to 051112-01 TB2-1. The air curtain heater is connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-1 and TB1-2 and the face plate heater is connected to 05-1112-01 TB1-3 and TB1-4. The temperature feed-back (Pt100) from the air curtain heater is connected between 05-1112-01 TB1-5 and TB1-6.

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Other internal receiver connections: 05-1124-00 From: J1-1 J1-2 J2-3 J2-4 J2-5 J2-6 J3-2 J3-3 J3-4 J3-5 J3-6 J6-1 J6-2 J6-3 J6-4 J6-5 J6-6 05-1117-01 J1-1 J1-2 J1-3 J1-4 J1-5 J1-6 J2-1 J2-8 J3-1 J3-8 To: Receiver Connector N Receiver Connector P 05-1142-00 J7-3 05-1142-00 J7-4 05-1142-00 J7-5 05-1142-00 J7-6 05-1137-00 J4-2 05-1137-00 J4-3 05-1137-00 J4-4 05-1137-00 J4-5 05-1137-00 J4-6 05-1117-01 J1-1 05-1117-01 J1-2 05-1117-01 J1-3 05-1117-01 J1-4 05-1117-01 J1-5 05-1117-01 J1-6 05-1124-00 J6-1 05-1124-00 J6-2 05-1124-00 J6-3 05-1124-00 J6-4 05-1124-00 J6-5 05-1124-00 J6-6 Detector Connector pin 2 Detector Connector pin 1 Detector Connector pin 3 Detector Connector pin 4

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05-1142-00 J7-3 J7-4 J7-5 J7-6 J6-1 J6-2 J1 J2 J3 J4 05-1137-00 J1-1 J1-2 J2-1 J2-2 J4-2 J4-3 J4-4 J4-5 J4-6

05-1124-00 J2-3 05-1124-00 J2-4 05-1124-00 J2-5 05-1124-00 J2-6 05-1137-00 J1-1 05-1137-00 J1-2 Detector 1 Detector 2 Detector 3 Detector 4 05-1142-00 J6-1 05-1142-00 J6-2 Receiver Connector pin D Receiver Connector pin E 05-1124-00 J3-2 05-1124-00 J3-3 05-1124-00 J3-4 05-1124-00 J3-5 05-1124-00 J3-6

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3. TROUBLESHOOTING The primary tool for troubleshooting this sensor is the record of standardizations and standard sample readings. Both open and closed sensor frequencies, as well as basis weight readings for the standard samples provided with the sensor must be recorded at regular intervals. Large sudden changes in the standardization readings are often an early indication of a problem, even though the actual basis weight readings may not initially change. A significant rapid drop (>15%) in the open sensor frequency is often caused by dirt build-up on the windows, but it can also be caused by faulty sensor electronics, a loose connection, a faulty frequency input in the Aplus, or a shutter that is not opening fully. Open sensor frequency is initially adjusted to 190 kHz +/- 10 kHz. A change in the flag (internal mylar standard) reading is also normally caused by dirt on the windows. It can also be an indication of dirt build-up on the flag itself due to dirty purge air. Malfunctioning flag valve, flag actuator cylinder, or the flag drive system can also be the cause for flag readings. A change in the closed sensor frequency of more than 200 Hz is caused either by an electronic failure or, if there is a problem with the purge air, condensation or oil inside the sensor. Normal values for the closed sensor frequency range from 50 Hz to 500 Hz. A malfunction of the shutter or the flag in the upper head can cause significant changes in the standardization values. The minimum air pressure required for the reliable operation of the shutter and flag actuators is 35 psig (340 kPa). If the shutter fails to close completely, the open sensor frequency will be high. This condition will be indicated by the shutter warning lights remaining red, both on the upper basis weight head, and on the scanner. A shutter that opens only partially will cause the red lights to come on. The meaning of the red light is not fully closed, thus, the red light cannot be relied upon as an indicator of a properly functioning shutter. If the shutter fails to close completely, Impact personnel needs to be notified immediately and the system must be left in the park position.

4. WINDOW REPLACEMENT

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4.1 1. 2. 3.

