PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

This article was downloaded by: [Grysa, Krzysztof]

On: 9 October 2009
Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 915736395]
Publisher Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713643452
Different finite element approaches for inverse heat conduction problems
Krzysztof Grysa
a
; Renata Leniewska
a
a
Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, Kielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland
First Published on: 08 October 2009
To cite this Article Grysa, Krzysztof and Leniewska, Renata(2009)'Different finite element approaches for inverse heat conduction
problems',Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering,99999:1,
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/17415970903233556
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415970903233556
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or
systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or
distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents
will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses
should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss,
actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly
or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering
2009, 115, iFirst
Different finite element approaches for inverse heat conduction problems
Krzysztof Grysa
*
and Renata Les niewska
Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, Kielce University of Technology,
al.1000-lecia P.P. 7, 25-314, Kielce, Poland
(Received 15 October 2008; final version received 15 April 2009)
In this study, three different versions of the finite element method (FEM) based
on Trefftz functions are presented for solving transient two-dimensional inverse
heat conduction problems. The following cases are considered: (a) FEM with the
condition of continuity of temperature in the common nodes of elements, (b) no
temperature continuity at any point between elements and (c) nodeless FEM.
Instead, in each finite element the temperature is approximated by a linear
combination of Trefftz functions. These investigations are carried out using
temperature data obtained from numerical simulations, exact and disturbed. For
the inaccurate data some efficient method of smoothing is presented.
Keywords: transient heat conduction; inverse problem; Trefftz functions; FEM;
energetic minimization
AMS Subject Classiffications: 80A23; 80M10; 65D10; 78M10
1. Introduction
In most of the papers where the finite element method (FEM) is used to numerically solve
problems of unknown temperature field, the boundary conditions are known [13]. The
case of a steady heat conduction problem is easier to consider. In the case of transient
problems, the use of FEM usually results in extremely large and sparse linear systems of
equations [4].
The inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) consists in the estimation of the surface
temperature and/or heat flux history, given one or more interior measured temperatures.
The IHCP is much more difficult to solve than the direct heat conduction problem in
which the initial and boundary conditions are given and the temperatures are to be
determined.
There have been various approaches to the IHCP. They are reported widely in [5].
Some of the approaches were the following: the use of Laplace transform [6], the use of
Helmholtz equation [7], the finite difference method [8], the finite element approaches
[9,10], Tikhonov regularization method [11] and Alifanov iterative regularization [12].
From the point of view of the inverse problems, an approach based on Trefftz
functions (T-functions) seems to be crucial [1315]. The T-functions satisfy the governing
equations modelling the problem under consideration; therefore, they are better for
*Corresponding author. Email: grysa@tu.kielce.pl
ISSN 17415977 print/ISSN 17415985 online
2009 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/17415970903233556
http://www.informaworld.com
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
choosing the so-called shape functions than others. The characteristic feature of the
earliest application of the Trefftz method in the FEM context was that the use of the
T-functions was confined to a particular part of the domain, [16,17]. For the problems of
heat conduction a relatively complete comparison of different time-progression schemes
was performed in [18].
One of the first uses of the T-functions to solve the inverse problems of heat conduction
was presented in two doctors dissertations, [19,20]. Application of the T-functions as basic
function of FEM to solving the IHCP was reported in [21,22]. Then, in [23], the FEM with
Trefftz (FEMT) functions was combined with an energetic approach. Moreover, the
FEMT was compared with the classic FEM. As one could expect, in the case of the inverse
problem with unknown temperature on the part of the boundary the classic FEM is
useless. On the contrary, the use of the FEMT gave very good results even in the case of
inaccurate input data (temperature internal response).
New advanced computational methods based on the meshless approximations have
been applied to IHCPs in [24].
In this study, three different versions of the FEMT are presented in solving transient
two-dimensional IHCPs. The following cases are considered: (a) FEMT with the condition
of continuity of temperature in the common nodes of elements, (b) no temperature
continuity at any point between elements and (c) nodeless FEMT. Exact, as well as
inaccurate input data are considered. Three kinds of physical aspects that regularize the
solution are used in the work, [25]. The first is the minimization of heat flux jump between
the elements, the second is the minimization of the defect of energy dissipation on the
border between elements and the third is the minimization of the intensity of numerical
entropy production between elements. Moreover, smoothing of the inaccurate temperature
internal response with the use of T-functions appears to be a very efficient method
ensuring stable solution of the considered IHCP. The results show efficiency of both the
FEMT (especially in the case of the nodeless approach) and the smoothing with the use of
T-functions.
2. The considered problem
We consider a transient 2D IHCP in dimensionless coordinates in the unit square. On two
sides of the square the heat flux is prescribed, whilst temperature is prescribed on a third
side. Thermal conditions on the fourth side are unknown. Instead, inside the square on a
line distant at
b
2(0,0.99) from the side with unknown temperature the internal
temperature responses (ITRs) are prescribed.
In the case of transient problem the heat conduction equation is considered
DT @T=@t x, y 2 0, 1 0, 1 , t 2 0, t
K
, 1
with the conditions
T x, y, t

