Sesi 1 Major Hazards

Fatma Lestari

Course Objectives
Introduction Definition Determine whether a site should be classed as a Major Hazard site Outline the concepts of a major hazard management

Introduction

Disaster
always have potential for major loss: People Property Facility Data Finance Environment

Disaster classification
Natural Disaster

Technological/Industrial Disaster

Deliberate (intentional) disaster

Definition

When is the major hazards exists?

Major Hazards exists at a workplace when the impact of that hazard has the potential to escalate events beyond the ability of the site controls or resources to cope The potential to harm people, property or the environment beyond the immediate workplace or the potential for multiple fatalities within an industry or to the public from that industry
Green, A.R. Course Notes. Major Hazards Management

Which one is the major hazards?

Airport Nuclear power plant Chemical industries
FOCUS Hazardous industries involving chemicals

What is major hazard installation?

Major hazard installation: An industrial installation which stores, processes or produces hazardous substances in such a form and such a quantity that they possess the potential to cause a major accident. The term is also used for an installation which has on its premises, either permanently or temporarily, a quantity of hazardous substance which exceeds the amount prescribed in national or state major hazard legislation
ILO. Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents

Major accident?
Major accident: An unexpected, sudden occurrence including, in particular, a major emission, fire or explosion, resulting from abnormal developments in the course of an industrial activity, leading to a serious danger to workers, the public or the environment, whether immediate or delayed, inside or outside the installation and involving one or more hazardous substances
ILO. Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents

General Criteria of major hazard installations

Major hazard installations possess the potential, by virtue of the nature and quantity of hazardous substances present, to cause a major accident in one of the following general categories: the release of toxic substances in tonnage quantities which are lethal or harmful even at considerable distances from the point of release; the release of extremely toxic substances in kilogram quantities which are lethal or harmful even at considerable distances from the point of release; the release of flammable liquids or gases in tonnage quantities which may either burn to produce high levels of thermal radiation or form an explosive vapour cloud; the explosion of unstable or reactive materials.

Criteria for Major Hazard Installation

1. 2.

Toxicity criteria: Very Toxic (Category 1 and 2) and Toxic substances (Category 3) Flammable substances
Gases which form flammable mixtures with air Highly or extremely flammable liquids with flash points lower than 21 C Flammable liquids with flash points lower than 55 C

3.

Substances which may explode when in contact with a source of ignition or which are more sensitive to shock and friction than dinitrobenzene
Substances and Quantities Potential to Cause Major Accidents

Major Hazards Management

Why use Major Hazard Management?

to manage potential multiple fatality events to do it more effectively and efficiently to meet regulatory requirements to improve business success

Major Hazard Focus

The focus of the Major Hazard Facilities is on the high consequence (catastrophic) but low frequency incidents

Major Hazards risks focus of MHF Regs

Very high risks should already be eliminated

Minor Risks

OHS risks already regulated Frequency

Major Hazards Management Methodology

Hazard Identification

Safety Management System Safety Management System

Risk Analysis

Demonstration of Demonstration of Adequacy Adequacy

Non-MIE (ie OH&S)

Major Incident Events

Define Safety Critical Activities Performance Standards Implementation Systems Integrity

The Major Hazards Control Approach (accidental risks)

Lessons learned from past accidents Investigations Recovery Intervention Preparedness (exercises) Emergency Planning Mitigation Measures Prevention Measures Consequences Assessment Hazard Identification Risk Analysis Risk Assessment

Experience feedback

Response

Prevention

Manajemen Risiko

AS HB 4360-2004

Basic Risk Management System

Identify the Hazards

Monitor Performance

Analyse the Risks

Monitor for Change

Decide to Eliminate

Decide to Control

Decide to Tolerate

Take Action

Control Framework
Major Principal Hazard Hazard Management

Management

Prevention Controls

Monitoring Controls

1st Response Controls

Emergency Response

Control Measures
Proactive Controls Reactive Controls

Causes

Hazards

Incidents

Outcomes

Reduction measures Elimination measures Prevention measures Mitigation measures

Emergency Response

BOW TIE ANALYSIS

H A Z A R D

O N S E

Control Measures

TOP EVENT

Recovery Measures

Q U E N C E S

Controlling the threats which could release the Unwanted Event

Recovering from and/or minimising the effects of the Event

Fault Tree Analysis

TOP EVENT

or

FAULT EVENT &

FAULT EVENT or

BASIC

BASIC

BASIC UNDEVELOPED

a bow-tie approach
UE
and

DDC
or

ME DP DC SCE TCE DP NSC ME ME ME ME TCE DP ME

CuE UE
or

UE UE UE UE
and or

DDC

CE
SCE

TCE

DP

DDC
or

DC

UE

DDC

Critical Event

Fault Tree

Event Tree

a bow-tie approach
UE
and

DDC
or

ME DP DC SCE TCE DP NSC ME ME ME ME TCE DP ME

UE UE
or

UE UE UE UE
and or

DDC

CE
SCE

TCE

DP

DDC
or

DC

UE

DDC

Safety barriers

Consider the Past Present and Future

What has gone wrong in the past? Historical conditions
Root Cause Historical Records Process Experience Near Misses

What could go wrong currently? Existing conditions

HAZID Workshop HAZOP Study Scenario Definitions Checklists

Identified Hazards

What could go wrong due to change? Future conditions

Change Management What-If Judgement Prediction

unforeseeable