Source Window Replacement Push the off sheet button and wait till the scanner has fully stopped. Push the service button and allow the heads to move to the service position. Check that the radiation warning lights both on the source heads and on the scanner are green. If lights are not green, send the heads off sheet and call for service. Do not attempt to replace the window unless all lights are green. Assuming the lights were green, remove the window assembly from the source head by opening the five M3 screws, then push the old window and the aperture plate out of the window holder. Place a new Mylar window into the cartridge, place the aperture plate over the window, and fasten the window assembly into the source head with the five M3 screws. Push off sheet button to bring the sensing heads back together.

4.

5.

6.

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4.2 1. 2. 3.

Receiver Window Replacement Push the off sheet button and wait till the scanner has fully stopped. Push the service button and allow the heads to move to the service position. Check that the radiation warning lights both on the source heads and on the scanner are green. If lights are not green, send the heads off sheet and call for service. Do not attempt to replace the window unless all lights are green. Assuming the lights were green, turn off scanner power and air, and remove the window holder from the receiver head by opening the six M1.6 screws, then remove the old window. Leave the aperture plate on the receiver head. Place a new Titanium window on the aperture plate, center the window and the aperture plate, and place the window holder over the window. Make sure the two cutouts on the inside of the window holder line up in the machine direction. This is required for the air curtain to function properly. When the window holder is aligned, fasten it into the receiver head with six M1.6 mounting screws. Turn power and air back on to restart the scanner.

4.

5.

6.

SHUTTER OPERATION

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The following diagram shows the shutter controls, radiation warning lights and interlock circuits.

Figure 5.1. Shutter Control Circuits

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6. BASIS WEIGHT CALIBRATION 6.1 Overview This procedure is intended to provide a basis for establishing consistent and verifiable measurement with the Impact Basis Weight Sensor in the mill environment. Initially the gauge must be correctly aligned and adjusted (HV adjustment). The sensor is supplied with a set of factory calibration constants. These calibration constants are based on mylar standards. The final calibration and calibration verification is based on dynamic sampling. The dynamic sensor calibration consists of two steps, the initial calibration that is done, when a new sensor is commissioned, and the routine ongoing calibration verification. During the initial calibration both slope and offset values are established for the various paper grades. (Often only the slope is used at this stage). The purpose of the on-going calibration verification is to make sure that the calibration remains correct. At this stage, only small corrections are made to the calibration, and typically only the offsets are changed based on the dynamic sampling.

6.2 Initial Dynamic Calibration The preferred method for basis weight dynamic calibration is based on comparing the roll average basis weight from the reel report to the average basis weight of the corresponding rolls from the rewinder. This roll weight method is far more accurate than any method based on reel samples, assuming that an accurate length measurement as well as an accurate shipping scale are available. The alternative method is based on single pointing the sensor to a selected location on the sheet, where both CD and MD variations are small, logging the data just before the reel turn up and the cutting laboratory samples from the reel at the selected location. For the best accuracy it is important to time the sampling precisely for proper comparison with the data logger. The factors that often make this latter method relatively inaccurate, are formation, rapid MD variations and the conditioning of the sample moisture.

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6.2.1 Procedure 1) 2)

Roll Weight Method

Obtain the rewinder report and the Impact reel report. Calculate the average basis weight using the roll weight, the roll width, and the length of paper in the roll. Basis weight equals the roll weight divided by the area of paper in the roll. The area is the roll width times the length. Apply appropriate unit conversion.

3)

Compare Impact reel average with the calculated basis weight. 6.2.2 Reel Sample Method

This procedure is based on single pointing the sensor to a selected location on the sheet, where both CD and MD variations are small, logging the data just before the reel turn up and the cutting laboratory samples from the reel at the selected location. For the best accuracy it is important to time the sampling precisely for proper comparison with the data logger. 1) Select a location, on the sheet, where the basis weight is relative stable, in both MD and CD directions, and single point the sensors at this location. Measure the distance from the sensor window center line to the edge of the sheet. Record this distance. Make sure you have all necessary equipment ready and the machine operator prepared to take a sample from the reel. Just before taking the sample, single point the sensors at the selected location and turn on the data logger. Cut a sample (several layers of paper) at the correct location. Make sure that the sample is significantly larger than the die that will be used to cut the samples to final size in the laboratory. Throw away the top and bottom sheet, and quickly place the sample in the sample bag. The bag should be closed with a minimum amount of air around the sample to prevent changes in the sample moisture. Prepare a scale for quick sample weighing.