t0
T
0
x, y e
xy
2
Tx, y, t

x0
h
1
y, t e
y2t
3
@T
@y
x, y, t

y1
h
2
x, t e
x12t
4
2 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
@T
@y
x, y, t

y0
h
3
x, t e
x2t
5
T 1
b
, y
i
, t
k
T
ik
: 6
Here T
ik
s stand for known ITRs in points distant at
b
2(0,0.99) from the side x 1 of the
square, i 1, . . . , I; k 1, . . . , K.
We can consider norms of inaccuracies of the approximate temperature field and the
identified boundary temperature, because the exact solution is known.
3. Variants of FEM
In all variants of FEM considered here, the domain is divided into subdomains in which
we take linear combination of T-functions as an approximation of the solution. The
T-functions, also called solving functions, for transient problems have been introduced in
[19,20]; different T-functions and their applications in mechanics of solids are widely
described in monograph [21] and in many other papers (compare, e.g. [2628]).
In the transient heat conduction problems considered in Cartesian coordinates, the
T-functions are called heat polynomials. For 2D problems they are defined as follows:
V
m
x, y, t v
nk
x, tv
k
y, t n 0, . . . , 1; k 0, . . . , n, 7
where
v
n
x, t

n=2
k0
x
n2k
n 2k!
t
k
k!
, n 0, 1, 2, . . . 8
and m
n n1
2
k.
For stationary problems, equation (1) becomes the Laplace equation and the harmonic
functions are given in [21].
The FEM needs to be given base functions. It is quite obvious that the T-functions are
a good choice for base functions because they fulfill the governing equation.
The following cases of FEM are considered:
1. FEMT with the condition of continuity of temperature in the common nodes of
elements (Figure 1): We consider time-space finite elements. The approximate temperature
in an j-th element is a linear combination of the T-functions:
T
j
x, y, t %
~
T
j
x, y, t

N
m1
c
j
m
V
m
x, y, t C
tr
Vx, y, t , 9
where N is the number of nodes in the j-th element and [V(x, y, t)] is the column matrix
consisting of the T-functions. The continuity of the solution in the nodes leads to the
following matrix equation in the element
"
V

C T :
Here the elements of matrix [
"
V] stand for values of the T-functions in the nodal points
having time-space coordinates, i.e.
"
V
rs
V
s
x
r
, y
r
, t
r
, r, s 1, 2, . . . , N and the column
matrix [T] [T
1j
, T
2j
, . . . , T
Nj
]
tr
consists of temperatures (mostly unknown) at the nodal
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 3
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
points with T
ij
standing for the value of temperature in the i-th node, i 1, 2, . . . , N. The
unknown coefficients of the linear combination (9) are the elements of the column
matrix [C]. Hence we obtain
C
"
V

1
T ,
and finally, the approximate temperature field in the j-th element may be described as
follows:
~
T
j
x, y, t
"
V

1
T

tr
Vx, y, t : 10
2. No temperature continuity at any point between elements (Figure 2): In this case, in
order to ensure the physical sense of the solution, we minimize the inaccuracy of the
temperature on the borders between elements.
3. Nodeless FEMT: The time interval is divided into subintervals. In each subinterval
the domain is divided into J subdomains (finite elements) and in each subdomain

j
, j 1, 2, . . . , J, the temperature is approximated by the linear combination of the
T-functions according to formula (9). The dimensionless time belongs to the considered
subinterval. In the case of the first subinterval an initial condition is known. For the next
subintervals the initial condition is understood as the temperature field in the subdomain
Figure 2. Time-space elements in the case of temperature discontinuous in the nodes.
Figure 1. Time-space elements in the case of temperature continuous in the nodes.
4 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9

j
at the final moment of time in the previous subinterval. The mean-square method is
used to minimize the inaccuracy of the approximate solution on the boundary, in the
initial moment of time and on the borders between elements. This way the unknown
coefficients of the combination, c
j
m
, are calculated. Generally, the coefficients c
j
m
depend
on the time subinterval number.
Moreover, energetic minimization is used to improve the approximate solution, i.e.
on the border between elements the defect of energy dissipation, the numerical entropy
production or the heat flux jumps are minimized.
4. The mean-square method and energetic minimization
The time-space elements are presented in Figure 2. To ensure physical meaning of the
approximate solution the energetic minimization is used. Three kinds of minimizing terms
are considered:
. minimizing the heat flux inaccuracy between elements:

