'"

'1
,

Available online at www.sciencedirect,com

41

¡~
SCIENCE@DIRECTe GEOBIOS
ELSEVIER Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115
www.elsevier.comllocate/geobio

Guadalupian and Lopingian (Middle and Late Permian) deposits

from Mexico and Guatemala, a review with new data

Le Guadalupien et le Lopingien (Permien moren et supérieur)

du Mexique et du Guatemala, une révision ayer de nouvelles données
Daniel Vachard a,*, Antonio Flores de Dios b, Blanca Buitrón e
a Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, UFR des sciences de la terre et UMR 8014 du CNRS,
laboratoire de paléolltologie et paléogéographie du paléozorque, bdtiment SN5, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
h Escuela regional de ciencias de la tierra, universidad autónoma de Guerrero, AP 197, Taxco (Guerrero), Mexico
e UNAM, universidad nacional autónoma de México, instituto de geología, ciudad universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, 04510 México DF, Mexico

Received 26 February 2002; accepted 6 February 2003

Abstract

This work describes stage by stage the biostratigraphy of the Middle to Late Permian in Mexico and Guatemala. Roadian deposits are very
poorly represented, as a consequence of tectonic movements at the end of the Kungurian/Leonardian stage. In fact Middle and Late Permian
deposits are almost completely lacking in South Mexico and the whole Latín America, due to a probable climatic barrier. The main data
concern the Las Delicias sequences from Coahuila, North Mexico, and the Mixteca Terrane, South central Mexico, with some precisions on the
, Wordian-Capitanian from Los Hornos (Puebla) and from Olinalá, Guerrero, respectively with the discoveries of Parafusulina sellardsi and
Poiydiexodina capitanensis. New data are provided on Capitanian mudmounds fram Olinalá. A hypothetical reconstruction of the different
terranes of Mexico at the Pangea stage, is finally presented.
@ 2003 Elsevier SAS, Al! rights reserved.

Résumé

Ce travail décrit, étage par étage, la biostratigraphie du Permien moyen-supérieur au Mexique et au Guatemala. Les dépóts raadiens sont
tres peu représentés, comparés a ceux du Permien inférieur sous-jacents, prabablement a cause d'importants ajustements tectoniques a la fin
du KungurienlLéonardien.En fait les associations du Permien moyen et supérieur font presque completement défaut daos le sud du Mexique
et dans l' ensemble de l' Amérique Latíne, sans doute paree qu'une barriere climatique empechait leur diffusion. Les principales données,
quoique assez parcel!aires,sont fournies par les séries de Las Delicias daos l'État de Coahuila, au Nord du Mexique, et le Bloc Mixteque daos
le Centre-Sud du Mexique. Sur cette microplaque, les renseignements supplémentaires apportés ici intéressent le Wordien de Los Hornos
(Puebla) et le Capitanien d'Olinalá (Guerrero), avec les découvertes respectives des fusulinoides Parafusulina sellardsi et Poiydiexodina
capitanensis. A Olinalá, la sédimentologie des constructions capitaniennes est abordée avec plus de détails. Une reconstitution hypothétique
des différents terranes mexicains,juste avant le stade Pangée, est donnée.
@2003 Elsevier SAS. Al! rights reserved.

Resumen

Este trabajo describe la bioestratigrafía de cada piso del Pérrnico medio-superior en México y Guatemala. Los depósitos roadianos son
pocos, en comparación con los del Pérmico inferior, muy desarol!ados en los dos paises. Esta situación resulta probablemente de importantes
movimientos tectónicos a finales del Kunguriano (= Leonardiano), último piso del Pérrnico inferior (= Cisuraliano). A continuación las
asociaciones del Pérmico medio y superior están casi completamente ausentes del Sur de México y en la América Latina entera. Los

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Danie1.Vachard@univ-lillel.fr (D. Vachard).

@ 2003 Elsevier SAS. Al! rights reserved.

doi: 10.1 016/j.geobios.2003.02.002
 .,
100 D. Vachard et al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115

~
principales datos, aunque bastante parcelados, provienen de las series de Las Delicias en el Estado de Coahuila, al norte de México, y de las
del Bloque Mixteca en el centro-sur de México. En esta microplaca, nuestras aportaciones interesan el Wordiano de Los Hornos (Puebla) y el
Capitaniano de Olinalá (Guerrero), con los descubrimientos respectivos de los fusulínidos Parafusulina sellardsi y Polydiexodina capitan-
ensis. En Olinalá, la sedimentología de las construcciones capitanianas recibe algunas precisiones. Una reconstrucción hipotetica de los
diferentes terrenos sospechosos mexicanos, poco antes de la reunión de la Pangea, está presentada.
(Q2003 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Keywords,' Biostratigraphy; Foraminifera; Permian; Mexico; Guatemala; Biogeography

Mots clés " Biostratigraphie ; Foraminiféres ; Permien ; Mexique ; Guatemala; Biogéographie

Palabras clave: Bioestratigrafía; Foraminíferos; Pérmico; México; Guatemala; Biogeografía

1. Introduction huahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas), (2) central Mexico (Hidalgo,

Discoveries of Middle-Late Permian deposits in Mexico
remain exceptional. They are every time particular and
poorly correlable with the other Mexican outcrops or with the
standard international scale. The pioneer work of US geolo-
gists, e.g. Dunbar, King or Cooper, was succeeded by the
studies of Mexican paleontologists (Brunner, Tellez Girón,
Buitrón, Silva...) during the seventies and eighties. The struc-
rural work was provided by Ortega and collaborators. Since
two years, our team (Ecos Program MOOU01) examines
accurately the Late Paleozoic of Mexico. In Ibis work are
summarized OUTinvestigations abolir the Middle and Late
Permian.
Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero), (3) southern Mexico (Chiapas)
related to Guatemala and Venezuela. During the Early Paleo-
zoic and after the Pangea break-up, these regions are actually
very different. Schematically Sonora, Chihuahua belong to
the NorthAmerican Craton; Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca to
the Oaxaquia Block (Ortega et al., 1995); Chiapas and Gua-
temala to the Maya Block, possibly depending on the Gond-
wana. The controversial Mixteca Terrane is independent, or
may belong to tbe Oaxaquia, Maya, or Chortis Blocks (Va-
chard et al., 1997b).
2.2. Mexican northern states

