Command apropos whatis man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.

pdf which command time command time cat dir navigation cd cd (cd dir && command) pushd . file searching alias l='ls -l --color=auto'

Description Show commands pertinent to string. See also threadsafe make a pdf of a manual page Show full path name of command See how long a command takes Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw Go to previous directory Go to $HOME directory Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it

quick dir listing List files by date. See also ls -lrt newest and find_mm_yyyy Print in 9 columns to width ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS of terminal Search 'expr' in this dir and find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' below. See also findrepo Search all regular files for find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' 'example' in this dir and below Search all regular files for find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' 'example' in this dir Process each item with find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done multiple commands (in while loop) Find files not readable by all find -type f ! -perm -444 (useful for web site) Find dirs not accessible by find -type d ! -perm -111 all (useful for web site) Search cached index for locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' names. This re is like glob *file*.txt Quickly search (sorted) look reference dictionary for prefix

grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words archives and compression gpg -c file gpg file.gpg tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )

Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary Encrypt file Decrypt file Make compressed archive of dir/ Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine Make archive of subset of dir/ and below Make copy of subset of dir/ and below Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir Backup harddisk to remote machine Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) Synchronize current directory with remote one Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER

( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p' dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz' rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ ssh (Secure SHell) ssh $USER@$HOST command ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes

scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/

ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST ssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST wget (multi purpose download tool)

Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 Install $USER's public key on $HOST for password-less log in

Store local browsable (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) version of a page to the current dir Continue downloading a wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file partially downloaded file Download a set of files to wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ the current directory FTP supports globbing wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ directly wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head Process output directly Download url at 1AM to echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 current dir Do a low priority download wget --limit-rate=20k url (limit to 20KB/s in this case) wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html Check links in a file Efficiently update a local wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ copy of a site (handy from cron) networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) Show status of ethernet ethtool eth0 interface eth0 Manually set ethernet ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full interface speed Show status of wireless iwconfig eth1 interface eth1 Manually set wireless iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed interface speed List wireless networks in iwlist scan range ip link show List network interfaces Rename interface eth0 to ip link set dev eth0 name wan wan

Bring interface eth0 up (or down) ip addr show List addresses for interfaces Add (or del) ip and mask ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 (255.255.255.0) ip route show List routing table Set default gateway to ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 1.2.3.254 Lookup DNS ip address for host pixelbeat.org name or vice versa Lookup local ip address hostname -i (equivalent to host `hostname`) Lookup whois info for whois pixelbeat.org hostname or ip address List internet services on a netstat -tupl system List active connections netstat -tup to/from system windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) Find windows machines. See smbtree also findsmb Find the windows (netbios) nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 name associated with ip address List shares on windows smbclient -L windows_box machine or samba server mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share Mount a windows share Send popup to windows echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box machine (off by default in XP sp2) text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) sed 's/string1/string2/g' Replace string1 with string2 Modify anystring1 to sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' anystring2 Remove comments and sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' blank lines Concatenate lines with sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' trailing \ Remove trailing spaces from sed 's/[ \t]*$//' lines sed 's/\([`"$\]\)/\\\1/g' Escape shell metacharacters ip link set dev eth0 up

active within double quotes seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /; s/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/" Right align numbers sed -n '1000{p;q}' Print 1000th line sed -n '10,20p;20q' Print lines 10 to 20 Extract title from HTML web sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' page sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts Delete a particular line sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n Sort IPV4 ip addresses echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' Case conversion Filter non printable tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom characters cut fields separated by tr -s '[:blank:]' '\t' </proc/diskstats | cut -f4 blanks history | wc -l Count lines set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) sort file1 file2 | uniq Union of unsorted files sort file1 file2 | uniq -d Intersection of unsorted files sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u Difference of unsorted files Symmetric Difference of sort file1 file2 | uniq -u unsorted files join -t'\0' -a1 -a2 file1 file2 Union of sorted files join -t'\0' file1 file2 Intersection of sorted files join -t'\0' -v2 file1 file2 Difference of sorted files Symmetric Difference of join -t'\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2 sorted files math Quick math (Calculate ). echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l See also bc More complex (int) e.g. This echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc shows max FastE packet rate Python handles scientific echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python notation Plot FastE packet rate vs echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist packet size Base conversion (decimal to echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc hexadecimal) Base conversion (hex to dec) echo $((0x2dec)) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) Unit conversion (metric to units -t '100m/9.58s' 'miles/hour' imperial) units -t '500GB' 'GiB' Unit conversion (SI to IEC

units -t '1 googol' seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc calendar cal -3 cal 9 1752 date -d fri [ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exit date --date='25 Dec' +%A date --date='@2147483647'

prefixes) Definition lookup Add a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy Display a calendar Display a calendar for a particular month year What date is it this friday. See also day exit a script unless it's the last day of the month What day does xmas fall on, this year Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date What time is it on west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) What's the local time for 9AM next Friday on west coast US Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale Use locale thousands grouping in ls. See also l Extract info from locale database Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes List fields available in locale database Show available conversions (aliases on each line) Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) Windows utf8 to local charset

TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date

date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' locales printf "%'d\n" 1234 BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l echo "I live in `locale territory`" LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) recode -l | less recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt

recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txt recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cdparanoia -B cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio -pad *.wav oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' disk space (See also FSlint) ls -lSr du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head du -hs /home/* | sort -k1,1h df -h df -i fdisk -l rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n

Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 Base64 encode Quoted printable decode Text to HTML Lookup table of characters Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap Show latin-9 encoding Show utf-8 encoding Save copy of data cdrom Create cdrom image from contents of dir Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) Clear a CDRW Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Make ogg file from wav file Show files by size, biggest last Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage Show free space on mounted filesystems Show free inodes on mounted filesystems Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros List all packages by installed

dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test > file monitoring/debugging tail -f /var/log/messages strace -c ls >/dev/null strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null lsof -p $$ lsof ~ tcpdump not port 22 ps -e -o pid,args --forest ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state ps -p 1,2 last reboot free -m watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' udevadm monitor system information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) uname -a head -n1 /etc/issue cat /proc/partitions

size (KBytes) on deb distros Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate truncate data of file or create an empty file Monitor messages in a log file Summarise/profile system calls made by command List system calls made by command List library calls made by command List paths that process id has open List processes that have specified path open Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me List processes in a hierarchy List processes by % cpu usage List processes by mem (KB) usage. See also ps_mem.py List all threads for a particular process List info for particular process IDs Show system reboot history Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) Watch changeable data continuously Monitor udev events to help configure rules Show kernel version and system architecture Show name and version of distribution Show all partitions

grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo lspci -tv lsusb -tv mount | column -t grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info # dmidecode -q | less # smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours # hdparm -i /dev/sda # hdparm -tT /dev/sda # badblocks -s /dev/sda interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts) readline screen mc gnuplot links xdg-open .

registered on the system Show RAM total seen by the system Show CPU(s) info Show PCI info Show USB info List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) Show state of cells in laptop battery Display SMBIOS/DMI information How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total Show info about disk sda Do a read speed test on disk sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... Interactive/scriptable graphing Web browser open a file or url with the registered desktop application

Best Regards Ravi Kesari (Oracle Apps Consultant) ErgoGroup AS E-96, Phase VIII, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali -160071, PB, India Telefon +47 21379575 +91 172 4306000/1 Mobil +91 9872976803 www.ergogroup.no

Tips: Command Line

Misc.
show libraries a binary uses

Sometimes its necessary to see what libraries a binary is using. For example, if you wanted to know what libraries MySQL is using, just issue this command:
ldd /usr/bin/mysql

substitutes for Netcraft

If you want to find out what operating system a server is using, you can go to Netcraft.com and use their 'What's that site running' service. But there are alternatives. With tools available for Linux, you can do it yourself. It requires curl and/or Lynx to be installed.
lynx -mime_header http://www.domain.com | grep Server curl -sI http://www.domain.com | grep Server

show files changed on a certain date

If you need to find a file you changed on a certain date, this handy one liner will do it
ls -lt * | grep 'May 8' | awk '{print $9}'

change default editor

The default editor on some Linux machines may not be to your liking. This is particularly important for remote logins. If you wanted to change the editor to 'vim', an improved version of vi, you would do this:
export VISUAL=/usr/bin/vim

sort directories from smallest to biggest

Sometimes you check available space on your hard disk and you're surprised to find that you've recently occupied a lot more. If you're curious as to what's taking up the space, you can find out this way:

du -s -k * | sort -n

strings

If you've got some files that were created by proprietary software that's not longer supported and you need to get data out of them, you might try the 'strings' utility. It will find plain text in binary or other types of non-text formatted files.
strings file > newfile

date in YYYY-MM-DD

This comes in handy for shell scripts, especially if you're making backups. This date format is easily understood by all.
date +%Y-%m-%e

Here's an example of it in use:

tar -zcvpf backup_`date +%Y-%m-%e`.tar.gz *.*

change time stamp of a file

For some reason, you may need to timestamp a file. To simply change the date of a file to the current date and time, do this:
touch file

To change the timestamp to some time in the pass, issue this command:
touch -t YYYYMMDDHHMM file

Where YYYY = year, MM = month, DD = day, HH = hour and MM = minutes.