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
@
~
T
i
@n
i

@
~
T
j
@n
j

2
d
. minimizing numerical entropy production between elements:

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
1
~
T
i
@
~
T
i
@n
i

1
~
T
j
@
~
T
j
@n
j

2
d and
. minimizing the defect of energy of dissipation between elements:

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
@
~
T
i
@n
i
ln j
~
T
i
j
@
~
T
j
@n
j
ln j
~
T
j
j

2
d
with t
e
being the final moment of the considered time interval and
i,j
is the interface
between adjacent elements.
The functional describing mean-square fitting of the approximated temperature field to
the initial and boundary conditions (including the temperature jump on the borders
between elements) together with one of the three aforementioned minimizing terms has the
following form:
J

D
i
~
T
i
x, y, 0 T
0
x, y

2
dD

t
e
0
dt

i
~
T
i
0, y, t h
1
y, t

2
d

t
e
0
dt

i
@
~
T
i
@y
x, 1, t h
2
x, t

2
d

t
e
0
dt

i
@
~
T
i
@y
x, 0, t h
3
x, t

2
d

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
~
T
i

~
T
j

2
d

I
i1

K
k1
~
T
j
1
b
, y
i
, t
k
T
ik

2
J
HF
or J
EP
or J
DE
: 11
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 5
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
Here J
HF
denotes the functional describing the heat flux inaccuracy between elements:
J
HF

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
@
~
T
i
@x

@
~
T
j
@x

2
d

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
@
~
T
i
@y

@
~
T
j
@y

2
d, 12
J
EP
is the functional describing numerical entropy production on the borders between
elements
J
EP

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
1
~
T
i
@
~
T
i
@x

1
~
T
j
@
~
T
j
@x

2
d

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
1
~
T
i
@
~
T
i
@y

1
~
T
j
@
~
T
j
@y

2
d, 13
and J
DE
stands for the functional describing energy of dissipation between elements
J
DE

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
@
~
T
i
@x
ln jT
i
j
@
~
T
j
@x
ln jT
j
j

2
d

i, j

t
e
0
dt

i, j
@
~
T
i
@y
lnjT
i
j
@
~
T
j
@y
ln jT
j
j

2
d: 14
In order to find the unknown coefficients c
j
m
, the functional J with one of the
additional terms depending on the inaccuracy of entropy production, energy dissipation or
heat flux on the borders between elements is minimized.
In the case when the functional J
HF
is taken as the additional term in the functional J,
the necessary condition of the functional minimum leads to a system of linear algebraic
equations which are not difficult to solve. If the system of equations is ill-conditioned, the
solution can be found using the Tikhonov regularization [11].
The situation is more complicated when one of the two other functionals is taken as the
additional term. Because the integrands in these two functionals are nonlinear functions,
the integrals are then replaced with sums according to the Riemann summation. The
system of algebraic equations obtained as a result of comparing the partial derivatives
of the functional J to zero is then a nonlinear one. Such a system is solved using the
Newton method. As a starting point for the Newton method, a solution for the functional
J
HF
is taken.
5. Error of approximation
In order to check the accuracy of three cases of FEM with the minimizing terms, the
transient test problem is considered. Because the exact solution is known, the error of the
approximate solution in the square in the time-space domain {(x, y, t) 2R
3
: 0 x1;
0 y 1; 0 5t 5t
e
} can be described using the following norms:
max
x,y,t 2
~
T x, y, t T x, y, t

,
15
L
2

~
T x, y, t T x, y, t

2
d

Tx, y, t
2
d

1=2
100%, 16
6 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
H
1

~
T x, y, t T x, y, t

2

@
~
T
@x

@T
@x

2

@
~
T
@y

@T
@y

2

Tx, y, t
2

@T x, y, t
@x

2

@T x, y, t
@y

2

d

1=2
100%: 17
The error on the part of the boundary where the temperature is calculated according to the
norm reads
L
2
j
x1

t
e
0
dt

1
0
~
T 1, y, t T 1, y, t

2
dy

t
e
0
dt

1
0
T1, y, t
2
dy

1=2
100%: 18
6. Analysis of the problem
6.1. Exact values of the ITRs
At first we consider the problem (1)(6) with the exact values of ITRs. The exact solution
of the problem reads
T x, y, t exp x y 2t :
The dimensionless time interval is (0,0.01]. The temperatures are known for t 2{0.0025,
0.0050, 0.0075, 0.01} at points (1
b
, y
i
) with y
i
2{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9} and