In Sonora, Pennsylvanian'and Permian giraraare located in

2. Previous work
Concerning the Middle and Late Mexican Permian, the
paleontological investigations are essentially devoted lO,(a)
Las Delicias (King et al., 1944),(b) the Monos Formation (or
El Antimonio outcrop) (Cooper et al., 1953; Waterhouse,
1976), and (c) the Mixteca and Oaxaca terranes (Flores de
Dios and Buitrón, 1982; Silva-Pineda and Villalobos-
Carmona, 1987; Vachard et al., 1993; Flores de Dios et al.,
1998a, b, 1999, 2000a, b; Silva-Pineda et al., 2000). The
discontinuities in OUTknowledge are constrained by the
puzzle of microplates reconstructed in Mexico (Figs. 1 and
2), sometimes diversely named a1though identical (Campa
and Caney, 1983; Sedlock et al., 1993; Ortega et al., 1995);
and in the Caribbean (see the c1assicalproblem of the open-
ing of the Coast/Mexican Gulf) with the majar contributions
of rinden and Dewey (1982), Pindell (1985), Pindell et al.
(1988), Rowley and Pindell (1989), Pindell and Barrett,
(1990) or Donnelly et al. (1990). Paleozoic paleogeographi-
cal reconstructions of Mexico were successively suggested
by López-Ramos (1969), Sedlock et al. (1993), Vachard and
Pantoja (1997), Vachard et al. (1997a, b, 2000a, b), and
Sanchéz-Zavala et al. (1999).
2.1. Main outcrops
Geographically, the Paleozoic from Mexico is exposed in
three groups of outcrops: (1) northern Mexico (Sonora, Chi-
three afeas (Peiffer-Rangin, 1979; Brunner, 1984; Pérez-
Ramos, 1992,2001; Stewartet al., 1997):(a) Caborca afea, (b)
a central afea from Hermosillo to Arivechi, (c) NE Sonora.
The Middle Permian of the Caborca microplate in El Anti-
monio is very famous. Central Sonora (Hermosillo afea) as
well as N.E. Sonora are devoid of Middle Permian deposits.
In Chihuahua, they are two groups of outcrops: (1) north-
ern Chihuahua, especially Sierra de Palomas (Díaz and Na-
varro, 1964) similar to the sequences of southern New
Mexico (Skinner and Wilde, 1965a), and (2) a distinct afea in
central eastern Chihuahua: Placer de Guadalupe, algo called
Minas Plomosas, where the Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian series
are relatively well known.Although not fossiliferous, Middle
Permian levels exist probably in Placer de Guadalupe, within
the Plomosas Formation (Bridges, 1964; López-Ramos,
1985; Vachard et al., 2000b).
In Coahuila, the Las Delicias afea is the most cited refer-
ence, due to the work of Miller and Furnish (1940), King et
al. (1944), Spinosa et al. (1970), Wardlaw et al. (1979),
Tellez-Girón and Nestell (1983), López-Ramos (1985), Mc-
Kee et al. (1988), and Cantú-Chapa (1997).
2.3. Central Mexico
The Carboniferous and Early Permian series are com-
pletely different in four localities, which could belong to the
Oaxaquia Block (Ortega et al., 1995). These sequences crop
 D, Vachard el al, ; Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115 IDI

mi
t=-- USA
( !1
\ ("-""",
( 11 1 ~ I

".. '-'" "".,..,...A..JL..-IJ1II II lOCALlTIES

OF FUSULlNIDS
l llll) (.
"3 11 11 11 \ 1I1.i!-<?"',\..
12
\ 611\10
11
,

\ \ 11 711 1 '\ , ,;2.-A.,.-

'\/,iy'
.

~ ["\ \ 11
.. .
.
\ '

,)" \'", '\ J j; ""~~"'Jo","lQmIo""""

l'. .\,,1 r~ /'-~-;
" , ' "-J
11
'

14 "', \ ~p/

"~-'A~'\
'"\ ,,.'l 9
"'j , ~,' r'\! 17
11 6
1 f
I
, ('v"
v"
._-;~--
, ~:,':"T""SOno<oSon""
4 """"deHuoch~""",o

\ \..~ ""
.,y 6'_'~h:ioHoeco.SOno<o
7,"""" """""=Sooo<o
d ' \.-,,'\ 4...
"
,,
,
;c.
,\

t
\",
\ /'
~
,
'
11
J
.J ~'",--",/

,
,

\
-l..19 ; ' (,,c,
"
~
\~'--. 1
04
\\
'1
a- "'de~l """"
"_.=~
.::=_-=
I¡:::=-::=.
'¡
i
í;;., ~<-"
;' 18 -, í ,
1
,
,
/
~ ,,>.1
",,"o,:;;;;o."""""'hOO
,. """
, .. deGuoOO,pe
, ~,,~ (, l ,. -:=.. Ch"""""

'
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":'~-=-'-
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.--...
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.

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(
(24'
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21",",,~.-
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21,,~~, "
23_~,

',/) 'v, .-=="""O=c

-- ~, "
,
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"1(» , "~1u') i'>L.. '" ~' ,lcolo',"=",coorooo""",,,,~, f /?

/
\ '" .~--
'"
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,

0 O t('-/ I ( \-J />,J 1\\ .J... (' t \ '. ,

"/
,

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~
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(~! '
< .¡;. / IC/ r"rd' Q ~'J Ú -'
'~;.JI~ \/'-).J" ,
-<:
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~
,

" C; I 'r, '-, ~ '-, oF ?<

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6"<; f'z/
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,

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(CIv-26

~(~
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km
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'~U.~""
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23
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/ GUA TE
L~
M A L A
)
-- ~,j

Fig. J. Localities with fusulinids in Mexico (according to Brunner, 1984, modified),

Fig. 1. Gisements a fusulines du Mexique (d'apres Brunner, 1984, modifié).

Tectonostratigraphic terrones
A AIIsIIos M MIxteco
C CorIez Ma Maya
Cb Caborco MvTrons-MeJdcan
ChChlhuahua VoIcanlcBeII
CoCoahUIa P falTa!
Cv SlencMadre $MSIenoMadre
OccIdenIaI V V1zcalno
G Guerrero X Xolapa
J Juarez Z Zapofeco
JuJuchatengo (Oaxaca)
L laPaz

ju
---==::::1
200 Km

Fig, 2. The tectonostratigraphic refranes, tectonic plates and microplates assemblage in Mexico (according to Campa and Caney, 1983, slightJy modified) ,

Fig, 2, Terrains tectonostratigraphiques, plaques tectoniques et microplaques constituant le Mexique (d'apres Campa et Caney, 1983, légerement modifié).
 .
102 D. Vachard el al. I Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115

out in Tamaulipas (Vachard et al., work in progress), Hidalgo Table1

(Vachard et al., 2000b), Oaxaca (Flores de Dios et al., 1998a, Main chronostratigraphica1 correlations between North America and Tethys
(according to Wilde, 1990; Davydov, 1996)
b, 1999; Vachard et al., 2000b), and San Salvador PatIanoaya
Principales corrélations chronostratigraphiques entre l' Amérique du Nord et
and small other outcrops of the Puebla State (Vachard et al., la Téthys (selon Wilde, 1990 ; Davydov, 1996)
1997a, 2000a, b with references).
INTERNATIONAL NORTH AMERICAN BOREAL TETHYAN

