AN ASSESSMENT OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE HOUSE HOLD A CASE STUDY OF GALUNNYO VILLAGE, KALUNGU PARISH, KALUNGU SUB- COUNTY,

MASAKA DISTRICT

BY TUUFU SPECIOZA 09 / U/BDS/439

A FIELD WORK REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF REQUIREMENT OF BACHELORS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF MUTEESA 1 ROYAL UNIVERSITY

JUNE 21st

TO

JULY 20TH 2010

DECLARATION I TUUFU SPOECIZA, declare that this rural field work report is my original work and composition. It h as never been submitted to any institution of higher learning for the award of a bachelors degree in development studies Muteesa 1 royal university. Signature: TUUFU SPECIOZA Date:

APPROVAL I MUKIIBI ANDREW confirms that I have received and approved this report entitled assessment of the impact of mixed farming to the household in rural .I therefore commend it to the department of development studies of Muteesa 1 royal university Signature: . MR. MUKIIBI ANDREW Date: ..

DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to my beloved Mother, Mrs.Namirembe Gladys; thank you for being there when I needed you most.

ACKNOWLEGEMENT This report would not have been possible without assistance of numerous persons, I am very grateful to the contribution made by the following people in terms of reliable advise and encouragement. Sincere appreciations go to my supervisor Mr.MUKIIBI ANDREW for you have been there for me thanks for caring, dedicated and concerned about my studies and without you this report wouldnt have reached the far. And I cannot forget the work of chairman of Galungo village Mr. Lukwago Francis, sub-county chief Mr. muyanja Joseph. My sincere appreciation goes to my mother Mrs. Namiremba Gladys who has enabled me to stand during my education. I take this opportunity to thank my fellow students Lukwango Charles, Teefe John for the encouragement and love. May the good Lord bless you

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Growth of the poultry sector can contribute to enhanced nutrition and poverty reduction in Uganda especially to the people of Galunnyo village, because a large share of the rural poor are dependent on poultry for food and income, because of widespread proteinenergy and micronutrient malnutrition, and because the demand for animal source food including milk, meat and eggs is massively increasing in East Africa. The Government of Uganda recognizes that growth in the poultry sector has so far only marginally contributed to poverty reduction and improved nutrition. For growth to be at all inclusive, the agricultural strategy must focus on the 85 percent of farmers who are marginal, increasingly female, and who find it difficult to access inputs, credit, and extension or to market their output (GoI, 2007a). This study reviews the major pathways through which poultry sector growth can contribute to accelerated poverty reduction and improved nutrition in Galunnyo village. In contrast to the prevailing literature on poultry sector development and poverty reduction, which largely focuses on poultry farming, The study endeavors to consider the entire poultry supply chain, from day-old chick to bird to plate. Section two of the study reviews recent growth trends in the poultry sector, challenges, strength and prevailing factors to enhance the sector performance; sections three to four analyze the potential linkages between poultry sector growth, human nutrition and poverty reduction, including poultry farming, employment along the poultry value chain, and consumption of poultry meat and eggs. 1.0 BACKGROUND Galunnyo village is found in Kalungu parish, kalungu sub-county, Kalungu County in Masaka district. It is located in central part of Uganda after Masaka town. The village has a population of 300 households of which 300 are male, 600 female and about 700 children. In addition to the 300 house holds the majority are Baganda, followed by Banyakole, banyarwanda, Bakiga among others. The village got its name from the fact

that the soils are infertile there is less farming that is done on this piece of land therefore they have resorted to setting up poultry projects of both local and exotic birds. Poultry production systems in tropical countries are mainly based on the scavenging indigenous chickens found in virtually all villages and households in the rural areas. Approximately 80% of the chicken populations in Africa are reared in these systems (Guye 1998). Village chickens are important in low-income food deficit countries. They represent an appropriate system for supplying the fast growing human population with high quality protein and provide additional income to resource-poor farmers, especially women. Although they require low levels of inputs, village chickens contribute significantly to food security, poverty alleviation and ecologically sound management of natural resources (Guye 2003). In developing countries village poultry keeping is regarded as an important livelihood opportunity for the poor households: economically as starter capital, as a means to recover from disasters, as an accessible protein source and for income and exchange purposes, and socio-culturally for mystical functions, hospitality and exchange of gifts to strengthen social relationships (Aklilu 2007). 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To establish the impacts of poultry production to the house hold. To investigate the problems faced by households in poultry production. To find out solutions to the problems experienced by household in poultry

1.3 METHODOLOGY To ensure collection of correct and unbiased data from the respondents, the researcher used the following methods to collect data; oral interview, Questionnaire, Observation, Document review through Random sampling.