b
2(0,0.99). For
b
0 the problem becomes a direct (initial-boundary) one.
The square has been divided into four elements (Figure 3). It means that we are looking
for an approximate solution in the first four time-space elements (for the first time step)
with 12 nodes (compare Figures 1 and 2). The time co-ordinates of the nodes are 0 and
0.01, i.e. the time step Dt 0.01.
In the case of nodeless FEMT, the formula (9) with 12 T-functions has been used to
describe approximately the temperature field in the element.
The boundary temperature at x1 and the temperature field in the square have been
calculated with the use of the three aforementioned methods. The errors of the methods
according to the temperature field in the square are presented in Tables 13 for FEMT
with the condition of continuity of temperature in the common nodes of elements, for
FEM with no continuity of temperature in nodal points and for nodeless approach,
respectively.
Comparing the results presented in the Tables 13 one can see that the smallest errors
of the temperature field in the square in all three norms are obtained for the nodeless
FEMT. The results slightly depend on the regularizing term, but the heat flux jumps
minimization seems to be most efficient one.
Sometimes results obtained for
b
0 (a direct problem) are worse than those for
b
40
(an inverse problem). It may be a result of approximating the solution with a small number
of T-functions; sometimes, in such case, the results inside the region under consideration
are better than those close to the boundary.
Errors of the identified temperature at the boundary x1 for
b
0 (0.1) 0.9 and for

b
0.99 are shown in Table 4. The results are almost independent on the FEMT and on
the energetic minimizing term.
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 7
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
Now let us consider the further time steps, i.e. we are going to calculate the error of the
approximate solution of the problem in the first 10 time steps. Calculations are performed
with the use of the nodeless FEMT only, because we have got the smallest errors for this
method for the first time step. Norms of errors of the temperature field obtained for

b
0.1 are presented in Table 5.
In Table 6, the norm L
2
j
x1
of the boundary temperature identification error is shown.
One can notice a very slow propagation of the numerical error in time for both the
temperature field in the square and for the identified boundary temperature independently
on the kind of energetic minimizing term. Again, we can observe that the norms of errors
slightly depend on the energetic minimizing term.
Figure 3. The boundary conditions (3)(5), the ITR placement and the finite elements.
Table 1. Norms of errors of the approximated temperature field as a function of the distance
b
from the boundary x 1 for different energetic minimizing terms and for FEM with the condition of
continuity of temperature in the common nodes.
J
HF
J
EP
J
DE

b
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
0 0.0291 0.2242 1.6020 0.0281 0.2234 1.6030 0.0304 0.2251 1.6067
0.1 0.0288 0.2291 1.6370 0.0307 0.2307 1.6532 0.0297 0.2302 1.6433
0.2 0.0292 0.2328 1.6350 0.0337 0.2367 1.6690 0.0301 0.2339 1.6410
0.3 0.0284 0.2365 1.6379 0.0328 0.2394 1.6587 0.0294 0.2376 1.6431
0.4 0.0291 0.2362 1.6467 0.0293 0.2364 1.6465 0.0294 0.2375 1.6523
0.5 0.0310 0.2271 1.6080 0.0309 0.2264 1.6080 0.0311 0.2280 1.6106
0.6 0.0294 0.2262 1.6060 0.0292 0.2250 1.6080 0.0294 0.2272 1.6114
0.7 0.0290 0.2258 1.6052 0.0287 0.2258 1.6080 0.0295 0.2271 1.6107
0.8 0.0281 0.2240 1.5998 0.0276 0.2237 1.6010 0.0295 0.2252 1.6051
0.9 0.0281 0.2223 1.5974 0.0266 0.2216 1.5977 0.0295 0.2234 1.6020
0.99 0.0281 0.2216 1.5960 0.0267 0.2208 1.5970 0.0295 0.2225 1.6005
8 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
Finally, it is worth mentioning that increasing number of the T-functions in the
formula (9) in the case of nodeless FEMT improves the approximate solution. Increasing
the number of the T-functions from 12 to 15 decreases the norms of error almost 10 times.
The maximum norm (15) for both cases is shown in Figure 4.
6.2. Noisy values of the ITRs
We consider only the first time step. To the exact data describing the ITRs, we have added
a random noise with the mean value equal to zero and standard deviation equal to 0.05.
Calculations have been performed with the use of the three FEMs and as an energetic
Table 2. Norms of errors of the approximated temperature field as a function of the distance
b
from the boundary x 1 for different energetic minimizing terms and for FEM with no continuity of
temperature in the common nodes.
J
HF
J
EP
J
DE

