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CONTENTS
Page SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
THE INSTRUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNPACKING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACCESSORIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTROLS AND INDICATORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filling Manometer Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . Filling Pressure Regulator Standpipe. . . . . Filling Drying Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment of Sample Packing Assembly . . . . Checking Manometer Level. . . . . . . . . . . MEASURING PARTICLE SIZE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instrument Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . CALIBRATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checking Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . Determining the Optimum Compaction Force or Porosity Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SERVICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleaning Manometer Tubes . . . . . . . . Checking Manometer Tube Diameters. . . . The Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Sample Holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checking of Manometer, Pump and Sample Holder The Needle Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replacing Tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REPLACEMENT PARTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extending Calculator Chart. . . . . . . . . . Calculation Operations . . . . . . . . . Calculator Chart Construction. . . . . . REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 1 1 2 6 8 8 11 11 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 23 25 25
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
1 2
3 4 5
Sub-Sieve Sizer with Back Removed. . . . . . . . . 9 Filling Manometer Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Draining Auxiliary Filling Tube. . . . . . . . . .12
SPECIFICATIONS
Voltage Requirement 115V (+ or -10%), 50-60 Hz
0.3 amps (30 Watts) 0.2 to 50 microns (m) 0.40 to 0.80 39.4cm W x 24.1cm D x 75cm H (15.5W x 9.5D x 29.5H) 16 kg (35 lb.)
Shipping Weight
THE INSTRUMENT
The Fisher Model 95 Sub-Sizer is designed for quick and reproducible measurements of average particle diameters in the 0.2 to 50-micron range. Each measurement is read directly from a curve on the calculator chart located at the top half of the instrument. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has a standard test method for using this instrument, B-330. It is entitled Average particle size of powders of refractory metals and compounds by the Fisher Sub-Sieve Sizer. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) also has a standard pertaining to the use of this instrument, ISO/TC 119/SC2. All parts of the instrument are constructed into a single unit and are housed in, or mounted to, a sturdy wooden cabinet. These parts include an air pump, an air pressure regulator standpipe, a precision manometer, a sample packing assembly, a calculator chart, and all of the necessary calibration and control valves. Also packaged with the unit is a precision bore sample tube, a Fisher Sample Pressure Calibrator, and miscellaneous items. A special APPENDIX at the end of the manual provides information for extending the range of the calculator chart, allowing the instrument to be used with samples falling outside the normal chart range.
UNPACKING
The Sub-Sieve Sizer and accessory equipment are shipped in a single carton. After unpacking, check each item received against the packing list below. If a shortage exists, notify your Fisher branch or representative, identifying the item by name and number. NOTE: If shipping damage is observed, keep the entire shipment intact, retaining the carton and all packing material, and file claim with the final carrier. Usually the firm will send an investigator to ascertain liability. Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _____________
*
Item Fisher Sub-Sieve Sizer Sample Tube (Cat. No. 14-313-5)* Sample Pressure Calibrator (Cat. No. 14-311-2) Sample Tube Holder Filter Paper Disc (Pkg. Of 500)(Cat. No. 14 313-12) Plastic Funnel (Cat. No. 14-313-15) Rubber Stopper (#00) Drierite, 10-20 Mesh (1 lb)(Cat. No. 07-578-4A) Warranty Card Instruction Manual
ACCESSORIES
Item Sample Pressure Calibrator Sample Tube Sub-Sieve Sizer Calibrator Catalog Number 14-311-2 14-313-5 14-313-7
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The Sub-Sieve Sizer operates on the air-permeability principle for measuring the average particle size of powders. The principle is based upon the fact that particles in the path of a regulated airflow will affect that airflow in relationship to their size. More specifically, however, the principle finds its basis in the fact that a current of air flows more readily through a bed of coarse powder than through an otherwise equal bed of fine powder that is equal in shape of bed, apparent volume, and percentage of voids; but by reason of difference in general coarseness of material (differing in average pore diameter and in total interstitial surface), measurements of average particle sizes are obtained. Actually, the basic operating principles of the instrument are relatively simple (see figure 1). The air pump builds up air pressure to a constant head in the pressure regulator standpipe. Under this pressure head, the air is conducted to the packed powder sample contained in the sample tube. The flow of air through this packed powder bed is measured by means of a precision manometer, in which the level of the fluid indicates the average diameter of the powder particles directly on the calculator chart. Ernest L. Gooden and Charles M. Smith1 derived mathematical formulas involved in calibrating the Sub-Sieve Sizer from the earlier work of P. C. Carman2. Although the formulas are complex, as a result of Gooden and Smiths work on the standardization of conditions, the operator can obtain average particle sizes from the instrument without mathematical computation.