ORAL INTERVIEW This was mouth to mouth interviewing of household heads were the researcher consulted and asked relevant questions concerning the research topic. QUESTIONNAIRE Through this method, the researcher together with a group of fellow researchers came up with a questionnaire containing closed and open ended questions that were relevant to our topic of study .with the help of this method the researcher was able to find out the challenges face by house holds in Galunnyo village. OBSERVATION In the method it was divided in to two i) Non participant observation and participant. In non participant observation. The researcher observes a group or situation without taking part in any way. This has the advantage that the researcher can study people in their national setting without their behavior being influenced or changed by research. ii) In participant observation, its a very commonly used observation technique, in this method the researcher joins in the group he/she is studying. iii) The advantages of participant observation. a. The research gains firsthand knowledge of the group studied. b. People can be studied in their social normal situation rather in the somewhat artificial context of an interview or questionnaire. c. With other methods, you decide on a hypothesis what is found out with this method interesting new ideas to explore may emerge during the research it self. Limitation of this method i) It is very time consuming and expensive compared to other methods

ii) iii)

Because only a small group is studied it is difficult to make generalization. There is a danger of the researcher becoming so involved with a group and developing such loyalty to that he or she may find it difficult to stand back.

DOCUMENT REVIEW During the research, the researcher read several literature related to the topic of the study to widen her knowledge of the research area, These materials were availed by the community development officer of Kalungu sub county and they included; production surveys and population registers. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.5.1 Importance and uses of poultry Poultry are an important source of ready income and protein in rural areas. Rural poultry also integrate very well and in a sustainable way into other farming activities (Tadelle 1996). Furthermore, rural poultry play important cultural and social roles in rural communities. The main objectives of rural poultry are producing eggs for hatching, sale and home consumption, and birds for sale, healing ceremonies, traditional offerings, replacement, and home consumption and for gifts to visitors and relatives (Mutisi and Kusina 1996; Tadelle 1996; Muchenje and Sibanda 1997). Money from the sale of the birds is used to buy immediate household requirements such as food, dairy feeds and to pay school fees, among other purposes. By eating leftovers from the kitchen and insects such as cockroaches, birds perform a valuable sanitary function in villages. Poultry manure can be used as field manure or as feed supplement for ruminants. Poultry can be kept for socio-cultural or financial purposes. Under such circumstances introducing management changes such as regular watering and feeding, cleaning the fowl-runs and taking care of the young chicks can be complex. When designing programmes to expand poultry production it is important to consider issues related to

gender and labour-sharing within households. Some studies have shown that poultry keeping in most developing countries is the responsibility of women (Tadelle 1996; Muchenje and Sibanda 1997). Understanding the roles of each household member is important in sustainable poultry production. And there are other reasons why raising chickens in Africa makes good sense. For one, as the population increases, available land decreases, yet farmers don't need a lot of land to raise chickens. Grazing cattle in a changing climate is also unpredictable, but chickens can cope with drought and flood far better than cows. Chickens also turn grains into high value protein, fast. And for women farmers, chickens are socially acceptable to own and sell, without asking a man's permission. 1.5.2 CHALLENGES FACING POULTRY PRODUCTION Socio-cultural constraint to poultry development is the value placed upon poultry for use at ceremonies and festivals or even as a source of income in times of need but neither as a source of daily food nor as a regular source of income. Some regard chickens as their pets or part of the family, thus it is only the arrival of an important unexpected visitor that could allow their use as food, although they can be sold without regret and the money utilized. Another major constraint to poultry production is the high value placed upon crop production rather than livestock production. This affects the willingness to put much time, expense and effort into livestock production. Theft is also a great constraint. Villagers who have lost all their poultry to theft may be reluctant to face the expense of starting again. Another constraint is the social norm that determines ownership of livestock. Typically, where crop farming is the mens main activity, keeping livestock is perceived as a peripheral activity relegated to women and children. However, when the number of livestock increases, men usually take over the activity.