2) 3)

4)

5)

6)

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7)

Remove the sample from the bag cut it quickly to the proper size and weigh it rapidly. Make sure that you don't spend more than a few seconds in the process, otherwise the sample conditioning will spoil the accuracy. Convert the reading to appropriate units. Read the basis weight from the data logger printout and compare it with the laboratory value.

8)

Initial Slope and Offset Adjustment The calculation of new slope and offset values is done by first graphing the laboratory data for a given grade as a function of the sensor readings and by finding the best fit straight line for the points on this graph. The most convenient way to determine the slope and offset is to use a suitable spreadsheet program, such as Excel, and use the spreadsheet tools to fit a linear trend line to the data. The graph below was made using Excel. The slope and offset of this line are then used to determine the new calibration data. The data must cover a wide range of basis weight values within a grade with good repeatability before both slope and offset can be determined. Figuring the slope and offset:
90 80 70 60 Lab. 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Sensor y = 1.0197x - 1.8649

If your slope and offset for data collection were not Slope = 1, Offset = 0, then you must use the following to adjust the slope and offset calculated from your data: New Slope= Old Slope x Slope from Graph New Offset= (Old Offset x Slope from graph) + Offset from graph PN: 42.0157.00 REV 1 Page23

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If the data is only covering a narrow range of values, it is not advisable to try to calculate both the slope and the offset. In those cases it is best to set the offset to zero and adjust only the slope for the initial grade calibration. For the continued fine tuning later on, only the offset should be used. 6.3 Continued Dynamic Basis Weight Verification

Basis weight calibration should be verified periodically after the initial calibration. The frequency of recheck will be necessarily determined by the variations of the process and mill requirements. Typically a verification is recommended after major service or repairs to the basis weight sensor, or after the sensor standardization values change significantly. The sensor data is collected in the same manner as the it was done for the initial dynamic calibration. If after adequate number of samples it becomes apparent, that the calibration needs to be adjusted, calculate the average of the laboratory readings and the average of the gauge readings and calculate the correction using the following formula: New Offset = Old Offset + (Lab. Average - Sensor Average) The new offset must be entered to the grade calibration tables in order to make the change permanent. Normally it is not necessary to adjust the slope, unless the sensor has undergone major repairs.

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7.

LEAKAGE RADIATION

Promethium-147 source is an almost perfectly pure source of soft beta radiation. This beta radiation is completely stopped by a 0.5 mm (0.02) sheet of plastic. Unfortunately beta radiation will always generate X-rays with approximately the same energy as the beta particles that caused them. It is these X-rays that can be detected outside the sensor in small amounts even with the shutter closed. With the shutter closed and the sensing heads separated for service, the maximum radiation level is found on the surface of the source window, a typical dose rate is approximately 1 mrem/h. The levels are nearly undetectable anywhere away from the immediate window area. With the sensor in operation with the shutter open, the maximum dose rate in the accessible areas is found at the radiation light end of the measuring gap. The dose rate there is typically less than 1 mrem/h.

8.

SPARE PARTS

The following spare parts are recommended: P/N 05-1112-01 05-1117-01 05-1124-00 05-1137-00 05-1142-00 51-0287-00 25-0101-00 051-0438-00 08-4502-00 08-4501-00 08-4507-00 70-3001-03 70-1002-23 70-1003-12 Description Temperature Control Board Detector Temperature Controller DC-DC Converter Board Voltage to Frequency Converter Four Channel BW Preamplifier Indicator Lamp (Radiation Lights) Venturi Micro-switch Mylar Window for the source head Titanium Window for the receiver head Temperature Sensor Assembly M3 source window mounting screws M2 receiver window mounting screws M4 side cover mounting screws

PN: 42.0157.00 REV 1

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