Perspective of Operating Principles The instrument eliminates all variables and resolves the formulas into a series of curves, which allow average particle size to be read directly from the calculator chart. Such variables as the shape of the bed, apparent volume, and percentage of voids are either removed or compensated for by uniformly packing a fixed weight of the sample in a precision bore tube right on the instrument. The value of the average particle diameter obtained with the instrument is numerically equal to six times the total volume of the sample under test divided by the total surface of all the particles contained in this sample, regardless of particle size distribution. Beginning with fundamental equations relating the flow of fluid through a bed of particles to the physical characteristics of that bed, Gooden and Smith derived the formula:
dm =
60,000 14
nCFDL2 M 2 (VD M )3 (P F)
In which; dm n C = average diameter in microns (one micron = 10 -6 meters) = viscosity of air in poises (0.000183 poise at 25 oC)
= conductance of the manometer resistance in cc/sec/unit pressure (grams per cm2) (0.004296 cc/sec/cm pressure drop on the READ DIRECT range at 25oC and 0.012888 cc/sec/cm on the READ DOUBLE range) F = pressure difference in grams/cm2 across the manometer resistance (obtained by measuring the height of the water in the manometer above the base line in centimeters and multiplying by 2 and expressing the result in gms/cm2) = density of sample in gms/cc (determined by operator) = length or height of compacted sample in cm. (measured by operator) M V = Mass of sample in grams (weight of sample used)
D L
= apparent volume of sample in cc--derived from the formula V = AL where; A = cross sectional area of sample tube (1.267 cm2) L = defined above = overall air pressure head in grams/cm2 (50 gms/cm2)
By the expedients of using a sample we ight equal to the true density of the material, of packing the sample to a known degree, and of selecting and fixing several of the variables, the equation may be simplified to the extent that the average particle diameter is indicated by the value of F only; i.e., as far as the instrument is concerned, by the height of a column of liquid in a glass tube. In the Sub-Sieve Sizer, it is unnecessary to make an actual measurement of the height of the liquid column. Instead, by proper use of the calculator chart, the average particle diameter may be read directly from the chart. If desired, the average particle diameter may be expressed in terms of Sw, equal to the specific surface of the powder in square centimeters per gram of dry powder; or in terms of So, equal to the specific surface of the dry powder in square centimeters per cc of equal solid material. These relationships are expressed in the equation:
dm =
6 x104 p Sw
or
6x104 So
So =
Sw =
6x104 dm p
6x104 dm
in which, dm = average diameter in microns (one micron = 10-6 meters) taken from calculator chart p = true density of material from which the powder was made (see explanation below) Sw = specific surface in cm2 / gm material So = specific surface in cm2 / cm3 of solid material The true density mentioned above is the density of the material, which makes up the powder. If the sample is a quartz powder, the true density is that of solid quartz and is equal to 2.65gm/cm3. By weighing out a powdered sample equal to 2.65 grams, the solid particles will be one cm3 in actual volume but will occupy more than one cm3 in space, depending upon how much the sample is compacted. This latter volume is generally designated as the apparent volume of the sample, as contrasted to true volume. The apparent density of the packed sample (the weight of one cm3 of packed powder) will obviously be less than the true density of the material from which the powder was ground and will depend on the degree of packing. In the preceding equation, So is the total surface area of all the particles in one cc of actual solid. The powder sample itself, however, would actually occupy more than one cm3. So is independent of the density of the sample, while the value of Sw depends upon true density of the material, as well as particle size. Detailed discussions and comments concerning terminology relating to volume, density, and specific gravity of granular material may be found in the A.S.T.M. Bulletins (see references 6 and 7).