The most common flock size of between 5 to 20 birds seems to be the limit that can be kept by a family without special inputs in terms of feeding, housing and labour. These small flocks scavenge sufficient feed in the surroundings of the homestead to survive and to reproduce. Any significant increase in flock size often leads to malnutrition if no feed supplement is provided. In addition, larger flock sizes must forage at greater distances, which may involve damage to neighbors vegetable gardens. Any move to fence in or enclose the poultry then involves the need to provide a balanced ration. Larger flock sizes can easily arise once mortality is reduced through vaccination and improved hygiene. Flock size can rapidly increase to the point where the feed requirement exceeds the available Scavengable Feed Resource Base (SFRB) in the area around the dwelling, at this stage, either supplementary feeding or a semi-intensive system of management is required. If balanced feed, day-old hybrid chick and vaccine input supplies (and markets) are available and well organized, and then intensive poultry management systems may be a viable option. There have been many attempts to take short cuts to development and to start immediately with the semi-intensive system. Diseases like Newcastle disease (ND) constitute the most serious epizootic poultry disease in the world, particularly in developing countries. No progress has been made in controlling ND in free-ranging village flocks, which represent more than 80 percent of the total poultry population. Several recent surveys in Africa showed high rates of seropositivity in the absence of vaccination. In developing countries, ND occurs every year and kills an average of 70 to 80 percent of the unvaccinated village hens (Branckaert et al., 2000). It is very difficult to organize vaccination campaigns covering free-range birds. The main constraints are:

the difficulty of grouping together an adequately large number of birds in order to obtain an efficient vaccination rate; the possibility of disease cross-contamination arising from birds of various ages being raised together; and

The difficulty of maintaining an efficient cold chain for proper vaccine quality preservation.

Therefore such Diseases make poultry production a risky venture. Producers using the free-range extensive system acknowledge this risk, and reduce its impact on the household economy by having small flocks. ND is a major disease problem for all producers wherever the disease exists. Vaccination of the flock against ND is very important and provides a basis for further development. 1.5.3 SOLUTIONS TO CHALLENGES The constraints themselves show the need for awareness raising in the farmers to recognize the needs of their poultry for regular watering and feeding, cleaning of the poultry night house and care of the young chicks. The Consultation recommended that the first critical step for rural poultry development is the encouragement and support of farmers to change their traditional system. Taking into consideration the chronic shortages of personnel and transport affecting extension services in the developing countries, the Consultation emphasized the importance of selecting pilot farms to serve as models as they can have a multiplier effect on the neighboring farms and villages. It should not be assumed that socio-cultural factors can be changed. However, by incorporating socio-cultural factors into development strategies, the programs and technologies may encounter less resistance. Development programs, which combine local knowledge with western science, yield strategies which are culturally more acceptable. Socio-cultural factors are thus not seen as a problem, but rather as a factor to be considered or used in finding a solution (Olawoye and di Domenico, 1990). Protection against Newcastle Disease requires three vaccinations during the six-month growing phase of pullets and cockerels. Depending on local conditions, between two and three vaccinations per year are needed for adult birds. Because of the limited resources of government veterinary services, it is necessary to build networks of private veterinarians, veterinary assistants and vaccinators to provide preventive veterinary care in remote rural

areas, and to ensure a reliable supply of vaccines (with a cold chain for the storage and distribution of conventional vaccines). In Bangladesh, the Department of Livestock Services established such a cold chain from the vaccine production laboratory to the village level in 1984. Within three years, 4 500 poultry farmers (especially women) were trained as village poultry vaccinators. The full cost of vaccination was charged to poultry producers in order to sustain the full cost of vaccine production and distribution. When it is possible to extend this fee to partly cover an extension service, it can result in the creation of a partly privatized poultry extension service. Such a system, financed by vaccination fees and the sale of exotic birds to farmers, was established in Sao Tome and Principe. In the past, too much emphasis was given to the development of an autonomous poultry extension system, while the links between poultry production and other agricultural services were neglected. Even if the specialized poultry extension system is well organized and working effectively, its impact on the very large number of smallholder keepers (particularly in rural areas) will be very low. This is because government budgets can provide for only a few poultry extension specialists. It is therefore necessary to establish links between poultry specialists and established institutions such as general agricultural extension services, veterinary services, agricultural colleges and NGO services. It is important to revise the strategies and activities of existing poultry farms and stations, so that a considerable part of their capacity is devoted to indirect extension through general extension services.

