Nur Shahirah Bt Mohd Nazri 5 Bestari 940427-07-5168 PA030A129 SMK Convent Green Lane Pn.

Liew Qi Ying

Introduction Objective Problem Investigated Problem Solving Further Exploration Conclusion Reference

Cake is a term with a long history (the word is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse kaka) and denotes a baked flour confection sweetened with sugar or honey; it is mixed with eggs and often, but not invariably, with milk and fat; and it has a porous texture from the mixture rising during cooking. It is not surprising that the frontiers between cake and bread, biscuit and bun are indistinct. The progenitor of all is bread in its simplest form. As techniques for baking and leavening developed, and eating patterns changed, what were originally regarded as forms of bread came to be seen as categories of their own and named accordingly. Certain Roman breads, enriched with eggs and butter, must have achieved a cakelike consistency and thus approached one of these indistinct frontiers. Europe and places such as North America where European influence is strong have always been the center of cakes. One might even draw a line more tightly, for English-speaking areas. No other language has a word that means exactly the same as the English 'cake.' The continental European gateau and torte often contain higher proportions of butter, eggs and enriching ingredients such as chocolate, and often lean towards pastry rather than cake. Central and East European items such as baba and the Easter kulich are likewise different. The western tradition of cakes applies little in Asia. In some countries western-style cakes have been adopted on a small scale, for example the small sponge cakes called kasutera in Japan. But the 'cakes' which are important in Asian are quite different from anything occidental for examples, see moon cakes and rice cakes of the Philippines. The history of cakes, goes a long way back. Among the remains found in Swiss lake villages were crude cakes make from roughly crushed gains, moistened, compacted and cooked on a hot stone. Such cakes can be regarded as a form of unleavened bread, as the precursor of all modern European baked products. Some modern survivors of these mixtures still go by the name 'cake', for instance oatcakes, although these are now considered to be more closely related to biscuits by virtue of their flat, thin shape and brittle texture. Ancient Egypt was the first culture to show evidence of true skill in baking, making many kinds of bread including some sweetened with

hone. The Greeks had a form of cheesecake and the Romans developed early versions of fruitcakes with raisins, nuts and other fruits. These ended up in 14th century Britain. Chaucer mentions immense cakes made for special occasions. One was made with 13 kilograms of flour and contained butter, cream, eggs, spices, currants and honey. Moulds, in the form of cake hoops or pans have been used for forming cakes since at least the mid-17th century. Most cakes were eaten accompanied by a glass of sweet wine or tea. At large banquets, elaborately decorated cakes might form part of the display, but would probably not be eaten. By the mid19th century the French were including a separate "sweet" course at the end of the meal which might include 'gateau.' During the 19th century, technology made the cake-baker's life much easier. The chemical raising agent bicarbonate of soda, introduced in the 1840's, followed by baking powder (a dry mixture of bicarbonate of soda with a mild acid), replaced yeast, providing a greater leavening power with less effort. Another technology breakthrough was more accurate temperature controlled ovens. In most of NW Europe and North America a well-developed tradition of home baking survives, with a huge repertoire of cake recipes developed from the basic methods. The ability to bake a good cake was a prized skill among housewives in the early to mid-20th century, when many households could produce a simple robust, filling 'cut and come again' cake, implying abundance and hospitality. Although the popularity of home baking and the role of cakes in the diet have both changed during the 20th century, cakes remain almost ubiquitous in the western world. They have kept their image as 'treats' and maintain their ceremonial importance at weddings and birthdays.

-produce students who are able to apply concepts and skills in problem
solving - to improve the skills of thinking and communicating with the correct grammar and appropriate. -promote the intrinsic value such as neat working, systematic, precise and others -inculcate the spirit to try and not give up easily -make learning more fun, challenging, useful and meaningful

Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

(Diagram 1)
1)If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school.[Use = 3.142] 2)The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. a)If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers. (b)Based on the values in your table, (i) state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. (ii) suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer.

(c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.] (ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. 3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm. (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm (b) Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. (c) Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Part III Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. FURTHER EXPLORATION Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. (a)Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. (b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods.

Reflection While you were conducting the project, what have you learnt? What moral values did you practise? Represent your opinions or feelings creatively through usage of symbols, illustrations, drawing or even in a song.

Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Answer:

Method
Progressions

Explanation
To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

Geometri

To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced.

Differentiation To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients

for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced.

Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

(Diagram 1)
(1)If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school.[Use = 3.142] Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)(r) x 7 (3.142) = (r) 8528.2857 = (r) r= 92.3487cm d =2r d = 184.6974cm 2) The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers. Answer: 1kg=3800 cm 5kg=19000 cm First, form the formula for d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000 cm, that is:

19000 = (3.142)(r)h =

= d d=155.5263 -------------------- By using same formula for different height

Height,h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.1 3.9 4.0 4.5 4.7 7.1 8.9

Diameter,d (cm) 155.5263 109.9737 89.7932 88.333 78.7538 77.7632 73.3158 71.7389 58.368 52.1325

(b) Based on the values in your table, (i) state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Answer: The width of oven is 600cm.The height of height h < 7cm is NOT suitable because the diameter is too large to fix in the oven.The cake will less good-baking and the cake in bad condition. (ii) suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer. Answer: h = 8.9 cm, d = 52.1325 cm, because easy to handle and bake it.

(c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.] Answer: 1kg=3800 cm 5kg=19000 cm 19000 = (3.142)( )h =

= d d = 155.5263

d= log d = log d = log h + log 155.5263 , x= log h, c= log 155.5263

y= log d, m=

Log h Log d

0 2.19

1 1.69

2 1.19

3 0.69

4 0.19

(ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. Answer: h = 10.5cm,log h = 1.021,-----from the graph-----log d = 1.69,d = 48.98cm (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Answer: d = 42cm,log d = 1.623,-----from the graph----- log h = 1.130,h = 13.49cm

3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm. (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Answer: From 2(b)(ii) h = 8.9cm, d = 52.1325cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142) ( = 2134.83 cm Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)( )(8.9) x 1 = 1457.82 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = (2134.83 + 1457.82) cm = 3592.65 cm (b) Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. Answer: 1 ) Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid) ) x 1

19000 = base area x height base area = length x width = 2134.83 By trial and improvement, 2134.83= 45 x 47.44 (length = 47.44, width = 45, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8.9 x 47.44)(1) + 2(8.9 x 45)(1) + 2134.83 = 3780.262 cm 2 ) Triangle-shaped base

19000 = base area x height base area = 2134.83 x length x width = 2134.83 length x width = 4269.66 By trial and improvement, 4269.66 = 49.94 x 85.5 (length = 85.5, width = 49.94)

----- 85.5 cm Slant length of triangle = (49.94)+(42.75)= 65.7386cm Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = (49.94 x 8.9)(1) + 2(65.7386 x 8.9)(1) + 2134.83 = 3749.443 cm

3 ) Pentagon-shaped base

19000 = base area x height base area = 2134.83 cm = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2134.83 = 5(length x width) 426.966= length x width By trial and improvement, 426.966 = 20.5 x 20.38 (length = 20.5, width = 20.38) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8.9 x 19) + 2134.83 = 3061.765cm (c) Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Answer: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used. Part III Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. Answer: Method 1: Differentiation Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) V = (3.142)(r)(1) + 2(3.142)rh (2)

From (1): h = Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r( V = (3.142)r + ( )

(3)

V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 ( ) = 2(3.142)r ( ) ) --- minimum value, therefore =0

0 = 2(3.142)r ( = 2(3.142)r = r 6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h=

h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm Method 2: Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr (2) From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + ) ( ) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h

and c = 0 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22

Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily. FURTHER EXPLORATION Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on.(a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. Answer: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599 a = 31, r = V = (3.142)rh Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, a = 18116.772, ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81 (b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. Answer: Sn = Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81

57000 = 1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n og0.81 0.40221 = n n=

n = 4.322 therefore, n 4

REFLECTION In the making of this project, I have spent countless hours doing this project.I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill my big dreams and wishes. I used to hate Additional Mathematics It always makes me wonder why this subject is so difficult I always tried to love every part of it It always an absolute obstacle for me Throughout day and night I sacrificed my precious time to have fun From.. Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday And even the weekend that I always looking forward to

1 28ve 980 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(Cover the top part of the phrase 1 28ve 980 From now on, I will do my best on every second that I will learn Additional Mathematics