b
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
0 0.0323 0.2447 1.7469 0.0307 0.2420 1.7380 0.0349 0.2488 1.7738
0.1 0.0401 0.2773 2.0195 0.0415 0.2765 2.0225 0.0420 0.2805 2.0402
0.2 0.0506 0.3401 2.5890 0.0541 0.3390 2.5856 0.0528 0.3430 2.6090
0.3 0.0495 0.3384 2.5590 0.0518 0.3370 2.5450 0.0522 0.3409 2.5830
0.4 0.0386 0.2745 1.9850 0.0391 0.2730 1.9820 0.0408 0.2774 2.0050
0.5 0.0329 0.2391 1.6958 0.0326 0.2374 1.6890 0.0346 0.2419 1.7120
0.6 0.0337 0.2588 1.8330 0.0325 0.2567 1.8230 0.0362 0.2630 1.8620
0.7 0.0337 0.2759 1.9720 0.0325 0.2733 1.9577 0.0364 0.2811 2.0070
0.8 0.0338 0.2883 2.0818 0.0325 0.2846 2.0581 0.0365 0.2938 2.1190
0.9 0.0338 0.2763 1.9880 0.0325 0.2727 1.9660 0.0364 0.2813 2.0210
0.99 0.0336 0.2493 1.7790 0.0324 0.2469 1.7690 0.0361 0.2530 1.8070
Table 3. Norms of errors of the approximated temperature field as a function of the distance
b
from the boundary x 1 for different energetic minimizing terms and for nodeless FEM.
J
HF
J
EP
J
DE

b
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
0 0.0095 0.0428 0.3197 0.0070 0.0308 0.2488 0.0128 0.0487 0.3499
0.1 0.0079 0.0315 0.2510 0.0060 0.0236 0.2089 0.0116 0.0384 0.2860
0.2 0.0100 0.0334 0.2623 0.0079 0.0285 0.2368 0.0109 0.0380 0.2846
0.3 0.0124 0.0478 0.3388 0.0153 0.0450 0.3290 0.0114 0.0489 0.3471
0.4 0.0109 0.0416 0.3105 0.0143 0.0394 0.3003 0.0117 0.0468 0.3381
0.5 0.0130 0.0469 0.3436 0.0154 0.0465 0.3380 0.0130 0.0530 0.3780
0.6 0.0120 0.0438 0.3236 0.0142 0.0393 0.2999 0.0121 0.0486 0.3451
0.7 0.0122 0.0459 0.3331 0.0143 0.0411 0.3090 0.0114 0.0500 0.3520
0.8 0.0120 0.0429 0.3171 0.0149 0.0407 0.3080 0.0123 0.0449 0.3250
0.9 0.0131 0.0464 0.3382 0.0154 0.0416 0.3130 0.0139 0.0480 0.3460
0.99 0.0141 0.0517 0.3713 0.0157 0.0446 0.3308 0.0149 0.0550 0.3850
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 9
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
T
a
b
l
e
4
.
E
r
r
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
t
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
x

1
f
o
r

b
2
(
0
,
0
.
9
9
)
.