2.4. South Mexico and Southern America STAGES FORMATIONS STAGES STAGES

OUTpaper is only concerned with Chiapas, Chochal Lime-

CHANGXINGIAN DORASHAMIAN
stones in Guatemala, and Palmarito Formation (partim) in
L
Venezuela and Colombia. No outcrop is dated in Chortis A
OCHOA -
Block. New investigations are necessary in northern Chile, T
E
because a microfossil Middle to Late Permian in age, Abade- DZHULFIAN

hella was discovered by Díaz-Martínez et al. (2000). WUCHIAPINGIAN TATARIAN

LAIBINIAN

3. Biostratigraphy
POST-LAMAR
PG6
CAPITANIAN LAMAR
OUT principal references are constituted by the work of MIDIAN
Wilde (1990), Glenister et al. (1992, 1999a, b) and Permo- CAPITAN PGS
philes (1999). We adopted also the correlations with Tethyan
stages of Davydov (1996) (Table 1). For the fusulinids, we M PG4
I
followed the biostratigraphical scale established by Wilde D WORDIAN WORD
(1990) confirmed by more recent studies abOlirthe Guadalu- D PG3 KAZANIAN MURGABIAN
L
pían superstage (Glenister et al., 1999a, b) (Table 2). For E
-
PG2
smaller foraminifers and algae, the references are very few
(Krainer et al., work in progress in New Mexico). About
ammonoids,we consulted the biostratigraphyof Zhouet al. ROADIAN ROAD UFIMIAN KUNGURIAN
PGl
(1996).But weobserveone contradiction with the fusulinids
in Olinalá (see hereafter). As yet no Middle-Late Permian
conodontsor radiolarianshavebeendescribedin Mexico.
Numerous regional studies are devoted to the macrofauna or E
A
macroflora (Buitrón and González-León, 1982; Flores de R KUNGURIAN LEONARD PL3 KUNGURIAN BOLORIAN
Dios and Buitrón, 1982; Silva-Pineda and Villalobos- L
y
Carmona, 1987; Silva-Pineda et al., 1992; González-Arreola
et al., 1994; Esquivel-Macías, 1996; and Cantú-Chapa,
1997).
mentioned by theseauthorsin this afea. Some outcropsof
Arizana display the same history, because the last fusulinids
4. Roadian and bonndary KungurianIRoadian cited below the discordant Cretaceous, by Ross and Tyrell
(1965) are P. boesei Dunbar and Skinner, 1937 and P. sulli-
4.1. Mexican northern states vanensis Ross, 1963.
The ammonoid Perrinites hilli (Smith, 1903) is character-
In NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua, especially in the Sierra istic of the latest Leonardianand Roadian. It is known in
of las PalomasChihuahua,the Cretaceousis directIydiscor- Placer de Guadalupe,Chihuahua(Bridges, 1964; López-
dant upon the Leonardian (Díaz and Navarro, 1964), no Ramos, 1985), where several hundred meters of sediments
Middle Permian beds are characterized. Testupon a rhyolite of the Plomosas Fm. dated at 270:t30 Ma
In centralSonora,Guadalupianfusulinidsarereportedby (de Cserna et al., 1970). They can be Middle Permian in age.
Pérez-Ramos (1992) in small hills 3 km east of Willard, Moreover, Perrinites hilli is frequentIy cited in the Las
especially Parafusulina empirensis Sabios and Ross, 1963. Sardinas Formation from Las Delicias (Miller and Furnish,
This species is c1earlya Paraskinnerella, therefore we agree 1940; King et al., 1944; Wardlaw et al., 1979; Tellez-Girón
with Stewart et al. (1997). This unir is not Guadalupian, but and Nestell, 1983; López-Ramos, 1985; McKee et al., 1988;
late Leonardian in age. Moreover, these authors described in Cejudo-Fernandez, 1989; Cantú-Chapa, 1997). The lower
the Santa Teresahill of the same afea, a unir 7 which contains part of the Las Sardinas Fm. can be dated as early to middle
Parafusulina aff. boesei Dunbar and Skinner, 1937 (Stewart Leonardian (i.e. Kungurian) owing to Praeskinnerella (ex
et al., 1997: p. 121, 133). No younger Permian strata are Schwagerina) cf. guembeli (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937)
 D. Vaclzard el al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115 103

..------..-...-..
Table 2
North-American biozonations and cOITespondingMexican localities ""'-"'--'-1

Biozonations nord-américaines et daos les localités mexicaines correspon-

dantes
I

4.-5haIes """1IOCes

USA MEXICAN
AMMONOIDS FUSULlNIDS
STRATIGRAPHY LOCALlTIES
i3§
5'5
J:E
No fusulinids Olinalá (?) 2.-Sondstones I"'::'_::"'~.__L~:~_._~-~:_~~'.,
.9~
o ú o < o' o o o 0\
OCHOA in b;, 9'::",9'::", 9,::", 9'::".i
Eoaraxoceras Coahuila, 1.-TurbldileS r-~-";.:--::'-;:-:;~-(u ---
North America
Olinalá (?)
I - \
l::-;..~'::::,.~.:::.':.~..:-.".~-:;~~;;,..,
C b:9'c;.<;>-"' .9 .'9",':
Kingoceras A
P
I
POST-LAMAR