CHAPTER TWO FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 2.0 INTRODUCTION.

Under this section the wide research is looked at, its findings and assessments are included .This section helps us to explain in broad the interactions between the interviewer and the interviewee. During the study the researcher targeted twenty five households (25) and aimed at examining poultry production in rural development, but during the research more emphasis was put on the nature of households, major activities, factors favoring and problems uncounted during the poultry production in the household. 2.1 Under NATURE OF THE HOUSE HOLDS. this, the researcher used observation methods to examine the nature of

house holds In Galunnyo village, among 25 sampled house hold heads that were interviewed by the researcher. The structure of houses were categorized into three types namely permanent, semi-permanent, and temporary houses as shown in the table below, TABLE.1. SHOWS THE NATURE OF THE HOUSE HOLDS. FREQUENCY 08 12 05 (f) 25 PERCENTAGE % 32 48 20 100 poles,

TYPES OF HOUSEHOLDS Permanent Semi-permanent Temporary TOTAL researcher, 08 were permanently and iron sheets in percentages semi-permanently built out of

From the data shown in the table above, among 25 house holds interviewed by the built with cement, baked bricks, sand, baked bricks, computing to 32% / 10(33%), 12 of them were mud, poles, and iron sheets

computing to 48%.or 12(48%) and finally 05 were temporary houses built with grass, reeds, banana fibers and mud this also compute to 20%or 05(20%).

The

researcher

found out

that

permanent

and semi-permanent houses had high semi-permanent being on top was is

poultry production compared to temporary houses. hold heads and also their

as a result of much interest and courage towards poultry production by the house creative nature as far as poultry production concerned and lastly the researcher also found out that temporary houses face

low poultry production due to the fact that most of them had limited capital, less interest in poultry and limited knowledge on proper ways of poultry farming. Table 2 HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS PERCENTAGES (%) 67 33 REASONS Polygamous men, more educated, cash activities Divorce, death of husbands

FAMILY HEADS Male headed Female headed

In conclusion, most female headed by grandmothers who are weak and poor, they live with many young children who cant do much in poultry production in the family. This has made many live in poverty and hunger. The researcher also put much emphasis on the number of people living in each household. It was found out that 60% of the household have members ranging between 610, 34% of the household have people ranging between 1-5 and 6% of the household have members above 10. Critical observation was made on the members in the household. Most members were young and elderly who are weak and poor. They do less in investment. This shows that there are high dependency age rates among household.

Table.3. shows the levels of educational back ground among the house holds Levels of education Illiteracy primary level secondary level Higher institution Total Frequency 05 10 08 03 25 Percentages 20 39 36 05 100

From the table above

the researcher also analyzed the education back ground

of the members in the house holds ,the researcher found out that 05(17%) of the members were illiterate 06(20%) were in primary level 08(27%) were in secondary level i.e. O/A and finally 11(36%) were in higher institution, however most of the parents are illiterate and the children are still schooling.