L
2
j
x

L
2
j
x

L
2
j
x

b
J
H
F
J
E
P
J
D
E

b
J
H
F
J
E
P
J
D
E

b
J
H
F
J
E
P
J
D
E
0
0
.
0
7
9
5
0
.
0
7
9
6
0
.
0
7
9
5
0
0
.
0
7
9
3
0
.
0
7
9
2
0
.
0
7
9
1
0
0
.
0
0
7
4
0
.
0
0
6
3
0
.
0
0
7
2
0
.
1
0
.
0
7
4
5
0
.
0
7
6
7
0
.
0
7
4
6
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
5
3
0
.
1
0
6
0
0
.
1
0
5
6
0
.
1
0
.
0
1
9
2
0
.
0
1
9
8
0
.
0
1
8
2
0
.
2
0
.
0
7
4
6
0
.
0
8
2
7
0
.
0
7
4
7
0
.
2
0
.
1
8
6
7
0
.
1
8
4
9
0
.
1
8
5
9
0
.
2
0
.
0
4
5
2
0
.
0
3
8
8
0
.
0
4
0
8
0
.
3
0
.
0
8
3
3
0
.
0
8
8
8
0
.
0
8
3
5
0
.
3
0
.
2
3
3
9
0
.
2
3
3
0
0
.
2
3
5
7
0
.
3
0
.
0
8
4
4
0
.
0
8
1
2
0
.
0
7
8
4
0
.
4
0
.
1
0
1
2
0
.
1
0
1
2
0
.
1
0
2
0
0
.
4
0
.
1
3
4
1
0
.
1
3
5
0
0
.
1
3
7
0
0
.
4
0
.
0
7
1
1
0
.
0
7
5
7
0
.
0
7
6
6
0
.
5
0
.
0
9
9
1
0
.
0
9
9
0
0
.
0
9
9
9
0
.
5
0
.
1
0
7
6
0
.
1
0
7
0
0
.
1
0
9
0
0
.
5
0
.
0
8
2
5
0
.
0
8
5
3
0
.
0
9
1
0
0
.
6
0
.
0
9
3
7
0
.
0
9
4
2
0
.
0
9
3
8
0
.
6
0
.
0
9
2
9
0
.
0
9
2
7
0
.
0
9
3
8
0
.
6
0
.
0
7
9
3
0
.
0
7
4
7
0
.
0
8
2
0
0
.
7
0
.
0
9
3
2
0
.
0
9
3
9
0
.
0
9
3
2
0
.
7
0
.
0
9
2
5
0
.
0
9
2
3
0
.
0
9
3
4
0
.
7
0
.
0
8
0
9
0
.
0
7
6
5
0
.
0
7
9
6
0
.
8
0
.
0
9
1
1
0
.
0
9
1
7
0
.
0
9
1
2
0
.
8
0
.
0
9
2
2
0
.
0
9
2
1
0
.
0
9
3
0
0
.
8
0
.
0
8
1
4
0
.
0
7
9
3
0
.
0
8
2
1
0
.
9
0
.
0
8
9
0
0
.
0
8
9
2
0
.
0
8
9
1
0
.
9
0
.
0
9
2
3
0
.
0
9
2
2
0
.
0
9
3
2
0
.
9
0
.
0
9
1
1
0
.
0
8
3
1
0
.
0
9
4
6
0
.
9
9
0
.
0
8
8
4
0
.
0
8
8
4
0
.
0
8
8
3
0
.
9
9
0
.
0
9
2
8
0
.
0
9
2
7
0
.
0
9
3
8
0
.
9
9
0
.
0
9
9
4
0
.
0
8
6
7
0
.
1
0
5
6
F
E
M
T
w
i
t
h
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
F
E
M
T
w
i
t
h
n
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
o
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
N
o
d
e
l
e
s
s
F
E
M
T
10 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
Table 6. Errors of the identified temperature at the boundary x1 for

b
0.1 for different energetic minimizing terms and successive time steps k
for nodeless FEMT.
L
2
j
x1
k J
k
HF
J
k
EP
J
k
DE
1 0.00235 0.00203 0.00210
2 0.00250 0.00262 0.00223
3 0.00266 0.00229 0.00240
4 0.00278 0.00239 0.00254
5 0.00288 0.00241 0.00263
6 0.00294 0.00242 0.00269
7 0.00299 0.00243 0.00274
8 0.00303 0.00244 0.00277
9 0.00305 0.00245 0.00281
10 0.00308 0.00246 0.00284
Table 5. Norms of errors of the approximated temperature field as a function of the distance
b
from the boundary x1 for different energetic minimizing terms and for successive time steps k for
nodeless FEMT.
J
k
HF
J
k
EP
J
k
DE
k L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
L
2
H
1
1 0.0010 0.0033 0.03 0.0008 0.0029 0.029 0.0014 0.0039 0.036
2 0.0014 0.0051 0.04 0.0011 0.0042 0.037 0.0020 0.0060 0.045
3 0.0014 0.0061 0.04 0.0013 0.0048 0.037 0.0022 0.0070 0.049
4 0.0016 0.0067 0.05 0.0013 0.0053 0.038 0.0022 0.0075 0.050
5 0.0016 0.0070 0.05 0.0014 0.0055 0.039 0.0023 0.0077 0.051
6 0.0017 0.0073 0.05 0.0014 0.0056 0.039 0.0024 0.0079 0.051
7 0.0017 0.0074 0.05 0.0015 0.0057 0.039 0.0024 0.0081 0.052
8 0.0018 0.0075 0.05 0.0015 0.0057 0.040 0.0025 0.0083 0.052
9 0.0018 0.0076 0.05 0.0015 0.0058 0.040 0.0025 0.0084 0.052
10 0.0018 0.0077 0.05 0.0016 0.0058 0.040 0.0026 0.0085 0.053
Figure 4. The maximum norm (15) of the temperature field error for 12 and for 15 T-functions
approximation in the nodeless FEMT with heat flux regularization and exact ITRs.
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 11
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
minimizing term only the functional J
HF
has been applied. The norms (16) and (18) of
errors for the noisy data are presented in Table 7. The results are much worse than those
presented in Table 4.
The noisy ITRs have been next approximated with the linear combination of the
T-functions
T 1
b
, y, t %
~
T

b
y, t

S
s1
a
s
V
s
1
b
, y, t : 19
The unknown coefficients a
s
, s 1, 2, . . . , S, are calculated by minimizing the functional
J

