13 A peasant girl whose conviction that God had sent her to save France in fact helped France win

the Hundred Years War.

13 An Italian poet who revived the styles of classical authors; he is considered the first Renaissance humanist.

13 A literary and linguistic movement cultivated in particular in the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries and founded on reviving classical Latin and Greek texts, styles, and values. 13 The sultan under whom the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.

13 The papal dispute of 1378-1417 when the church had two or even three popes. Ended by the Council of Constance.

13 The term historians gave to the plague that swept through Europe in 1346-1353.

13 The long war between England and France. 1337-1453; it produced numerous social upheavals yet left both states more powerful than before.

13 The 1358 uprising of French peasants against the nobles amid the Hundred Years War; it was brutally put down.

13 The ruling family of Florence during much of the 15th-16th centuries.

13 A league of northern European cities formed in the 14th century to protect their mutual interests in trade and defense.

14 Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-1556) and the most powerful ruler in 16th century Europe; he reigned over the Low Countries, Spain and its Italian and New World dominions, and Austrian Habsburg lands. 14 An Italian sailor who opened up the New World by sailing west across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia.

14 Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 15201566) at the time of its greatest power.

14 A German monk (1483-1546) who started the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by challenging the practices and doctrines of the Catholic church and advocating salvation through faith alone.

14 French-born Christian humanist and founder of Calvinism. He led the reform movement in Geneva, Switzerland from 1541-1564.

14 A general intellectual trend the 16th century that coupled love of classical learning, as in Renaissance humanism, with an emphasis on Christian piety.

14 A general council of the Catholic church that met at Trent between 1545 and 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices, and defend the church against Protestant challenge.

14 John Calvin s doctrine that God preordained salvation or damnation for each person before creation; those chosen for salvation were considered the elect .

14 Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and approved by the pope in 1540. Jesuits served as missionaries and educators all over the world.

14 16th century Protestants who believed that only adults could truly have faith and accept baptism.

15 Political advisers during the 16th century French Wars of Religion who argued that compromise in matters of religion would strengthen the monarchy.

15 The trend toward making religious faith a private domain rather than one directly connected to state power and science; it prompted a search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena. 15 The view articulated by Polish clergyman Nicolaus Copernicus that the earth and planets revolve the sun.

15 An artistic style of the 17th century that featured curves, exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism.

15 The settlement (1648) of the Thirty Years War; it established enduring religious divisions in the HRE by which Lutheranism would dominate in the north, Calvinism in the Rhine, and Catholicism in the south. 15 King of Spain (r. 1556-1598) and most powerful ruler in Europe; he reigned over the western Habsburg lands and all the Spanish colonies recently settled in the New World. 16 A system of gov. in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives.

15 English queen (r. 1558-1603) who oversaw the return of the Protestant Anglican church and the successful defense of the realm against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

15 Italian-born mother of French king Charles X who served as regent; she tried but failed to prevent religious warfare between Calvinists and Catholics.

15 A site off the Greek coast where, in 1571m the allied Catholic forces of Spanish king Phillip II, Venice, and the papacy defeated the Ottoman Turks in a great sea battle; the victory gave the Christian powers control of the Mediterranean. 16 A style of painting and architecture that reflected the ideals of the art of antiquity; char. by geometric shapes, order, and harmony of lines.

15 The combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction that was used to determine the laws of nature and became the secular standard of truth. 16 The events of 1688 when Tories and Whigs replaced England s monarch James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, Dutch ruler William of Orange; William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights that guaranteed rights to Parliament. 16 The doctrine that all political authority derives not from divine right but from an implicit contract between citizens and their rulers.

16 An informal gathering held regularly in private homes and presided over by a socially eminent woman; spread from France in the 17th century to other countries in the 18th century. 16 A system of gov. in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power.

16 Dutch ruler who, with his Protestant wife, Mary, ruled England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

16 The head of a powerful band of pirates and outlaws in southern Russia, who in 1667 led a rebellion that promised peasants liberation from noble landowners and officials; captured and publicly executed.