2.1 THE IMPACT OF POULTRY Poultry are an important source of ready income and protein in Galunnyo village. Rural poultry also integrate very well and in a sustainable way into other farming activities (Tadelle 1996). Furthermore, rural poultry play important cultural and social roles in rural communities. The main objectives of rural poultry in Galunnyo village are producing eggs for hatching, sale and home consumption, and birds for sale, healing ceremonies, traditional offerings, replacement, and home consumption and for gifts to visitors and relatives (Mutisi and Kusina 1996; Tadelle 1996; Muchenje and Sibanda 1997). Money from the sale of the birds is used to buy immediate household requirements such as food, dairy feeds and to pay school fees, among other purposes. By eating leftovers from the kitchen and insects such as cockroaches, birds perform a valuable sanitary function in villages. Poultry manure have been used as field manure in their gardens so as to increase on the fertility of the soil so as to boost the farming sector. Even though the ownership of few poultry birds have not contribute substantially to rural livelihoods, it provides a mechanism to improve nutrition (particularly important in children) and alleviate credit constraints faced by the majority of the rural poor. On the one hand, when rural food markets are imperfect, and the availability and prices of grains and animal proteins at marketplaces are unpredictable, poultry farming serves as an inexpensive device for households to generate highly nutritious food items at minimal cost, because of the low input requirements and the low opportunity cost of family labour allocated to poultry care.

It was also observed On the other hand, when financial markets are imperfect, which is often the case in Galunnyo village, the sale of birds helps cover recurrent minor expenditures, such as school fees, and to deal with unexpected shocks, such as medical fees. Poultry sector has provided employment opportunity to the labour force in this village which has helped to increase peoples earnings and their standard of living has increased hence development. According to the chairman L.C 1 he said many people have benefited from this project because they get jobs to work as cleaners, birds feeders, watering of birds and security, this has helped the less educated to have something that can boost their earning and such workers have been able to set up their own businesses from the savings they get. One of the beneficiaries had this to say; I was hired in 2005 by one of the women who had over 1000 birds, I worked for this lady for a period of 3 years and I was able to save over 1.5 millions which money I invested in buying and selling coffee, as of now I own a retail shop in this village, happily married and my children have managed to go to school. It has improved the education sector in the way that children able to go to school because parents are able to pay school fees for their children buy scholastic materials like uniforms, pens, books and pencils. The chairman of his area strongly believes that this will create an educated environment in this village and will be more knowledgeable people hence improving the standards of living and development. Based on a study of 25 households it was found that the income from poultry was particularly important to the poorest of families, who devote more time and effort to their poultry than the better-off families do. It was found out that mean annual sale per household was 5.5 birds, while mean annual consumption was 3.1 birds. Mean overall household consumption of eggs was 23.3 percent of all the eggs produced, while 27 percent was sold and the rest used for reproduction of the flock. The figure is given in terms of percentage of all off-take, but based on mean production figures a total annual off-take of eggs for consumption can be calculated at 56 eggs per household, it

was found out that cash income from poultry varied among wealth groups, with poor households earning more cash from poultry than better off groups. Around 80 percent of women earned more than 2 millions per year from poultry keeping. 2.3 CHALLENGES FACING POULTRY FARMERS IN GALUNNYO VILLAGE Feeding is one of major challenges that hinder poultry production in this village, the supply of adequate feed supplement is critical. The nutrient intake of scavenging birds varies from place to place according to the seasons, the crops grown and the natural vegetation available. In field experiments, feed supplements, including household waste (cooked potatoes, yams or cassava tubers), and oilseed cakes, have a positive effect on egg production and body weight of scavenging birds. But for those rearing exotic birds which feed from one place feeds costs have so much increased than it was in the past, this limited the supply of feeds thus less production and moving a way of farmers from this business. Diseases have made poultry production a risky venture to invest in. Producers using the free-range extensive system acknowledge this risk, and reduce its impact on the household economy by having small flocks. Newcastle disease (ND) is a major disease problem for all producers wherever the disease exists. Vaccination of the flock against ND is very important and provides a basis for further development. This was reported by every respondent with a lot of frustrations since it has cosseted them a lot of money. It is worth repeating that the reluctance of farmers to invest in poultry production is not due to a lack of resources but to the risk of disease outbreaks and mortality. Killer diseases like Newcastle Diseases regularly decimate village flocks. In traditional farming systems, farmers often live close to the survival limit, so they naturally avoid risks. Minimizing risk ranks higher than increasing output. Marketing; Poultry products in Galunnyo village are still expensive. The marketing system is generally informal and poorly developed. Unlike eggs and meat from commercial hybrid birds (derived from imported stock), local consumers generally prefer