LAMAR
PG6 Codonofusiella
Paraboultonia
Olinalá

Acallan Complex
--
~~ r?
~.~~~(~~:Jf-1r-f!-rfJ.:
-..ffF-, -D1-.!fl
j 17

~~~
T PRE-LAMAR Olinalá,
Timorites PGS Po/ydiexodina
A Coahuila
CAPITAN
N CambOOn
to Devonlan r:m
Terminal lone

PG4 with El Antimonio

CHERRY
Parafusulina [X] 1 1- 12 L* I 3
Waage-
W
noceras CANYON Parafusulina Coahuila, Fig. 3. Log of the Wordian sequence of Los Hornos (Puebla, Mexico).
O
R PG3 lineata Olinalá, Symbols: 1: traces, 2: fusulinids, 3: crinoids.
D
P. deliciasensis Fig. 3. Colonne stratigraphique des séries wordiennes de Los Hornos (Pue-
San Juan
bla, Mexique). Symboles : 1 : traces, 2 : fusulines, 3 : crinoldes.
Parafusulina Ihualtepec,
BRUSHY PG2 rothi
Los Hornos
Vachard et al., 2000a, b). The base of the Los Hornos,
P. maleyi subjacent to Wordian beds is possibly also Roadian.

ROAD PGl
P. boesei Guatemala 4.3. South Mexico and Southern America
Skinnerina (Chocha! Fm.)
Perrinites
Middle lone Guatemala,
Roadian fusulinids are located at the top of the Chochal
LEO-
of Chiapas, Limestone, in the Río Chixoy afea: Skinnerina latina Va-
hilli NARD CATHEDRAL PI3
Parafusulina Sonora chard in Vachard et al., 1997b, Rauserella sp. and
(late)
Parafusulina sp. A. (Vachard et al., 1997b).
Ammonoids Perrinites hilli exist at the top of the Permian
series exposed in Chiapas (Müllerried et al., 1941; Vachard,
1994), and P. cf. hilli occurs at the top of the Chochal
(Tellez-Girón and Nestell, 1983: pl. 10, Fig. 4). The overly-
Formation (Tuilán Member) (Anderson et al., 1973).
ing El Tordillo Formation is hypothetically Roadian or Wor-
The upper part of the Palmarito Fm. in northern Andes of
dian by superimposition.
Venezuela yields Artinskian and Kungurian fusulinids:
In Tamaulipas, in the Guacamaya Formation, the last Parafusulina aff. durhami Thompson and MilIer, 1949 and
inventoried species of fusulinids ("Schwagerina" sp. of P.nancei Thompson and Miller, 1949 (Sánchez, 1984, deter-
Tellez-Girón, 1970: pl. 46, Fig. 1-5) looks like Paraskinner- mined by D.v.) and then occurs a Langella sp., may be
ella kummeli (Roberts, 1953 in Newell et al., 1953), accord- Roadian in age. In the Sierra de Perijá, northern Colombia,
ing to Vachard et al. (2000b) and may be dated ammonoids Medlicottia sp. and Perrinites hilli? are present
KungurianILeonardian. ConsequentIy no indication of (MilIer and Williams, 1945). -
Middle Permian deposits is available in Tamaulipas. The Late Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian deposits, at least up to
the Chalaroschwagerina zone of the Artinskian of the Pal-
4.2. Central Mexico marito Fm. are well developed in Venezuela, Bolivia, Pero,
and in a tectonic terrane from southernmost Chile (Douglass
The index fossil Perrinites hilli is cited by VilIaseñor et al. and NestelI, 1976; Ling et al., 1985). Roadian beds with
(1987) at the base of the black prodeltaic shales of San Skinnerina latina [=Parafusulina(?) sp. D], P. (?) sp. C, and
Salvador PatIanoaya (Puebla). The upper part of these black P. ex gr. boesei, P. trumpyi Thompson and Miller, 1949,
shales can eventually be Middle Permian in age, but paleon- P.nancei, are rarely mentioned in Venezuela (Thompson and
tological evidences are lacking (VilIaseñor et al., 1987; Miller, 1949; Hoover, 1981; Maréchal et al., 1984; Rigby,
 ¡

104 D. Vachard et al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115

"'

5
 D. Vachard et al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115 105

5. Wordian
JURASSIC? 111 /\ /\
5.1. Mexican northern States
1

[ TRIASSIC?

LAJE
PERMIAN
At Las Delicias (Coahuila), the Wordian begins perhaps in
the El Tordillo Fm., and is principally represented by Palo
Quemado Fm. and La Difunta Fm. The ammonoids
G Waagenoceras and the fusulinids Parafusulina sellardsi
~"
! ,""
1 1 U Dunbar and Skinner, 1937, P. rothi Dunbar and Skinner in
A 61; Dunbar et al., 1936, P. deliciasensis Dunbar and Skinner in
G]2 D
A
Dunbar et al., ]936, P.boesei Dunbar and Skinner, 1937 and
Rauserella erratica Dunbar in King et al., 1944 are the main
Wordian markers ofthe La Difunta section and Las Malasca-
I '4;~ 3 ~
'' -
'
I

p = chas section (King et al., ]944; Wardlaw et al., 1979; Tellez-

Girón and Nestell, ]983). To the micropa]eontological as-
,-,
'

,,
/:':'.,,'
17,1"
,,

""'1
"
4 I A
semblage, can be added the following algae: Mizzia yabei
1

A ~ (Karpinsky, 1908) (illustrated by Tellez-Girón and Nestell,

lm~mJ 5 L~ y
1983: pl. 4, Fig. 2, 4), Parachaetetes sp. (ibid., pl. 4, Fig. 2),
, L n.,
I W A lvanovia? and Tubiphytes (ibid., pl. 4, Fig. 6).
¡;;;¡ 6 T \iR. In the Monos Fm. of the El Antimonio terrane
L--==-J O E

l~l7 R
~
D
~-¡

-' -
"
.
-
Parafusulina antimonioensis Dunbar in Cooper et al., 1953
characterizes the late Wordian (Ross, ]963; Wilde, 1990).
The nodosarioids illustrated by Brunner (1979) are already
.
Midian in age; e.g. lchtyofrondina appresaria (Sosnina,
:l.' ~;::?~~'~
I( "18 A
::;":?~;~ : n.
,. '.='=.. .'='='.
' ]978: pl. 4, Fig. 8), "Nodosaria" planocamerata Sosnina,
u R i=
lA! " ,
.= . 1978 (pl. 4, Fig. 4), lchtyofrondina primitiva (Sellier de
~
~ 9 N"" "'" ,
, ,
, , " 1 Civrieux and Dessauvagie, 1965: pl. 4, Fig. 3), "Nodosaria"
. '. ".~
cf. partisana Sosnina, 1978 (pl. 4, Fig. 2). Selle
Parafusulina antimonioensis are also reworked in the over-
[Z:CJ 1 O
'~~ ]ying Triassic beds in El Antimonio (González-León, 1997).
The classical macrofauna of El Antimonio is composed of
brachiopods Waagenoconcha and ammonoids Waagenoc-
Fig. 5. Log of the WordianlCapitanian sequence of Olinalá (Guerrero,
eras (Miller, 1945; Cooper et al., 1953; Waterhouse, 1976;
Mexico). Symbols: 1: smaller foraminifers, 2: bryozoa, 3: brachiopods, 4:
calcisponges, 5: ammonoids, 6: fusulinids, 7: terrestrial plants, 8: stromato-
Buitrón and González-León, 1982; López-Ramos, 1985;
lites, 9: accumulations of crinoids, 10: accumulations of Polydiexodina. Cantú-Chapa, 1997).
Fig. 5. Colonne stratigraphique du WordienlCapitanien d'Olinalá (Guerrero,
Mexique). Symboles : 1 : petits foraminiféres, 2 : bryozoaires, 3 : brachio- 5.2. Central Mexico
podes, 4 : calcisponges, 5 : arnmonoldes, 6 : fusulines, 7 : végétaux terres-
tres, 8 : stromatolithes, 9 : accumulations de crinoldes, 10 : accumulations de Selle tectonic compartments yield deposits with Wordian
Polydiexodina. fusulinids or without fossil but which can be structurally
correlated: (1) San Juan Ihualtepec (Flores de Dios et al.,
1984; Vachard et al., 1997b). Recently a small foraminifer 1992; Vachard et al., ]997a; Flores de Dios et al., 2000a, b),
Abadehella sp., generally Middle to Late Permian in age, has (2) San Juan Mixtepec, poorly characterized by crinoids
been discovered in Northern Chile by Díaz-Martínez et al. (Silva et al., 1992; Vachard et al., 1997a), (3) Chepetlán