16 French king Louis XIV s decision to eliminate the rights of Calvinists granted in the edict of 1598.

16 French king (r. 1643-1715) who personified the absolutist ruler.

17 The network of trade est. in the 1700s that bound together W. Europe + Africa + Americas. Europeans sold slaves from W. Africa and bought commodities that were produced by the new colonial plantations in N. and S. America and the Caribbean. 17 The rapid increase in consumption of new staples produced in the Atlantic system as well as of other items of daily life that were previously unavailable or beyond the reach of ordinary people. 17 Treaties drawn up in 1713-1714 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

17 Large tracts of land that produced staple crops such as sugar, coffee, tobacco; were farmed by slave labor and owned by colonial settlers.

17 A person born to a Spanish father and a native American mother.

17 Pirates of the Caribbean who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping.

17 Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment in and management of land that increased production of food in the 1700s.

17 A style of painting that emphasized irregularity and asymmetry, movement and curvature, but on a smaller, more intimate scale than the baroque.

17 A Protestant revivalist movement of the early 18th cent. That emph. deeply emotional individual religious experience.

17 The first, or prime , minister of the House of Commons of GB s Parliament. Although appointed initially by the king, through his long period of leadership he effectively est. the modern pattern of parliamentary gov. 17 The pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet who was the most influential writer of the early Enlightenment.

17 Russian tsar Peter I who undertook the Westernization of Russia and built a new capital, St. Petersburg.

17 The effort, especially in Peter the Great s Russia, to make society and social customs resemble counterparts in W. Europe.

17 The 18th cent. intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem.

18 Public intellectuals of the Enlght. who wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticism with the goal of furthering reform in society.

18 Those who believed in God but give him no active role in human affairs.

18 Advocates of the abolition of slave trade and slavery.

18 An economic doctrine developed by Adam Smith that advocated freeing the economy from the gov. intervention and control.

18 One of the most important philosophes; he argued that only a gov. based on a social contract among the citizens could make people truly moral and free.

18 An artistic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that glorified nature, emotion, genius, and imagination.

18 A religious movement founded by John Wesley that broke with the Anglican church in GB and insisted on strict selfdiscipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. 18 Division of 1/3 of Poland-Lithuania s territory btw. Prussia, Russia, and Austria in 1772.

18 Members of the Masonic lodges, where nobles, middle-class professionals, and artisans shared interest in the Enlightenment and reform.

18 Rulers such as Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria who tried to promote reform w/o giving up their own supreme political power; also called enlightened absolutists. 19 French King (r. 1774-92) who was tried and found guilty of treason. Executed on January 21, 1793.

18 A worldwide series of battles (1756-1763) btw. Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden on one side and Prussia and GB on the other.

18 A massive revolt of Russian Cossacks and serfs in 1773 against local nobles and the armies of Catherine the Great; its leader, Emelian Pugachev was eventually captured and executed. 19 The rural panic of 1789 which led to peasant attacks on aristocrats or on seigneurial records of peasants dues.

19 Wife of Louis XVI and queen of France who was tried and executed in October 1793.

19 A body of deputies from the 3 estates, or orders, of France: the clergy (1st Estate), nobility (2nd Estate), everyone else (3rd Estate).

19 The preamble to the French constitution drafted in August 1789; it est. the sovereignty of the nation and equal rights for citizens.

19 A French political club formed in 1789 that inspired the formation of a national network who members dominated the revolutionary gov. during the Terror.

19 A lawyer from N. France who laid out the principles of a republic of virtue and of the Terror; his arrest and execution in July 1794 brought an end to the Terror.

19 The policy est. under the direction of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Rev. to arrest dissidents and execute opponents in order to protect the republic from its enemies.

19 During the French Rev., the campaign of extremist republicans against organized churches and in favor of a belief system based on reason.

19 The violent backlash against the rule of Robespierre that dismantled the Terror and punished Jacobins and their supporters.

20 The French general who became First Consul in 1799 and emperor in 1804. After losing the battle of Waterloo in 1815, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena.

20 The most important of the 3 consuls est. by the French Constitution in 1800; the title, given to Napoleon Bonaparte, was taken from ancient Rome.