2. Sub-Sieve Sizer Control Panel A Water Level Observation Window B Range Control C Calculator Chart D Outside Manometer E Rack and Pinion Control G Pressure Control H Clamp Assembly Control I Manometer Level Control J Base Block Assembly K Sample Tube L Power Switch N Metal Marker Bar
RANGE CONTROL Selector. Makes it possible to read the calculator chart more accurately over the entire 0.2 to 50 micron range. If the average particle diameter falls within the range of 0.2 to 20 microns, a twist of the RANGE CONTROL to the right (CW) makes it possible to read the chart directly. If the average particle diameter falls within the range of 20 to 50 microns, a twist of the selector to the left (CCW) makes it possible to get an accurate determination by multiplying the chart reading by two. Power Switch. When the power switch is flipped to ON, the circuitry of the instrument is energized, the air pump and interior lamp function.
PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES
While the instrument is shipped completely assembled, a number of preliminary procedures are required. Specifically, the manometer tubes and pressure regulator standpipe must be filled with distilled (or deionized) water, the drying tube filled with a desiccant (e.g. Drierite), the sample packing assembly adjusted, and the manometer level checked and adjusted.
coincides approximately with the base line on the calculator chart. Be sure to leave a little latitude of movement above and below this point, so that the water level can be easily readjusted whenever necessary: i.e., turn the selector until the water level rises above the prescribed point, then turn it until the water level falls below the prescribed point, and finally turn it until the water level falls right on the prescribed point.
Because of the the poor quality resulting from printing this file then photocopying it, this page is to be printed from photographic plates and inserted into manual.
V Auxiliary Filling Tube W Motor and Pump Assembly X Manometer Level Adjustment Assy.
R Inside Manometer S High Needle Valve T Low Needle Valve U Outside Manometer
10. After the correct level is obtained in the outside manometer, properly place the retainer plate back on the rollers and tighten the wing nut. 11. Then, turn the MANOMETER LEVEL selector clockwise and counterclockwise to make certain that the latitude of movement mentioned in step 8 is still prevalent. Then, reset the water level at the proper point as stated in step 8. 12. Drain the excess water from the auxiliary filling tube (see figure 5). Then, remove the tube from the rubber tubing and re-clamp it to the side of the cabinet. 13. Wipe up any water spilled inside the cabinet.
5.
Instrument Stabilization
The Sub-Sieve Sizer can be used continuously or intermittently throughout the entire work day. The ideal situation is to turn the instrument on at the beginning of the work day and leave it on the entire day. This way the instrument will be properly warmed up. The procedure is satisfactory where samples are run continuously throughout the day. There are, however, situations where the instrument is used occasionally. In this case the instrument can be turned on and off before and after each use. To assure proper warm up in this case, turn instrument on and allow it to warm up for about 20 minutes at normal room temperature (colder ambient temperatures will take longer). Proper warm up of the instrument is indicated by the ability to reproduce the reading of the Fisher Sub-Sieve Sizer Calibrator for several readings taken a few minutes apart.
CALIBRATION
It should be noted that the Sub-Sieve Sizer does not measure sample particle size directly. It measures the specific surface area of a sample. This is mathematically related to the average particle size of the sample. Since this measurement is dependent upon the nature of the sample in shape, compression, porosity, etc., and the parameters of the measuring instrument, no absolute calibration standard is available. The Sub-Sieve Sizer derives its calibration from its mathematically constructed chart, which was originally correlated to a National Bureau of Standards sample to assure accuracy. The use of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Sample No. 114 Portland Cement should NOT be used to calibrate the Sub-Sieve Sizer. The standard for calibration of the Sub-Sieve Sizer is the Sub-Sieve Sizer calibrator tube, which can be purchased from Fisher Scientific Company under the catalog No. 14-313-7. This calibrator should be used to calibrate the instrument before
each use and after each fifth consecutive sample. For any number of samples the instrument calibration should be checked at the end of the run to make sure that no instrument changes occurred during the measurement interval.