(2000). It is probably the southernmost location of the car- where Mexican colleagues have deterrnined Parafusulina cf.
bonates and intertropical microfaunas during the Middle- lineata Dunbar and Skinner, 1937 (Brunner and Murillo,
Late Permian. In this case, Recent latitude 20° South corre- 1991; Silva et al., 1992; Vachard et al., 1997a), (4) Peña
sponds roughly to 30°S during the Middle-Late Permian. Colorada (Enciso de ]a Vega, 1966; Vachard et al., 2000b),

Fig.4. 1. ParajiLsulina sellardsi Dunbar and Skinner, 1937. Axial section. Los Hornos (Puebla). Wordian. x 9. 2,3. Parafusulina sr. Los Hornos (Puebla). 2.
Subaxial section. x 9. 3. Oblique section. x 9. 4-8. Polydiexodina capitanensis Dunbar and Skinner, 1931. Olinalá. Early-middle Capitanian. 4. Subaxial oblique
section. MEX 01-6A. x 6. 5. Subaxial section. MEX 01-6A. x 15.6. Transverse section. MEX 01-6A. x 15.7. Transverse section. MEX 01-6B. x 15.8. Other
transverse section. MEX 01-6B. x 15.
Fig. 4.1. Parafusulina sellardsi Dunbar et Skinner, 1937. Section axiale. Los Hornos (Puebla). Wordien. x 9. 2,3. Parafusulina sr. Los Hornos (Puebla). 2.
Section subaxiale. x 9. 3. Section oblique. x 9. 4-8. Polydiexodina capitanensis Dunbar et Skinner, 1931. Olinalá. Capitanien inférieur/moyen. 4. Section
subaxiale oblique. MEX 01-6A. x 6. 5. Section subaxiale. MEX 01-6A. x 15.6. Section transverse. MEX 01-6A. x 15.7. Section transverse. MEX 01-6B. x 15.
8. Une autre section transverse. MEX 01-6B. x 15.
106 D. Vachardel al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115
 D. Vachard el al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-1 J5 107

OllNAIA FORMATlON

~
:¡>
""
~
LOS HORNOS- IHUAllEPEC
FORMATIONS
--
lill~Lm
1
2
3
4
w PA1lANOAYA
a
o w FORMATION 5
~
6
~ 7
[_¡m] 8
9
10

Hypo!hetlcal and synthetical map of!he early Permion IClsurallan) f,cm Mexico

Fig. 8. Hypothetical paleogeographic mar of Mexico prior to the Middle

Permian (Cisuralian for example). Symbols: 1: recent llames of afeas, 2:
turbidites, 3: red beds (Bursumian), 4: carbonate shelf, 5: insular arc, 6:
blocks and cratons, 7: subduction plane, 8: ammonoids, 9: fusulinids, 10:
terrestrial plants.
Fig. 8. CarIe paléogéographique hypothétique du Mexique avant le Permien
Fig. 7. Successive Penno-Carboniferous transgressions upon the Acatlán moyen (surtout au Cisuralien). Symboles : 1 : Noms actuels des régions, 2 :
basement of the Mixteca Terrane (States of Puebla and Guerrero, Mexico). turbidites, 3 : couches rouges (au Bursumien), 4: plate-fonne carbonatée, 5 :
Not to scale. arc insulaire, 6 : blocs et cratons, 7 : plan de subduction, 8 : ammonoYdes, 9 :
Fig. 7. Transgressions successives de la série penno-carbonifere sur le sacIe fusulines, 10 : végétaux terrestres.
d' Acatlán du« terrane» Mixteca (États de Pueblaet de Guerrero, Mexique).
Croquis sans échelle.

(5) Los Hornos very recently discovered by our team

(Ramírez-Espinosa et al., 2000). This group of outcrops may
be characterized by Parafusulina ex gr. deliciasensis (i.e. P.
deliciasensis, P. lineata, P. rothi, P. maleyi Dunbar and
Skinner, 1937, P. maleyi referta Dunbar and Skinner, 1937,
P.virga Thompson and Wheeler in Thompson et al., 1946, P.
nosonensis Thompson and Wheeler in Thompson et al.,
1946,...). Therefore its belongs to the PO2 and/or PO 3 stan-
dard biozones of Wilde (1990). We have described
Parafusulina ex gr. deliciasensis in San Juan Ihualtepec
(Oaxaca) (Vachard et al., 1997a), and we herald the discov-
ery ofthe same group in Los Hornos (Figs. 3 and 4(1-3)).
In Olinalá, the lower part of the Formation is probably
Wordian (Vachard et al., 1993, 1997a; Vachard, 1994). Al-
though the genera recently redetermined by Oonzález-
Arreola et al. (1994) are more characteristic of the Wuchiap-
ingian according to the criteria of Zhou et al. (1996).
5.3. Los Hornos
Discordant upon the Acatlán substrate (Fig. 3) the se-
quence shows: (1) gradded-bedded turbiditic sequences, (2)
quartzitic sandstones passing progressively to carbonate
sandstones, (3) limestones (silty and sandy tectonized wack-
estalles) with fusulinids: Parafusulina sellardsi and P. sr.
(Fig. 4(1-3)), gasteropods Bellerophontoidea and smaller
foraminifers: Globivalvulina sp., Hemigordius sp., Calcitor-
nella sr. and Geinitzina sr. (4), gray shales with abundant
ichnites, similar to the Nereites illustrated from El Antimonio
by González-León (1997), but determined by 1.Alvaro (pers.
comm.) as helminthoids. According to Ross (1963), P. sell-
ardsi is characteristic of the second and third members of the
stratotypic Word Fm. Consequently the series ofLos Hornos
correspond probably to the whole Wordian.

Fig. 6. Microfacies of the Capitanian mud-mounds of Olinalá (Guerrero, Mexico). 1. Calcisponges and Richtofeniid. MEX OI-5A, x 6. 2. Texture of
Richtofeniid. MEX OI-5A. x 6. 3. Bryozoa. Phi 31. x 9. 4. Microbialite. Phi 34. x 9. 5. Brachiopod Productoidea with spines. MEX 01-5B. x 6. 6. Calcisponge
and crinoid. MEX 0I-5B. x 6.
Fig. 6. Microfacies des bioconstructions capitaniennes d'Olinalá (Guerrero, Mexique). 1. Calcisponge et Richtofeniidé. MEX OI-5A, x 6. 2. Texture de
Richtofeniidé. MEX OI-5A. x 6. 3. Bryozoaire. Phi 31. x 9. 4. Microbialite. Phi 34. x 9. 5. Brachiopode Productoidea ayer ses épines. MEX 0I-5B. x 6.6.
Calcisponge et crinoYde. MEX 0I-5B. x 6.
 ~
108 D. Vachard el al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115

rabIe 3 't
6.2. Central Mexico
Biostratigraphy of Las Delicias outcrop (according to severa! bibliographic
references listed in the text)
Biostratigraphie de l' affleurement de Las Delicias (d' apres diverses référen- We published already many precisions on the biostratig-
res bibliographiques citées daos le texte) raphy of this afea. Due to OUTidentification of the late
Capitanian (Vachard et al., 1993), we attributed to the Word-
ian the underlying beds with ammonoids. The new determi-
COAHUILA NORTH AMERICA TETHYAN FUSULlNIDS
nations of González-Arreola et al. (1994) are only dated as
FORMATIONS STAGES STAGES & AMMONOIDS
"Late Permian". They are questionable because the identified
upper OCHOAN DZHULFIAN Eoaraxoceras
Stacheoceras and Pseudogastrioceras are in fact Wuchiapin-
LA gian genera (Zhou et al., 1996). The ammonoids from Oli-
COLORADA Kingoceras nalá need a more accurate study. According to the foramini-
Polydif!xodina
mexicana fer biostratigraphy, their minimal age should be early
lower Po. capitaniensis
CAPITANIAN
Po. shumardi
Capitanian. Moreover the presence of Waagenoceras in the
Waagenoceras assemblage seems to confirm the Wordian dating. In this case
Timorites
MIDIAN the beginning of the series in Olinalá is probably early Wor-
uppe CAPITANlANI P. deliciasensis dian with the basal conglomerates (Fig. 5). We discovered
Waagenoceras