20 The French legal code formulated by Napoleon in 1804; it ensured equal treatment under the law to all men and guaranteed religious liberty, and reasserted the Old Regime s patriarchal system.

20 The boycott of British goods in France and its satellites ordered by Napoleon in 1806; it had success but was later undermined by smuggling.

20 Face-to-face negotiations (1814-15) btw. the great powers to settle the boundaries of post-Napoleon Europe; bolstered by doctrine of conservatism.

20 An Austrian prince who took the lead in devising the settlement arranged by the CoV.

20 The epoch after the fall of Napoleon, in which the CoV aimed to restore as many regimes as possible to their former rulers.

20 A political doctrine that rejected much of the Enlightenment and French Rev., preferring monarchies, tradition, and religion over republics, revolution, and skepticism. 20 A measure passed by the British Parliament to increase the number of male voters by about 50 percent and give representation to new cities in the north; it set a precedent for widening suffrage. 21 The pen name of French novelist Amandine-Aurore Dupin, who showed independence by dressing like a man and smoking cigars.

20 The German composer who helped set the direction of musical romanticism.

20 A prolific author of popular historical novels; he also collected and published traditional Scottish ballads and wrote poetry.

20 The European-educated son of a slave owner who became one of the leaders of the Latin American independence movement in the 1820s.

21 A word coined during the French Rev. to refer to a coherent set of beliefs about the way the social and political order should be organized.

21 The transformation of life in the W. world over several decades in the late 18th and early 19th cent. as a result of the introduction of steam-driven machinery, large factories, and a new working class. 21 European dominance of the non-West through eco. exploitation and political rule; the word was coined in the mid-19th cent.

21 An epidemic, usually fatal disease caused by a waterborne bacterium that induces violent vomiting and diarrhea; devastating outbreaks swept across Europe in 183032, 1847-51. 21 War btw. China and GB that resulted in the opening of 4 Chinese ports to Europeans and British sovereignty over Hong Kong.

21 An ideology prevailing in the 19th cent. that women should devote themselves to their families and the home.

21 An ideology that arose in the 19th cent. and that holds that all peoples derive their identities from their nations (defined by common language, cultural traditions, religion).

21 An Italian nationalist who founded Young Italy, a secret society to promote Italian unity.

21 An economic and political ideology that emph. free trade and constitutional guarantees of individual rights such as freedom of speech and religion.

21 Tariffs on grain in GB that benefited landowners by preventing the import of cheap foreign grain; they were repealed by the British gov. in 1846.

21 A socio-political ideology that advocated the reorganization of society to overcome the new tensions created by industrialization and restore social harmony through communities based on cooperation.

21 Those socialists who after 1840 advocated the abolition of private property in favor of communal, collective ownership.

21 The British movement of supporters of the People s Charter (1838), which demanded universal manhood suffrage, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and other reforms. 22 A Russian farm community that provided for holding land in common and regulating the movements of any individual by the group.

21 Nephew of Napoleon I; he was elected president of France in 1848, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852, and ruled until 1870.

22 Politics developed after the revolutions of 1848 and initially associated w/ nation building; they were based on realism rather than on the romantic notions of earlier nationalists. Policy based on considerations of power alone. 22 Prime minister of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and architect of a united Italy.

22 Russia tsar who initiated the age of Great Reforms and emancipated the serfs in 1861.

22 A sovereign political entity of modern times based on representing a united people.

22 Leading Prussian politician and German prime minister who waged war in order to create a united German Empire, which was est. in 1871.

22 A shared power arrangement btw. the Habsburg Empire and Hungary after the Prussian defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866-67.

22 A mvmt. In the 19 century for the unity of all Slavs across national and regional boundaries.
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22 The belief that people should not have gov.; popular among some peasants and workers.

22 A body of thought about the organization of production, social inequality, and the processes of revolutionary change devised by Karl Marx.

22 An artistic style that arose in the mid-19th cent. and was dedicated to depicting society realistically w/o romantic/idealistic overtones.

22 The pen name of English novelist Mary Ann Evans who described the harsh reality of many ordinary people s lives in her works.