I
i1

K
k1

~
T

b
y
i
, t
k
T
ik

2
, 20
Table 7. L
2
norm of errors of the approximated temperature field as a function of the distance

b
from the boundary x 1 and of errors of the identified temperature at the boundary x1 for
noisy ITRs.
Nodeless FEMT FEMT continuous in the nodes FEMT discontinuous in the nodes

b
L
2
L
2
j
x1
L
2
L
2
j
x1
L
2
L
2
j
x1
0 0.3916 0.5071 0.3138 0.1969 0.3097 0.2177
0.1 0.7204 1.4844 0.3065 2.4440 0.3332 0.3082
0.2 1.2183 2.5965 0.2509 0.2001 0.4766 0.5640
0.3 1.0455 0.6235 0.2532 0.1345 0.4735 0.5200
0.4 0.9212 0.8840 0.3239 0.1462 0.3289 0.2339
0.5 0.6929 0.4371 0.3787 0.1505 0.4398 0.1588
0.6 0.9228 0.8737 0.2949 0.1299 0.3094 0.0892
0.7 1.1008 0.9198 0.2464 0.0994 0.3015 0.0898
0.8 1.1216 0.3904 0.2471 0.0961 0.3121 0.0896
0.9 0.7263 0.4261 0.2935 0.1293 0.3186 0.0889
0.99 0.4265 0.3864 0.4372 0.2206 0.4371 0.0879
Table 8. L
2
norm of errors of the approximated temperature field as a function of the distance
b
from the boundary x 1 and of errors of the identified temperature at the boundary x 1 for
smoothed ITRs.
Nodeless method FEMT continuous in the nodes FEMT discontinuous in the nodes