WORDIAN last year Polydiexodina capitanensis, early or middle Capi-
LA --n.? _n n-
P. deliciasensis tanian in age.
middle
DIFUNTA Rauserella
- 6.3. Olinalá
P. deliciasensis
lower WORDIAN Rauserella
Reichelina
Waaqenoceras The Paleozoic of this afea has been described initially by
upper Parafusulinaboesei
Flores de Dios and Buitrón (1982) underthe llame ofOlinalá
PALO Formation (valided by Vachard et al., 1993), and by Corona-
- MURGABIAN P. sellardsi
QUEMADO Esquivel (1981 published 1983) and called Los Arcos Fm.
lower Waagenoceras
The ammonoids were studied by Flores de Dios and Buitrón
(1982), González-Arreola et al. (1994), Cantú-Chapa (1997),
EL ROADIANI Garibay-Romero (2000), and the crinoids by Esquive!-
KUBERGANDIAN -
TORDILLO WORDIAN Macías (1996). Small Capitanian bioherms were already
pointed out by Vachard et al. (1933) and Vachard (1994) but
the sedimentological importance of the mud mound phenom-
upper LEONARDIANI BOLORIAN Perriniteshilli
LAS ROADIAN
enon was firstly indicated by Flores de Dios et al. (1999,
(KUNGURIAN) Praeskinnerella
2000a).
SARDINAS lower LEONARDIAN
guembeli The series (Fig. 5) is constituted by (1) a massive mega-
conglomerate with c1asts of the Acatlán basement, (2) black
shales with ammonoids (González-Arreola et al., 1994), (3)
estuarine sandstones with brachiopods Paranorella and ter-
restrial plants: Neuropteris, Taeniopteris, conifers (Silva-
Pineda et al., 2000; Flores de Dios et al., 2000a, b), (3)
6. Capitanian
limestones comprising from bottom to top: (a) stromatolitic
boundstones of LLH-type (Flores de Dios et al., 2000a); (b)
rudstones with Polydiexodina (Fig. 4(4-8)); (c) build-ups
6.1. Mexican northern states
(Flores de Dios et al., 2000a) (Fig. 6(1-6)), (4) brown shales
with rafe ammonoids. This level passes in continuity to the
Ammonoids Timorites in the upper La Difunta Formation, ignimbrites of Las Lluvias conventionally emplaced at the
and Kingoceras in the lower La Colorada Fm., are c1assically base ofthe Triassic, but possibly also Jurassic in age (García-
known in Las Delicias (King et al., 1944;Waterhouse, 1976; Díaz, 1999). Consequently the Permo-Triassic boundary can
Kotlyar, 1989; Wardlaw et al., 1979; Cantú-Chapa, 1997). be located in these last brown shales (work in progress).
According to the ranges proposed by Zhou et al. (1996), the The sandy bioc1astic rudstones with Polydiexodina
sequences ofLas Delicias can be subdivided as the following (Fig. 4(4-8)) are rich in intrac1asts, already intergranularly
(Table 3). cemented, abraded and rounded, e.g. remains of bryozoa,
Fusulinids Polydiexodina capitanensis Dunbar and Skin- ca1cisponges,corals, bryozoa, crinoids (i.e. matuTecarbonate
ner, 1931 are present in the lower part of the La Colorada detrital grains, originating in the organic build-ups). The
Formation (Tellez-Girón and Nestell, 1983:pl. 11, Fig. 4-5), specimens of Polydiexodina capitanensis are weakly trans-
and allows the exact correlation between the fusu.1inidand ported and relatively immature, measuring 15 to 24 mm in
ammonoid scales. length. The rather rafe other fusulinids are represented by
 D. Vachardel al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115
Rauserella erratica, sornetimes with only juvenaria looking
like Reichelina (as already mentionned by Vachard et al.,
1993). Rare smaller foraminifers are: Diplosphaerina sp.,
Neoendothyra sp., Abadehella sp., Hemigordius cf. harltoni
Cushman and Waters, 1928, H. sp. 2., Nodosinelloides spp.,
Geinitzina spp., Frondicularia sp. These deposits correspond
probably to sandy limestones channellized between organic
build-ups. These latter are constituted by microbialites, Cal-
cispongia, Richtofeniidae, other brachiopds and bryozoa
(Fig. 6(]--6». Several species ofOlinalá, such as Dictyoclos-
tus depressus and Prorichtofenia sp., are mentioned also in
Coahuila (see compilation in Cejudo-Fernandez, 1989). Mi-
croproblematical carbonate microflora are rafe, and only
represented by fragrnents of solenoporacean algae Paracha-
etetes and incertae sedis Tubiphytes, and an enigmatic cyano-
bacteria: aff. Hormathonema sp. (Vachard et al., ]993), but
Archaeolithoporella is apparently absent, contrary to its
abundance within the Capitan Reef (USA), as described for
example by Wood et al. (1994). The scarce fusulinids dis-
persed in the mud mounds are Rauserella erratica, very rafe
Polydiexodina (erroneously interpreted as Parafusulina
boesei by Vachardet al., 1993), and aLamar species Codono-
fusiella extensa Skinner and Wilde, ]955. In term ofTethyan
biostratigraphic scale this late Capitanian assemblage could
be latest Midian in age.
7. Post-Capitanian and P/T boundary
7.1. El Antimonio (Sonora)
Two sequences overlie the Monos Formation, in NW
Sonora; the second sequence is probably Earliest Triassic in
age (Smithian?: González-León, 1997; Lucas et al., ]997).
The first discordant sequence was dated Late Perrnian by
Cooper et al. (1953) and Lucas et al. (1997), but according to
González-León (1997), the fauna is reworked, and the age
might be also Triassic.
7.2. Las Delicias
The arnmonoid Eoaraxoceras was erected from this local-
ity by Spinosa et al. (] 970) and subsequently listed by Ward-
law et al. (1979). It is a characteristic form of the Wuchiap-
ingian (Zhou et al., ] 996) and consequently the unique
evidence ofthis stage in Mexico (Tables 2 and 3).
7.3. Olinalá
Arnrnonoids exist, but their age is not precise. Perhaps,
some elements of the collections of González-Arreola et al.
(] 994) originate in these exposures, and can constitute an
explanation to the presence in the lists of these auhors of
Wuchiapingian genera, such as Pseudogastrioceras and Sta-
cheoceras. We confirrn that the true Stacheoceras deter-
mined by Nuñez in Flores de Dios and Buitrón (1982: p. ]6)
109
Coa 1
2
- 3
4
5
6
,
7
8
""""'"
9
Fig. 9. Hypothetical paIeogeographic mar of Mexico at the end of the
Middle Pennian. Symbols: 1: recent names of areas, 2: gypsum, 3: organic
build-ups, 4: carbonate shelf, 5: insular arc, 6: blocks and cratons, 7:
subduction plane, 8: ammonoids, 9: fusulinids.
Fig. 9. CarIe paléogéographique hypothétique du Mexique a la fin du
Permien moyen. Symboles : 1 : Noms actuels des régions, 2 : évaporites, 3 :
bioconstructions, 4 : plate-forme carbonatée, 5 : arc insulaire, 6 : bloc s et
cratons, 7 : plan de subduction, 8 : ammonoi'des, 9 : fusulines.
were sampled in this interval. Moreover a relatively thick set
of beds exists between the late Capitanian limestones and the
Las Lluvias ignimbrites, it can correspond to the whole Late
Perrnian and/or to the PermianITriassic boundary. A ques-
tionably Triassic nautiloid of this interval has been yet illus-
trated (Flores de Dios and Buitrón, ]982: p. 16).
7.4. Oaxaca
Classically attributed to the Pennsylvanian/Permian