22 Literally, culture war ; in the 1870s, German chancellor Otto von Bismarck used the term to describe his fight to weaken the power of the Catholic church.

22 English naturalist who pop. the theory of evolution and thereby challenged the biblical story of creation.

22 A theory developed in the mid-19th cent. that the study of facts would generate accurate, or positive, laws of society and that these laws could, in turn, help in the formulation of policies and legislation.

23 The process of having some aspects of industrial work done outside factories in individual homes.

23 A mid-to-late-19th-century development in industry that required great investments of money for machinery and infrastructure to make a profit.

23 A legal entity, developed in the second half of the 19th cent., in which the amount that owners of a factory or other enterprise owed creditors was restricted in case of financial failure. 23 A transnational organization of workers est. in 1889, mostly committed to Marxian socialism.

23 King of Belgium who sponsored the takeover of the Congo in Africa, which he ran with great violence against native peoples.

23 A mid-to-late-19th-cent. artistic style that captured the sensation of light in images, derived from Japanese influences and in opposition to the realism of photographs.

23 A 19th-cent. development in labor organizing that replaced local craft-based unions w/ those that extended membership to all kinds of workers.

23 Liberal politician and prime minister of Great Britain who innovated in popular campaigning and who criticized British imperialism.

23 British legislation that granted the right to vote to a mass male citizenry.

23 Irish politician whose advocacy of home rule was a thorn in the side of the British establishment.

23 The right to an independent parliament demanded by the Irish and resisted by the British from the second half of the 19th cent. on.

23 The gov. that succeeded Napoleon III s Second Empire after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. It lasted until France s defeat by Germany in 1940.

23 A defensive alliance btw. Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879 as part of Bismarck s system of alliances to prevent or limit war. It was joined by Italy in 1882 as a third partner and then called the Triple Alliance. 24 Scientists whose theory of relativity revolutionized modern physics and other fields of thought.

24 Viennese medical doctor and founder of psychoanalysis, a theory of mental processes and problems and a method of treating them.

24 Artistic styles around the turn of the 20th cent. that featured a break with realism in art and literature with lyricism in music.

24 German philosopher who called for a new morality in the face of the death of God at the hands of science and whose theories were reworked by his sister to emphasize militarism and anti-Semitism.

24 An early 20th cent. artistic style in graphics, fashion, and household design that feat. Flowing, sinuous lines, borrowed in large part from Asian art.

24 Organizer of a militant branch of the British suffrage movement, working actively for women s right to vote.

24 Tsar of Russia (r. 1894-1917) who promoted anti-Semitism and resisted reform in the empire.

24 A mvmt. that began in the late 19th cent. among European Jews to found a Jewish state.

24 The war btw. Britain and the Boer (orig. Dutch) inhabitants of S. Africa for control of the region; also called the Boer War.

24 The Russian parliament set up in the aftermath of the outbreak of the Revolution of 1905.

24 An alliance btw. Britain and France that began w/ an agreement in 1904 to honor colonial holdings.

25 A war built on the full mobilization of soldiers, civilians, and technology of the nations involved. The term also refers to highly destructive war of ideologies.

25 A military strategy of constantly attacking the enemy that was believed to be the key to winning WWI but that brought great loss of life while failing to bring decisive victory. 25 The overthrow of Russia s Provisional Gov. in the fall of 1917 by V.I. Lenin and his Bolshevik forces.

25 The Germans strategy in WWI that called for attacks on two fronts concentrating first on France to the west and then turning east to attack Russia.

25 Councils of workers and soldiers first formed in Russia in the Revolution of 1905; they were revived to represent the people in the early days of the 1917 Russian Revolution. 25 U.S. pres. Woodrow Wilson s WWI peace proposal; based on settlement rather than conquest, it encouraged the surrender of the Central Powers.

25 Bolshevik leader who executed the Bolshevik Revolution in the fall of 1917, took Russia out of WWI, and imposed communism in Russia.