Some users prefer to use a sample of their own material to check overall performance of the instrument. This can be done if the sample is stable and a statistical evaluation has been performed for the values to be expected. A sample should not be used to calibrate the instrument, only to indicate that all adjustments and calibration seem to be in order. The Sub-Sieve Sizer Calibrator is a standard for average particle size measurement. It allows operators to relate their data to that of other analysts. Each calibrator is factory tested three times with the resulting readings and associated porosity recorded on the tube. The following procedures are recommended for checking and calibrating the Sub-Sieve Sizer:
Checking Calibration
1. Check the following and correct as necessary; standpipe and manometer water levels and cleanliness condition of rubber washers in sample tube holder sample compaction brass post height drying tube drying agent 2. Position the calculator chart so that the pointer aligns with 0.75 porosity. Check and adjust the manometer level as described under Checking Manometer Level. 3. Turn on the unit and allow it to run until stabilized, normally about 20 minutes. 4. Set the Range Control to the 0.2 to 20 microns setting and clamp the calibrator tube into the units clamp assembly. The rubber washers must make an airtight seal against the ends of the tube. 5. Adjust the Pressure Control until the bubbling rate is between two and three bubbles per second. 6. Allow the manometer reading to stabilize, then, without moving the chart, adjust the Rack and Pinion Control until the upper edge of the crossbar aligns with the meniscus in the manometer. 7. Read the calculator chart value at the tip of the pointer and compare that to the HIGH values marked on the calibrator tube. It is recommended that the average of the three values be used for this comparison. 8. If the measured value does not correspond to the values printed on the calibrator tube within 0.05 units (ASTM B 330 - 88 specifies + or - 3%), proceed to Calibration Procedure. 9. If the measured value from the previous step is acceptable, turn the Range Control to the 20 to 50 micron position and, after the manometer level stabilizes, read the calculator chart value. 10. Compare this value with the LOW values marked on the calibrator tube. If the measured value is not within 0.03 units (ASTM B 330 - 88 specifies + or - 3%), proceed to Calibration Procedure.
Calibration Procedure
1. Position the unit so that front and back are accessible without moving it. Remove the back of the unit. 2. Locate the HIGH calibration valve (the left-most of the two calibration valves as viewed from the rear of the unit). With the Range Control set to the 0.2 to 20 micron position, carefully adjust the HIGH calibration valve so that the manometer meniscus indicates the HIGH value marked on the calibrator tube. 3. Allow the reading to stabilize, then re-adjust if necessary. (See note below) 4. Locate the LOW calibration valve (the right-most of the two calibration valves as viewed from the rear of the unit). With the Range Control set to the 20 to 50 micron position, carefully adjust the LOW calibration valve so that the manometer meniscus indicates the LOW value as marked on the calibrator tube. 5. Allow the reading to stabilize, then re-adjust if necessary. (See note below) 6. Set the Range Control to the 0.2 to 20 range, allow the reading to stabilize, then verify the calibration. Re-adjust the HIGH calibration valve if necessary. 7. Set the Range Control to the 20 to 50 range, allow the reading to stabilize, and verify the calibration. Re-adjust the LOW calibration valve if necessary.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 until both settings are satisfactory. (Note; Calibrator tube values are determined at a temperature of 77 F. At temperatures of 10 F from 77 F, deviations from the calibration values should be less than 0.1 micron and can normally be neglected (dependent upon the test specification or the users discretion) except for critical applications near the lower end of the 0.2 to 20 micron range.)
14. Read the particle size from the chart. To obtain the most precise reading, it is recommended that the user maintains a level line-of-sight, use a magnifying glass, and verify the alignment of the crossbar with the liquid meniscus as the reading is being taken. 15. Remove the sample tube by holding the tube while slowly releasing the CLAMP ASSEMBLY CONTROL knob (counter clockwise). 16. To remove the porous plugs from the sample tube, turn the threaded end of the extractor rod into the threaded hole in the plug nearest the bottom of the tube and pull the plug out. Then turn the extractor rod into the upper plug from the top of the tube and push the plug out of the bottom of the sample tube.
7. Plot all readings on a sheet of graph paper and connect the points. The midpoint of the plateau of the curve is the optimum porosity point, or the point on which the porosity scale should be set to measure that particular density of sample with the minimum degree of error.
SERVICE
The accuracy and precision of the Sub-Sieve Sizer -- as with all instrumentation -- requires that each part be in good working condition. Consequently, in order to make a complete operational check, all procedures given in this instruction manual should be followed and verified as a matter of course. Become familiar with the purpose and location of each control before attempting a repair of adjustment. NOTE: Because of the similarities between all Sub-Sieve Sizers, whenever possible, the following servi ce procedures apply to both current models as well as older models. Service information is included for the manometer, the pump, the sample holder, and the needle valves: A test procedure to check overall performance of manometer, pump and holder is included, along with data on the replacement of instrument tubing.