(Pantoja-Alor, ]970) or only to the Permian in sorne compi-
lations (Anderson and Schmidt, ]983), the Yododeñe Forrna-
tion has recently yielded at its base, reworked lirnestones
with late Wolfcarnpian (Artinskian) and Leonardian (Kun-
gurian) fusulinids (Flores de Dios et al., ]998a, b, 2000a, b).
Age ofthe YododeñeFm. is probably Triassicdue to the thick
red sequences comparable with those of the European Ger-
rnan Triassic (Vachard et al., ]998, Vachard and Bouyx, in
press).
8. HypotheticaI paleobiogeography
8.1. Complexity of America
The problem is double: (a) the mosaic ofNorth-American
suspect terranes; (b) the Mexican palaeogeography itself
(Figs. 7-9). In North America, they are classically four prov-
inces (Yancey, ]975; Stevens, ]985; Kobayashi, ]999): the

110 D. Vachard et al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115
northern part of Alaska and Callada is typically Uralian,
receiving directly the totality of the new speciations fram
northern Urals; the other afeas of USA are divided into three
provinces: Midcontinent-Andean (consequentIy extending to
South America), Grandian (= Province D of Kobayashi) and
the exotic, generally Tethyan terranes of the Rocky Moun-
tains, such as the Cache Creek or Calaveras Terranes (= Prav-
ince C of Kobayashi), or independent and without precise
biogeographic affinities, such as Klamath Terrane.
Tethyan terranes in USA are described since long time
(Thompson, 1967; Douglass, 1967); Cache Creek Terrane is
especially known for its Tethyan affinity (compilation in
Mihalnyuk et al., 1994). The presence of the fusulinid Lepi-
dolina, and the global repartition ofProvince C ofKobayashi
(1999), on both borders ofthe Recent Pacifica (Cache Creek,
Primorye, Cambodia, SW Thailand), is particularly enig-
matic and may indicate a very narrow Paleopacifica during
the late Capitanian.
Klamath Terrane (or McCloud Province) exhibits en-
demic species (Skinner and Wilde, 1965b) but North-Uralian
genera such as Pseudofusulinella, or asiatic such as Sphaero-
schwagerina, Laxofusulina, and Schellwienia, occur also.
Other groups of organisms were previously discussed
(Stevens et al., 1990; Mankinen et al., 1996; Hanger, 1998).
Klamath Province is generally interpreted as an insular arc
off North America (Miller, 1989; Hanger, 1998). According
to the opposite opinion (Belassky and Runnegar, 1994),
Klamath Terrane is located 3000/5800 km west of the craton
and between 11 and 21°N.
8.2. Complexity of Mexico and Central America
The tectonic exotic suspect terranes which contain Paleo-
zoic beds in Mexico and central America are from North to
South: North American Craton, El Antimonio and/or
Caborca Terrane, the Coahuila "Island", the Oaxaquia Block
(perhaps inc1udingYaqui, Oaxaca, Zapoteco Terranes), the
Chortis and Maya Blocks (as interpreted by Donnelly et al.,
1990). No Tethyan terrane, i.e. with foraminiferal and algal
assemblages similar to Japan, China or Southeast Asia, is
present in Mexico (Vachard et al., 1997). The Mexican ter-
ralles dispersed during the Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian (Va-
chard and Pantoja, 1997;Vachard et al., 2000b; herein Fig. 8)
are almost entirely gathered together as soon as the end of the
Middle Permian (Fig. 9),just before the Pangean assemblage
and the intrusion of many Permo-Triassic granitoids (Torres
et al., 1992). The constitutive units of the Mexican Pangean
puzzle are briefly discussed hereafter.
8.3. Mexican North American Craton
Outcrops of NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua correspond
exactIy to geological structures of New Mexico (USA), for
instance the Pedregosa Basin, whose fusulinids are identical
(Pérez-Ramos, 1992). Similarly in central Sonora, the
fusulinids cited by Menicucci et al. (1982) are almost identi-
..
~,
"1.
cal with the microfauna of New Mexico. The fusulinid-
bearing sea, denominated the Hermosillo Embayment by
these authors, is considered as an extension of the Pedregosa
Basin (Mellor and Breyer, 1981;Armin, 1987; Radelli et al.,
1982; Lyons, 1991).This relationship of central Sonora with
the Grandian Province was already maintained by Yancey
(1975). Moreover Placer de Guadalupe, Chihuahua, consti-
tules another southern gulf, due to the presence in this local-
ity of the species Triticites creekensis Thompson, 1954 and
T. cellamagnus Thompson and Bissell in Thompson, 1954
(Sanderson and Fickman, 1964), as in NE Chihuahua
(Tellez-Girón, 1979), New Mexico and Arizona (Thompson,
1954; Ross and Tyrell, 1965).
8.4. Coahuila ¡stand
Coahuila can be also linked to the NorthAmerican Craton,
as indicated by Dunbar in King et al. (1944: p. 35): "hence,
we may conc1udethat the marine connection between Texas
and central Mexico were direct and continuous during this
part, at least, ofPermian time". According to Yancey (1975),
Coahuila belongs to the Grandian Province. It can also rep-
resent an independent terrane, more or less related to a
Permian volcanic arc accompanied by a wildflysch (McKee
et al., 1988, 1990). Other important regional structures are
studied since the beginning of the nineties (Rudnick and
Cameron, 1991; Grajales et al., 1992; Cedillo and Grajales,
1992; Moreno et al., 1993; and Cameron and Jones, 1993).
8.5. El Antimonio Terrane
El Antimonio (=Caborca = Seri; partim) might represent
an isolated terrane, because of the presence of a poorly
described giant species (Parafusulina antimonioensis, Poly-
diexodina, Eopolydiexodina or other genus; see discussion in
Vachard and Bouyx, 2002). According to Ross and Ross
(1983), González-León (1989), Stewart et al. (1990), Carter
et al. (1991), Molina-Garza and Geissman (1996) and Cal-
mus et al. (1997), this fossil was found in El Antimonio afea,
in Klamath Mountains (North California) and N.E. Washing-
ton. If the fossil is really P. antimonioensis, the argument is
not convincing, because this taxon is also known from the
North-American Craton, in the Glass Mountains (Texas)
(Ross, 1963; Kobayashi, 1997).
In some cases, the Cobachi afea is considered as a distinct
terrane (Bartolini, 1993), but this assignment is still contro-
versial.
Klamath Terrane is relatively far from North-American
Craton during the Early Permian (inc1uding the biostrati-
graphical zone G of Skinner and Wilde, 1965b, probably
equivalent of the c1assical Tethyan biozone with Cha-
laroschwagerina), but during the Middle Permian the Kla-
math Terrane is probably adjacent to this craton, because it
records in its deposits the lineage of Parafusulina ex gr.
deliciasensis-P. antimonioensis-Polydiexodina. Many spe-
ejes similar to P. antimonioensis were described in Califor-
 D. Vachard el al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115
nia, especialIy P. juncea Skinner and Wilde, 1965b. There-