those from indigenous stocks. The existence of a local market offering good sales opportunities and adequate transport facilities are obvious prerequisites for development. As most consumers with greater purchasing power live in and around cities, intensification of poultry production should be initiated in peri-urban areas or, at least, in areas having a good road network Other challenges affecting poultry farming includes; Absence of government extension works to implement or to fulfill their duties to boost poultry production among rural people, There is also shortage of land labour and enough skilled personnel to carry out poultry production, Limited capital to invest in poultry production and for payment of workers . 2.5 SOLUTIONS TO CHALLENGES FACING POULTRY There is a need to introduce the low input-output levels which is economically efficient, since with the low output from the individual birds, the inputs are low or virtually nonexistent. Small management changes, such as regular watering, night enclosures, discouraging hens from getting broody, vaccination against common diseases, small energy and protein supplements and caging chicks can bring about significant improvements in the productivity of indigenous birds There is a need to introduce ways in which farmers can improve their image and offer a competitive and consistently quality product on a regular basis to their customers need to be explored. Furthermore, aspects such as transport, market accessibility, marketing channels and organization need to be addressed if farmers are to benefit from research. In rural areas poultry products are usually sold locally. Densely populated areas such as growth points, service centers, boarding schools and other government institutions are important markets for poultry products.

Farmers should be allowed to develop the market structures most suitable for them. Often womens groups prove to be effective in marketing eggs along with other products at local markets. Such groups should be encouraged and supported if they exist, but their establishment solely may be unnecessary and unviable. Technical skills need to be considered at both farmer and extension officer levels. Training is essential in the areas of disease control, housing, equipment, and feeding, genetic improvement and marketing. A basic knowledge of specific features of poultry anatomy and physiology is also important, to provide a basis for understanding the above topics. Housing and management could be improved through appropriate farmer training, preferably conducted on-farm. Local craftsmen could be trained to manufacture small equipment, such as feeders and drinkers.

CHAPTER THREE LINKAGES AND EFFECT ON THE SECTOR PERFORMANCE 3.0 INTRODUCTION This Chapter endeavored to explore the major linkages between poultry sector development, Human nutrition, and poverty reduction in Galunnyo village by assessing the potential role of poultry farming, employment along the poultry supply chain, and increased consumption of poultry meat and eggs.

As shown in the preceding section, smallholder poultry keeping has potential to improve the incomes of poor people in developing countries. Many development interventions have sought to use poultry as a means of economic empowerment (Askov Jensen, 1999; Islam, 2003). However, in order to fully understand the potential of village or free-range poultry production to support smallholder livelihoods, we must also appreciate the social and cultural roles that poultry plays. Poultry whether chickens, ducks, guinea fowl or other species serves multiple purposes within smallholder communities, apart from those of a strictly economic or nutritious nature. Birds and eggs are traded and consumed. But this is not simply a matter of food. In this section we examine the range of motives for smallholders to keep and raise poultry. For example, birds are given away as gifts, they are sacrificed to ancestors and divinities, or they are consumed as part of ritual and secular celebrations thereby strengthening important social bonds.

3.1 More than a resource for poverty alleviation

As shown in the preceding section, smallholder poultry keeping has potential to improve the incomes of poor people in developing countries. With the Uganda Poultry Model initially leading the way, many development interventions have sought to use poultry as a means of economic empowerment (Askov Jensen, 1999; Islam, 2003). However, in order to fully understand the potential of village or free-range poultry production to support smallholder livelihoods, we must also appreciate the social and cultural roles that poultry plays. Poultry whether chickens, ducks, guinea fowl or other species serves multiple purposes within smallholder communities, apart from those of a strictly economic or nutritious nature. Birds and eggs are traded and consumed. But this is not simply a matter of food. Birds are given away as gifts, they are sacrificed to ancestors and divinities, or they are consumed as part of ritual and secular celebrations thereby strengthening important social bonds.