The Manometer
The manometer consists of two interconnected glass tubes, one located outside the instrument and the other inside. Aside from breakage, two service problems can arise in respect to these components. The first, and most common, is that the inside of the tubes may become dirty after a period of use. (It is recommended that the breather stopper and glass wool remain in place at the top of the outside manometer tube) The second is that the tubes may become mismatched as a result of improper servicing.
NOTE: To prevent breakage or personal injury, the tubing should be cut rather than slipped off. New tubing should then be used for reassembling, to ensure a tight fit and prevent leakage. 2. 3. 4. Remove manometer tubes from the instrument. Flush tubes with a solution of warm water and Fisher No.04-320-4 Sparkleen or similar cleaning agent. Rinse tubes several times with distilled water to remove all traces of cleaning solution and foreign matter:
NOTE: If necessary, pipe cleaners may be used to dislodge hard-to-remove dirt. Avoid scratching the sides of the tubes with wire or other metal objects. 5. 6. 7. Attach tubes to the instrument. Cut a new piece of interconnecting Tygon tubing (approximately same length as old). Briefly soak the new piece of tubing in warm water to expand and lubricate the material.
8.
Protect both hands by using towels or wearing gloves, and connect tubing between the manometer tubes.
The Pump
The pump will normally require little attention beyond periodic oiling of the moving parts with 20W machine oil to provide both lubrication and sealing. Add 5 or 6 drops of oil into the hole in the top center of the pump piston. Furthermore, power line variations have little effect on motor operation. See Checking of Manometer, Pump & Sample Holder for a description of a recommended performance test.
3.
Adjust the MANOMETER LEVEL selector so that the liquid meniscus in the manometer coincides with the upper edge of the metal marker bar on the manometer tube. Turn the RANGE CONTROL selector to READ DIRECT. Place an empty sample tube, without filter paper discs or porous plugs, in the sample holder.
4. 5.
6.
Adjust the PRESSURE CONTROL selector until the bubbling rate in the pressure regulator standpipe is two to three bubbles per second. At this point, the water level in the outside manometer should rise to a point between the horizontal black line at the top of the calculator chart and the top manometer clamp, and remain approximately at the same level when the RANGE CONTROL selector is turned to READ DOUBLE. If it does not, the bubbling rate in the pressure regulator may be set too low.
7.
If the manometer level does not go to the point indicated, one of the following conditions is at fault and should be corrected: 1. There may be a leak in the sample holder. Check the rubber washers as described above under The Sample Holder. The inside and outside manometer tubes may not be matched, or they may be dirty. Check as described above under The Manometer. The connection tubing may be loose, cracked or broken due to age. Replace questionable connection tubing. The drying tube may be clogged or packed too tightly. The water level in the manometer should remain the same when the drying tube is by-passed. The pump or the pump motor may not be operating efficiently due to age or lack of periodic lubrication. In addition to reducing wear, proper lubrication of the pump piston and support plate provides a seal that prevents air leakage. These parts should be lubricated every six months with 20W machine oil (saturate cotton plug in center of piston). Also oil other moving pump parts.
2. 3.
4. 5.
If it becomes necessary to replace the wire in the air resistor, it is important that the proper size be used in order to ensure ease of calibration and good manometer response. When the instrument is calibrated, the wire should be 1/3 to 2/3 of the way in the capillary. At less than 1/3, calibration becomes difficult and the manometer reaches equilibrium slowly. Most instruments use B&S 27gauge chromel wire. A few use B&S 28 and B&S 26 chromel wire depending on the size of the glass capillary tubing. Instrument performance c an only be maintained and improved by selection the proper wire size.
Replacing Tubing
Each Sub-Sieve Sizer has in its assembly six different sections of flexible tubing. These six tubing sections differ in diameter, wall thickness, composition, and of course, length. It is advisable to replace all tubing at one time, not just those pieces that are noticeably worn. This practice will restore optimum instrument performance and reduce repair frequency. For these reasons and for convenience, a kit containing the proper amount and type of tubing necessary to replace all connections in both older1 and newer2 models of the instrument is available. The kit (Part No. SPN38073) is available from any Fisher Scientific Co. branch and is supplied with complete installation instructions.