fore we confirm our former interpretation (Vachard et al.,
1997); these terranes are part of an insular arc near the outer
shelf of the North American Craton.
8.6. Yaqui/Guachichil/Oaxaquia Blocks
The sequences ofthe Tamaulipas state be part ofthe Yaqui
terrane (Anderson and Schmidt, 1983; PindelI, 1985) or
Guachichil terrane (Sedlock et al., 1993), and to the periph-
ery of Oaxaquia Block (Ortega-Gutiérrez et al., 1995).
Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and Oaxaca can belong to this Oax-
aguja Block, by comparison of the Precambrian substrates
and similar Early Paleozoic history, but this is not confirmed
during the Pennsylvanian-Permian period, where the fusulin-
ids for example are remarkably similar to the forms ofNorth-
American craton.
In Oaxaca the Leonardian fusulinids: Skinnerella,
Paraskinerella and Praepseudofusulina are reworked in the
red beds of the Yododeñe Fm. LithologicalIy, these se-
quences visited by the authors in 1997 are similar to the
German Triassic, but paleontological evidences are lacking
(Flores de Dios et al., in press).
In Tamaulipasand Hidalgo the last Permian sequences are
Leonardian (Kungurian) (Vachard et al., 2000b).
8.7. Mixteca Terrane
On Mixteca Terrane, occur successive transgressions on
the paleostructures of AcatIán substrate (Fig. 7). This trans-
gression is Strunian (i.e. Latest Devonian) in PatIanoaya
(Vachard et al., 2000b; Vachard and Flores de Dios, 2002),
Roadian (?)/Wordian in Ihualtepec and Los Hornos, Wordian
(?)/Capitanian in Olinalá, with the first overIying fossilifer-
ous beds respectively late Tournaisian, Wordian and Capita-
fijan. The first assemblages are relatively endemic or with
weak southern Uralian affinities, and in this case perhaps
comparable to the Klamath Terrane. SimilarIy, the late Wor-
dian fusulinids have more North-American affinites with
Parafusulina ex gr. deliciasensis.
8.8. Chortis Block
The blocks reconstructed by Donnelly et al. (1990): Chor-
lis and Maya have been different implications on the Mexi-
can paleogeography. The importance of the Maya Block is
recognized, with the identification of the same series in
Chiapas, Guatemala and Belize (Sedlock et al., 1993; Va-
chard et al., 1997b), but the influence ofthe Chortis Block is
less known during the Paleozoic. Only the Mixteca Terrane
can depend of this Block, because of its thick siliciclastic
sequences of Early Paleozoic (subsequentIy metamorphized
in the AcatIán Complex), but it is still controversial, and
finalIy no part of Chortis block are directIy characterized in
Mexico. However, during the whole Paleozoic, the Chortis
Block might correspond to deep-sea deposits, not yet paleon-
111
tologicalIy dated, originalIy located far off the North-
America craton (Figs. 8 and 9).
8.9. Maya Block
The Maya Block (and not the Chortis Block, as errone-
ously indicated by Vachard et al., 2000c), received migra-
tions of Tethyan algal microflora and fusulinid microfauna
and were probably the starting point ofthe inversemigration
of Skinnerella.
After the re-assemblage of the blocks, remains a marine
gulf from El Antimonio to Coahuila, passing by New Mexico
and Texas (the type Capitanian), and reaching perhaps Ven-
ezuela (Fig. 9). During the Triassic and Jurassic the sedimen-
latían is predominantIy continental in alI Mexico (Fig. 7).
The Maya Block collided probably with Texas during the
Ouachita orogenesis (PindelI, 1985;Ross, 1986),whose con-
sequences are insignificant or absent in northern Mexico
(Headachy et al., 1987; Moreno et al., 1993).
8.10. Gondwan Craton
The northern limit of the Gondwan Craton is located in
Colombia/Venezuela. Very little is known on the Middle-
Late marine Permian in this afea, apparently almost com-
pletely abandoned by the foraminifers since the
Kungurian/Leonardian.
9. Conclusions
. Mexico displays three geographic groups of Permian
outcrops: (1) northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua,
Coahuila, Tamaulipas), (2) central Mexico (Hidalgo,
Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero), (3) southern Mexico (Chia-
ras) related to Guatemala and Venezuela.
. PalaeogeographicalIy, they correspond to the folIowing
cratons and tectonosedimentary, exotic, suspect ter-
ralles: North American Craton, El Antimonio and/or
Caborca Terrane, the Coahuila "Island", the Oaxaquia
Block (perhaps including Yaqui,Oaxaca, Zapoteco Ter-
. ralles), and the Chortis and Maya Blocks.
The Roadian is poorIy characterized in the northern and
central Mexico by the ammonoids Perrinites hilli and
rafe primitive Parafusulina (or advanced Paraskinner-
ella), such as P. empirensis. In other hand, Southern
Mexico, Guatemala and Venezuela are characterized by
. Perrinites hilli and Skinnerina latina.
The Wordian in northern Mexico (Coahuila) and central
Mexico (Los Hornos) is characterized by the am-
monoids Waagenoceras and typical or advanced species
of Parafusulina sensu stricto (P. sellardsi, P.deliciasen-
sis, and P. antimonioensis). No Permian deposit older
than the Roadian is known in southern Mexico flor
. Guatemala.
The Capitanian is represented by the beds with am-
monoids Timorites and Kingoceras (Coahuila) and
fusulinids Polydiexodina and Codonofusiella (O1inalá).
 112 D. Vachard et al. / Geobios 37 (2004) 99-115
. The early Late Permian (Wuchiapingian)
iferous with the ammonoid Eoaraxoceras in Coahuila.
is only fossil-
No fossils indicate the Changxingian (Latest Permian).
No Late Permian fusulinids (Palaeofusulinids sensu
stricto) are known in Mexico, as well as in the entire
America.
. Although probably exposed in three localities (Antimo-
nio, Las Delicias and Olinalá), the Permian/Triassic
boundary is not investigated in Mexico, nor paleonto-
. logically elucidated.
The Mexican terranes dispersed during the Penn-
sylvanian-Cisuralian are almost entirely gathered to-
gether as soon as the end of the Middle Permian, just
before the Pangean assemblage and the generalized in-
. trusion of Permo-Triassic granitoids.
During the Pangea re-assemblage, the sea is confined to
the areas of Coahuila and Olinalá, whose possible envi-
ronment similarities with the Capitan Reef requires fur-
ther studies. An accurate comparative examination of
Coahuila and Olinalá is also necessary.
. Generally,the Middle/Late Permian outcrops ofMexico
relatively few studied, are probably a key-area to com-
plete the biostratigraphy of the Middle Permian strato-
types (Guadalupian super-stage), especially the Capita-
fijan and to investigate the re-assemblage of the Pangea.
Acknowledgements
Funding of this research was generously provided by the
programme ECOS MOOUOl. This paper benefited fram com-
ments by Rossana Martini (Gene ve).
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