In some societies, chickens may be used to foretell the future through divination rites. As such, poultry play an important cultural and social roles as well as being used to meet individual economic goals As focus on Sector production systems and explore the utility of poultry for smallholder societies, more specifically their significance for social relationships and for cultural and spiritual life. To use the terms of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, we investigate the contribution of poultry to smallholders livelihood outcomes and, more specifically, its potential for increasing the well-being and reducing the vulnerability of smallholder families. In order to do so, we start by presenting some general considerations regarding the socio-cultural importance of animals in smallholder societies, drawing on rural sociology and anthropology. 3.2 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Given that landless, marginal and small scale farmers lack the resources, including poultry birds, to farm their way out of poverty, they depend heavily on earnings from supplying unskilled wage labour to other farm or non-farm enterprises. The ability to generate an adequate number of productive employment opportunities will [therefore] be a major factor on which the inclusiveness of growth will be judged The Government of Uganda estimates that about 2 million people are employed, fully or partly, along the poultry value chain and that an increase in annual per caput availability of one egg or 50 gm or poultry meat generates about 20,000 to 25,000 full time jobs. 3.3 EMBLEM OF POVERTY According to the 2006 Report on Livestock Ownership (GoI,2006a), the landless, marginal and small scale farmers, which account for about 90 percent of the 25 agricultural households in Galunnyo village, keep about 85 percent of the poultry stock of the country. Statistically, a landless / marginal / small-scale agricultural household keeps 1.2 nondescript low yielding local birds in the backyard, which would translate into an

average flock size of 8 to 9 birds per poultry keeping household. Such backyard flocks only make a very minor contribution to rural livelihoods, as the net income per bird per month ranges from Ugxs 10,000 vis--vis a rural poverty line set by the Government of Uganda, Increasing the productivity of and returns to poultry birds, therefore, does not represent a pathway out of poverty for a typical rural farmer, unless flock size is significantly increased. Mehta et al. (2002), for instance, report that units below 20,000 birds are too small to generate enough income to sustain a family, although units with some hundreds of birds can be financially viable and can significantly contribute to the support of rural livelihoods. However, the overall ability of the traditional backyard poultry systems to expand production is limited by the availability of the scavenge-based feed resource (Otte et al., 2008). Even though the ownership of few poultry birds does not contribute substantially to rural livelihoods, it provides a mechanism to improve nutrition (particularly important in children) and alleviate credit constraints faced by the majority of the rural poor. On the one hand, when rural food markets are imperfect, and the availability and prices of grains and animal proteins at marketplaces are unpredictable, poultry farming serves as an inexpensive device for households to generate highly nutritious food items at minimal cost, because of the low input requirements and the low opportunity cost of family labour allocated to poultry care. On the other hand, when financial markets are imperfect, which is often the case in rural areas, the sale of birds helps cover recurrent minor expenditures, such as school fees, and to deal with unexpected shocks, such as medical fees. But investment in backyard poultry farming could thus enhance nutrition and reduce the vulnerability of landless, marginal and small-scale farmers, but does not appear to be a promising strategy to achieve widespread poverty reduction and stimulate equitable growth in rural areas. Of course, along the process of development some of the backyard

poultry keepers will transform into medium and large-scale market-oriented farmers, but this is not feasible for all or even a majority of them. If each backyard poultry keeper would expand the flock to say 100 birds a size which is insufficient to sustain the needs of a rural a family the total poultry population of India would exceed 9 billion birds vis--vis 0.5 billion birds today, input costs would skyrocket, output prices would plummet and the profitability of poultry farming would be negative. This scenario is a typical case of fallacy of composition: what works for one backyard poultry keeper does not necessarily work for all of them.

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 CONCLUSION The promotion of backyard poultry farming does not appear a promising strategy for broad-based poverty reduction, because of the small average flock size kept by the large majority of rural households in Masaka district. Nevertheless, backyard poultry farming remains important for rural households, as it ensures a steady flow of high quality food and, through cash income, reduces vulnerability. Policies targeting backyard poultry keepers, therefore, may be an efficient way to support livelihoods and mitigate