25 The parliamentary republic est. in 1919 to replace the monarchy.

25 The series of peace treaties that provided the settlement of WWI.

25 Russian activist and minister of public welfare in the Bolshevik gov; she promoted social programs such as birth control and day care for children of working parents. 26 Leader of the USSR who, with considerable backing, formed a brutal dictatorship and forcefully converted the country into an industrial power.

25 Leader of the Italian fascist mvmt. and, after the March on Rome in 1922, dictator of Italy.

25 A doctrine that emph. violence and glorified the state over the people and their individual or civil rights.

26 The act of deliberately but peacefully breaking the law, a tactic used by Mohandas Gandhi in India earlier by British suffragists to protest oppression and obtain political change.

26 Centralized programs for economic development first used by Joseph Stalin and copied by Adolf Hitler; these plans set production priorities and gave production targets for individual industries and agriculture.

26 The series of attacks on citizens of the USSR accused of being wreckers, or saboteurs of communism, in the 1930s and later.

26 Chancellor of Germany who, with considerable backing, overturned democratic gov., created the Third Reich, persecuted millions, and ultimately led Germany and the world into WWII.

26 The legislation passed in 1933 suspending const. gov. for four years in order to meet the crisis in the German economy.

26 An eco. policy used by govs. to stimulate the economy through public works programs and other infusions to public funds.

26 Legislation enacted by the Nazis in 1935 that deprived Jewish Germans of their citizenship and imposed many other hardships on them.

26 Gov. funds given to families w/ children to boost the birthrate in totalitarian and democratic countries alike.

26 An alliance of political parties in the 1930s to resist fascism despite philosophical differences.

26 Major entertainment leader, whose satires of Hitler and sympathetic portrayals of the common man helped democratic values.

26 Literally, living space ; the land that Hitler proposed to conquer so that true Aryans might have sufficient space to live their noble lives.

26 Right-wing military leader who successfully overthrew the democratic republic in Spain and instituted a repressive dictatorship.

26 The strategy of preventing a war by making concessions for legitimate grievances.

26 The agreement reached in 1939 by Germany and the Soviet Union in which both agreed not to attack the other in case of war and to divide any conquered territories. 27 A post-WWII program funded by the U.S. to get Europe back on its feet economically and thereby reduce the appeal of communism. It played an important role in the rebirth of European prosperity in the 1950s. 27 A consortium of 6 European countries est. to promote free trade and economic cooperation among its members.

26 Literally, lightening war ; a strategy for the conduct of war in which motorized firepower quickly and overwhelmingly attacks the enemy, leaving it unable to resist psychologically or militarily. 27 The security alliance formed in 1949 to provide a unified military force for the U.S., Cnada, and their allies in W. Europe and Scandinavia.

27 The rivalry btw. the U.S. and the Soviet Union following WWII that led to massive growth in nuclear weapons on both sides.

27 The U.S. s policy to limit communism after WWI by countering political crises with economic and military aid.

27 A security alliance of the Soviet Union and its allies formed in 1955 when NATO admitted W. Germany.

27 Powerful center to center-right political parties that evolved in the late 1940s from former Catholic parties of the pre-WWII period.

27 A system comprising gov-sponsored programs aimed to bring economic democracy by providing health care, family allowances, and pensions for veterans and retired workers.

27 Leader of the USSR from c. 1955 until his dismissal in 1964; known for his speech denouncing Stalin, creation of the thaw, and participation in the Cuban missile crisis.

27 The process both violent and peaceful by which colonies gained their independence from imperial powers after WWII.

27 An organization set up in 1945 for collective security and for the resolution of international conflicts through both deliberation and the use of force.

27 A Catholic Council held btw. 1962 and 1965 to modernize some aspects of the church teachings, to update the liturgy, and to promote cooperation among the faiths. 27 The confrontation in 1962 between the U.S. and the USSR over Soviet installation of missile sites of the U.S. coast in Cuba.

27 A philosophy prominent after WWII developed primarily by Jean-Paul Sartre to stress the importance of action in the creation of an authentic self.

27 Author of The Second Sex, a globally influential work that created an interpretation of women s age-old inferior status from existentialist philosophy.