list all files except

This will list all the files in a directory except the wildcard you specify.
ls -I '*.html'

what's using memory

You may find that your computer is running a bit slower. You can easily find out what's using up your memory:
ps -aux | awk '{print $5,$6,$11}' | sort +1n

complete memory information To see complete information about the memory your machine is using: cat /proc/meminfo

change text colors You can change the color of text in an xterm. This can come in handy it you're writing shell scripts . Try this example: echo -e "\033[42;1m Pretty colors \033"

Erase the contents of a file This will erase the contents of a file without eliminating the file cat /dev/null > some.file

'shred' a file Just like destroying documents with a paper shredder, computer files with sensitive information in them should also be 'shredded'. To do this, there is a command line utility on Linux systems called 'shred'. What this does is to overwrite the file multiple times with random output. This is secure, because if you simply erase a file with 'rm', all this does is to tell the operating system that this part of your hard disk is free to use, but the information still exists until that space is used. Special tools can be used to recover information from a file that's simply been deleted, but if you've 'shred' it, it would be nearly impossible to get that information back. So shred would be especially useful if you're going to sell or give your computer away to somebody. The following command will shred a file, "zero" it (to hide shredding) and then remove it.

shred -zuv some.file You could also 'manually' shred a file by doing the following: cat /dev/urandom > some.file This procedure also writes random information to a file. Unlike shred, you'll need to stop this process after a few seconds or some.file will begin to grow until it takes up all available space. When you've finished, simply erase (rm) the file.

delete files with 'bad' names If you've ever had to delete a file you inadvertantly made, starting with a dash, for example, as you might have found out, it's not as easy as rm -file. You can delete it though - like this: rm -- -file or rm ./-file

pop-up a reminder You can pop up a message on your Linux desktop with this command: (sleep 60; xmessage -near One Minute has gone by) & This will pop up the message 'One Minute has gone by' after 60 seconds. Adjust to your needs accordingly.

Using 'find'

find files bigger than 1mb This will find files in your home directory that are bigger than 1 megabyte find /tmp -size +1000k -print

find recently modified files This will show files that were modified within the last 24 hours in your home directory (if your name is mike)

find ./ -ctime -1 -user mike -print

find with size and access time You can combine file size and access time with find find ./ -size +1000k -and -atime +7 -print Finds files larger than 1 MB that haven't been accessed in more than 7 days.

find and copy into multiple dirs If you ever need to copy the same file into multiple directories and you can't use a symbolic link, then this trick will work: find . -type d -name "2004*" -exec cp /file.html {} \;

remove unwanted dirs Using a modification of the above example, you can remove directories. The following example will remove the temporary directories that the GIMP leaves behind. find . -type d -name .xvpics -print -exec rm -r {} -f \; Using 'grep' Grep is a command line utility that's used mostly to find words in files. It is very powerful. After getting up to speed with it, you'll find that you can't work without it. The basic syntax is: grep word
file

, or to use a real example, grep kiwi fruits.txt. This will show the line where the word appears in the file. You don't have to restrict this to one word. You can search for entire sentences if you like. Just put more than one word inside single quotes.

Show only file name The following will only show the names of the files where a given word appears

grep -wl 'word' *.*

grep file in a directory This will search for a given word in an entire directory, including subdirectories grep -r kiwi ~/my_files/*.rtf

You've got mail! You can use grep to keep track of recently arrived mail. This one-liner will show you who's sent you mail grep -c '^From:' /var/spool/mail/bob The caret '^' tells grep to look for any line beginning with what you specify after.

End of the line Here's an example of the reverse of the previous example. We can look for lines that end with a particular word or words. The following will show us the users on a Linux system that aren't real people grep nologin$ /etc/passwd Accounts for programs and daemons will normally end with 'nologin'. grep this and this and this Grep will also let you look for words that appear separately in a file. The following will look for the information for users bob, ted and joe in the /etc/passwd file: grep "\(bob\|ted\|joe\)" /etc/passwd

Directory Assistance If you have entered telephone numbers in files, you can use grep to look for them. The following will show you all of the telephone numbers in a given file: grep '[0-9]\{3\}-[0-9]\{4\}' members.txt

This takes for granted that you've entered them in 000-000-0000 format. Different cultures write down telephone numbers in different ways, so you may have to substitute the the number of digits in the curly braces {2\} instead of {3\} ,for example, or subsitute the separating dash '-' with the character that's more common in your locale (a period '.', for example)

grep and grep You can use grep more than once if you want to apply different options to two different things that you're looking for. The following pipes the Apache webserver log file to two different instances of grep. We're looking to see who's logged in at a page that are outside of our local network. cat access | grep login.php | grep -v 192.168