__________________________ 1 Serial numbers with a prefix A, up to A829. 2 Serial numbers with a prefix B or no prefix.
REPLACEMENT PARTS
Reference Item Number Line Cord SPN 05626 Switch, Power SPN 26575 Lamp, 115V, 3W SPN 11601 Socket, Lamp 11590 Motor & Pump Assembly 11628 Filter Connector 11563 Filter Glass Wool 11-388 Glass Manifold 11423 Glass Manifold Mount Clamp SPN 11626 Pressure Control (Valve and Hose End Assy) 11617 Pressure Control Knob SPN 20840 Pressure Regulator Standpipe (Pressure Tube) Pressure Regulator Standpipe Stopper Drying Tube, 200 mm O Drying Tube Mount Clip 06513 Bottom Sample Tube Holder (Base Block Assy) 11616 Bottom Sample Tube Holder Adjust Stud Bottom Sample Tube Holder Locknut Sample Clamp Assembly 11613 Sample Clamp Knob 35925 Rubber Washer (for sealing sample tube) 11561 Inside Manometer 14-311-4 Outside Manometer 14-311-6 Breather Stopper 11545 Porous Plug 14-313-6 Part Detail
W Z Z P P G G Q Q O J J J H H
SPN
SPN R D M
Manometer Level Control Assembly SPN 11622 Manometer Level Control Knob SPN 20840 Range Control Assembly SPN 11620 Range Control Knob 11618 Calibration Valve, SPN 70603 0.2-20 micron range Calibration Valve, SPN 70602 20-50 micron range Auxiliary Filling Tube 14-313-25 Rack and Pinion Control SPN 11611 Calculator Chart SPN 11592 Tubing Kit, SPN 38073 6 sections, for whole Sub-Sieve Sizer Sample Tube Stand 102841
I I B B S
T V E C
APPENDIX
In designing the Sub-Sieve Sizer, it was necessary to restrict the range of the chart to within certain limits. The choice of these limits has been justified in as much as samples outside the range have rarely come to our attention. However, when it is necessary to measure samples falling outside the chart range, a handmade chart can be drawn by extending the methods used in the original calculations.
(1)
dm
CL
( AL 1) 2
3
F P F
where
A C dm F F/2 L P
= = = = = = =
1.267 cm2, cross sectional area of the sample tube 3.80, instrument constant Average particle diameter (microns) Pressure difference (cm H2O) or g/cm2) Gauge height (cm H2O) Sample height (cm) Over-all pressure drop (cm H2O or g/cm2)
(2)
Let J =
Then (3) F =
JP 1+ J
The following values are substituted in all calculation: A = 1.267 cm2; C = 3.80; and P = 50 cm H2O.
Calculation Operations
The following steps provide the data to construct gauge height and sample compaction height curves on the calculator chart.
1 A(1 e)
Table I (at the end of this APPENDIX) gives values of L for the porosity range 0.25 to 0.99. 2. Determine J in two stages:
2
Since J = dm
Let T
and J
= dm2 T
. . [1267(315) 1] T= . . [380(315)]
2
Values of T are given in Column 3 of Table I. Second Stage: Choose an average diameter, dm, in the range 0.5 to 25.0 microns and determine J for each of the values of T in Table I. Example: when dm = 2.00 microns and T = 0.187 J = dm2 T = 4.00 (0.187) = 0.748
3. Calculate F for the assumed diameter (dm) using the J values calculated above. Substituting P = 50 cm H2O in equation (3). F=
5. One curve is obtained on the calculator chart for each assumed average diameter dm. For additional curves assume different diameters and repeat the above calculations, beginning with the second stage under step 2 and continuing through step 4.
REFERENCES
Gooden, Ernest L. and Smith, Charles M., Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed.,12, 479-482 (1940). Carman, P.C., J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 57, 225-234. 3 Traxler, R. N. and Baum, L. A. H., Physics 7, 9-14 (1936). 4 Dalla Valle, J. M., Chem. & Met. Eng. 45, 688-691 (1938). 5 Lea, F. M. and Nurse, R. W., J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 58, 277-283 (1939). 6 A.S.T.M. Bulletin, No. 115, 17, March (1942). 7 A.S.T.M. Bulletin, No. 118, 28-30, October (1942). 8 A.S.T.M. Bulletin, No. 123, 49-50, August (1943).
2