malnutrition, but are unlikely to significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic growth. The majority of the rural people has limited capital assets and usually depends heavily on earnings from supplying unskilled wage labour to other farm or non-farm enterprises for their livelihoods. The development of the poultry sector is unlikely to generate a large number of full time jobs along the supply chain, not only because of economies of scale in both input and output markets, but more fundamentally because of the low unitary value of poultry birds, which makes upstream and downstream support services financially profitable only if carried out on a relatively large scale. The majority of the people in Galunnyo village are net buyers of food and protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition are widespread in the country. Consequently, increased availability and affordability of animal source food would contribute to improving their livelihoods. Large-scale commercial poultry integrators are supplying urban consumers with low-priced poultry meat and eggs but, given that wet markets dominate, and will continue to be pervasive in rural India for the coming decades, they are and will remain unable to provide affordable animal source food to rural households. Small-scale, rurallybased, and market-oriented poultry farmers, which can be as efficient in poultry production as large scale producers, thus have comparative advantages in supplying rural consumers with low-priced broiler meat and eggs. Policies which support smallholder-centered but market-oriented poultry production systems in rural areas appear the most promising option of promoting a pro-poor development of the poultry sector, as this development path may potentially benefit an estimated half a million of consumers living on less then 2 US$ in rural areas of Kalungu district through increased availability and affordability of nutrient-dense animal source food. 4. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS

The researcher recommend that, in order for Galunnyo village to be developed the following should be put into consideration due to the fact that it is a rural setting The government of Uganda should be in position to provide agriculture extension services to farmers or among house holds in rural development since they were found insufficient. In this case programs like NAADS should operate within this area since these people have the potential to utilize the resources from NAADS. The government should also construct feeder roads to link production areas to market centers for easily transportation food crop production in order to open up bigger links between rural areas and urban centers with bigger market. Since Galunnyo is a rural area such roads could promote such produces in near by villages thus income earnings thus boosting their income. More to that ,there is need for the government of Uganda to introduce more and improve standards of education by constructing more primary schools, secondary universal education programmers which in long run reduce of the levels of illiteracy, but since poultry production is mainly under the adults therefore the government need to introduce FAL programs to these people so as to acquire more skills in farming, to improve their health, know how to balance profits and losses and keep records of their daily activities. There is also need to sensitize people through community seminars and work shops by agricultural workers or officers in order to educate the general public on how to apply good methods of farming and also on how to solve the incoming and existing diseases affecting food crop production since households are interested. QUESTIONNAIRES Dear Sir/ Madam, In partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelors of Development studies a student is required to under take rural field work and submit ones findings. You are kindly requested to assist the researcher to obtain information about the impact of poultry production to households (Case study: Kyamulibwa B village). The information given shall be treated with confidentiality

Section A; information on the background of the respondent 1. Your Position / Title in this village ---------------------------------2. Sex of respondent. a) Male b) female b) between 30 and 40 years d) above 40 years 3. Age of the respondent a) Less than a year c) Between 20 and 30 years a) Less than a year b) Between 1 year and 2 years c) Above 2year 5. Marital status Married Single 6. Date of birth --------------------------7. Residence ---------------------------------8. Number of children --------------------------9. Head of household ----------------------------10. Highest level of education. a) Masters degree b) Bachelors Degree c) Diploma d) others (specify) 11. The tribe of the respondents . 12. The religion of the respondents .. SECTION B 13. For how long have been involved in poultry production? . 14. What factors made you shift from crop production to poultry production? 15. The nature of poultry a) Local breed b) Exotic breed c) Mixed breed

4. How long have you been living in this village?

16 apart from poultry, what other economic activities do you do to earn income for a household? .. 17. Have you benefited from poultry? a) Yes b) No

17 B. mention some of the benefits you have got from this production? 18. How much do you earn from poultry keeping in the last three months? . 19. Have the benefits got from poultry enabled to live happily with your family in other wards has this kept or improved on your relationship with your family members? a) Yes If yes, mention how? 20. Do you use products got from poultry to boost other economic activities? a) Yes b) No If yes, mention some of the products and how they are used to boost other activities b) No

21. Do you face some challenges in poultry keeping? a) Yes b) No

22. What are some of the challenges you face in this poultry production? .. 23. Do you think these challenges have made this activity a risk venture that keeps a way people from investing in it? a) Yes b) No

24. In your option, what are the factors that have limited them from keeping poultry? .. 25. How have you managed to over come such challenges? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26. What do you think should be done to enable farmers benefit fully from poultry keeping in this area? END THANK YOU VERY MUCH