27 U.S. pres. 1961-63, who faced off with Soviet leader Nikita Khurshchev in the Cuban missile crisis.

28 The genetic material that forms the basis of each cell; the discovery of its structure in 1952 rev. genetics, molecular biology, and other scientific and medical fields.

28 A process dev. in 1970s by which eggs are fertilized with sperm outside the human body and then implanted in a woman s uterus.

28 A business that operates in many foreign countries by sending large segments of its manufacturing, finance, sales, and other business components abroad.

28 A style in the visual arts that mimicked advertising and consumerism and used ordinary objects.

28 A policy initiated by Willy Brandt in the late 1960s in which W. Germany sought better eco relations w/ the Communist countries of E. Europe.

28 A key form of dissident activity across the Soviet bloc; individuals reproduced uncensored publications by hand and passed them from reader to reader, thus building a foundation for the successful resistances of the 1980s. 28 Prime minister of Britain from 1979 to 1990; she set a new tone for British politics by promoting neoliberal economic policies and criticizing the poor, union members, and racial minorities.

28 U.S. president from 1969 to 1974 who escalated the Vietnam War, worked for accommodation w/ China, and resigned from presidency following the Watergate scandal.

28 A consortium that regulated the supply and export of oil that acted w/ more unanimity after the U.S. supported Israel against the Arabs in the wars of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

28 The combo of a stagnant economy and soaring inflation; a period of this occurred in the West in the 1970s as a result of an OPEC embargo on oil.

28 A theory first promoted by Thatcher, calling for a return to liberal principles of the 1800s, including the reduction of welfare-state programs and the cutting of taxes for the wealthy to promote economic growth.

28 Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991; he instituted reforms such as glasnost and perestroika, thereby contributing to the collapse of communism in the Soviet bloc and USSR.

28 Literally, restructuring ; an economic policy inst. in the 1980s by Gorbachev calling for introduction of market mechanisms and the achievement of greater efficiency.

28 Literally openness or publicity ; a policy inst. by Gorbachev calling for reduction of censorship (greater openness in speech and thinking).

28 A Polish labor union founded in 1980 that contested Communist Party programs and eventually succeeded in ousting the party from the Polish gov.

29 The interconnection of labor, capital, ideas, service, and goods across the world. Late 20th and early 21st centuries are seen as more global b/c of the speed w/ which people, goods, and ideas travel the world. 29 The agreement among the members of the EC to have a closer alliance, including use of common passports and currency; the EC became the EU in 1994.

29 Serb leader of post-Communist Yugoslavia; he was tried for crimes against humanity in the ethnic cleansing that accompanied the dissolution of the Yugoslav sate.

29 The mass murder genocide of people according to ethnicity or nationality, beginning with the post-WWI elimination of minorities in E./central Europe and cont. w/ the rape and murders that resulted in the breakup of Yugoslavia. 29 The common currency accepted by 12 members of the EU. Business transactions (1999) -> public circulation (2002).

29 Pres. of Russia elected in 2000; he has worked to reest. Russia as a world power through control of the country s resources and military capabilities.

29 Formerly the EEC/Common Market/EC. Formed in 1994 by terms of the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. Its members have political ties through the Euro. Parliament as well as long-standing common eco, legal, and business mechanisms. 29 A political party first formed in W. Germany in 1979 to bring about env. sound policies. Spread around Europe and the world.

29 Charitable foundations and activist groups that work outside of gov, often of pol/eco/relief issues; also, philanthropic organizations that shape eco/soc policy and the course of political reform. 29 Countries of E. Asia so named b/c of their massive eco. growth, much of it from 1980s on; foremost among these were Japan and China.

29 An increase in the temp. of the earth s lower atmosphere resulting from a buildup of chemical emissions.

29 Wealthy leader of the militant Islamic group al-Qaeda, which executed terrorist plots to rid Islamic countries of infidel influence.

29 Immigrant British author, whose novel The Satanic Verses led the Khomeini of Iran to issue a fatwa calling for his murder.

29 The first African American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

29 A term applied in the late 20th cent. to both an intense stylistic mixture in the arts w/o a central unifying theme or elite set of standards and a critique of ENL T and scientific beliefs in rationality and the possibility of certain knowledge.