b
L
2
L
2
j
x1
L
2
L
2
j
x1
L
2
L
2
j
x1
0 0.03915 0.07186 0.22170 0.08850 0.25131 0.09218
0.1 0.04318 0.07938 0.22157 0.08897 0.25075 0.09470
0.2 0.04612 0.08551 0.22153 0.08901 0.25041 0.09390
0.3 0.04470 0.08107 0.22153 0.08884 0.25032 0.09224
0.4 0.04254 0.07455 0.22161 0.08864 0.25055 0.09160
0.5 0.04069 0.07197 0.22170 0.08862 0.25113 0.09395
0.6 0.04417 0.08063 0.22167 0.08826 0.25090 0.09384
0.7 0.04463 0.08005 0.22168 0.88192 0.25088 0.09283
0.8 0.04410 0.07760 0.22167 0.08824 0.25093 0.09283
0.9 0.04339 0.07696 0.22168 0.08836 0.25102 0.09284
0.99 0.04573 0.08119 0.22170 0.08851 0.25105 0.09286
12 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
where T
ik
are the noisy values of the ITRs. For the calculation we take S18. Norms of
the errors of the temperature field approximation with the smoothed ITRs are presented in
Table 8. The errors are similar to those for the exact data (see Figure 5).
7. Conclusions
This article presents new finite element formulations useful for solving IHCPs. An
important advantage of the FEM formulation using T-functions in comparison with the
conventional FEM results from the property of these functions: they satisfy the governing
equation. Thanks to this property, one potential source of inaccuracies is eliminated. The
unknown temperature on a part of the boundary has been identified very well even for
inaccurate input data.
Compared to the fundamental solution method [29,30], which can be considered as
a special case of the Trefftz method, the FEMT seems to be less complicated.
The methods presented here are based on the physical properties of the solution.
Taking into account the minimization of the temperature jump on the border between
elements has been the first factor in improving the approximate solution. Even for the
FEMT continuous in the common nodes such an approach smoothes the solution.
Apart from the energetic minimization based on minimizing the heat flux jump on the
border between elements, two other kinds of energetic minimization are employed. The
results obtained with the use of all the three kinds of energetic minimization are similar.
The best results, i.e. the smallest error appears when the functional describing mean-square
fitting of the approximate temperature field to the initial, boundary and inner conditions is
completed with the functional describing the heat flux inaccuracy between elements.
The nodeless FEMT appears to be most efficient in solving the inverse problems.
Moreover, it is easy to improve the accuracy of approximate solution: the more
T-functions in the linear combination describing the approximate solution in an element,
the better the approximation. However, the more T-functions are taken into account, the
worse conditioning of the linear system of algebraic equations for the coefficients of the
combination appears. In this case, to solve such an ill-conditioned system of equations, the
Tikhonov regularization method may be applied [31].
For linear partial differential equations (PDEs) the FEMT seems to be a very good
method to solve the inverse problems, because it is not difficult to find T-functions for
such linear PDEs. In particular, the nodeless approach and smoothing the inaccurate input
Figure 5. Norm (16) of the temperature field error for noisy and smoothed ITRs.
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 13
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
data using T-functions are very useful. Numerical results show that this method is effective
even for noisy data.
Acknowledgements
This work was carried out in the framework of the research project No. N513 003 32/0541, which
was financed by the resources for the development of science in the years 20072009.
References
[1] J.N. Reddy and D.K. Gartling, The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer and Fluid
Dynamics, CRC Press, London, 1994.
[2] R.W. Lewis, K. Morgan, H.R. Thomas, and K.N. Seetharamu, The Finite Element Method in
Heat Transfer Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1995.
[3] J.-M. Bergheau and F.R. Fortunier, Finite Element Simulation of Heat Transfer, ISTE Ltd and
John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 2008.
[4] A.M.M. Mukaddes, R. Shioza, and M. Ogino, Parallel finite element analysis of a non-steady
heat conductive problem, Int. J. Theoret. Appl. Mech. 1(1) (2006), pp. 5161.
[5] X. Ling and S.N. Atluri, Stability analysis for inverse heat conduction problems, Comput.
Modeling Eng. Sci. (CMES) 13(3) (2006), pp. 219228.
[6] K. Grysa, M.J. Cialkowski, and H. Kamin ski, An inverse temperature field in the theory of
thermal stresses, Nucl. Eng. Design 64(2) (1981), pp. 169184.
[7] K. Grysa, On the exact and approximate methods of solving inverse problems of temperature
fields, Rozprawy, Politechnika Poznan ska, 204, Poznan , 1989 (in Polish).
[8] E.C. Hensel and R.G Hills, A space marching finite difference algorithm for the one dimensional
inverse conduction heat transfer problem, ASME Paper, No. 84-HT-48, 1984.
[9] P.S. Hore, G.W Kruttz, and R.J. Schoenhals, Application of the finite element method to the
inverse heat conduction problem, ASME Paper, No. 77-WA/TM-4, 1977.
[10] B. Bass, Application of the finite element method to the nonlinear inverse heat conduction problem
using Becks second method, Trans. ASME 102 (1980), pp. 168176.
[11] A.N. Tikhonov and V.Y. Arsenin, Solution of Ill-posed Problems, Wiley & Sons, Washington,
DC, 1977.
[12] O.M. Alifanov, Inverse Heat Transfer Problems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.
[13] J. Jirousek, Basis for development of large finite elements locally satisfying all field equations,
Comp. Meth. Appl. Eng. 14 (1978), pp. 6592.
[14] J. Jirousek and A. Wro blewski, T-elements: State of the art and future trends, Arch. Comp.
Meth. Eng. 3 (1996), pp. 323434.
[15] Q.-H. Qin, The Trefftz Finite and Boundary Element Method, WIT Press, Southampton, 2000.
[16] E. Stein, Die kombination des modifizierten Treffzschen Verfahrens mit der Methode der Finite
Elemente, in Finite Elemente in der Statik, K. Buck, D. Scharpf, E. Stein, and W. Wunderlich,
eds., Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1973, pp. 172185.
[17] G. Ruoff, Die praktische Berechnung der Kopplungsmatrizen bei der Kombination dder
Treffzschen Methode und der Methode der Finiten Elemente bei flachen Schalen, in Finite
Elemente in der Statik, K. Buck, D. Scharpf, E. Stein, and W. Wunderlich, eds., Wilhelm Ernst
& Sohn, Berlin, 1973, pp. 242259.
[18] W.I. Wood and R.W. Lewis, A comparison of time marching schemes for the transient heat
conduction equation, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 9 (1975), pp. 679689.
[19] S. Futakiewicz, Heat functions method for solving direct and inverse heat conduction
problems, Ph.D. thesis, Politechnika Poznan ska, Poznan , 1999, (in Polish).
14 K. Grysa and R. Lesniewska
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9
[20] L. Ho_ zejowski, Heat polynomials and their applications for solving direct and inverse problems of
heat conduction, Ph.D. thesis, Politechnika S

wietokrzyska, Kielce, 1999 (in Polish).

[21] M.J. Cialkowski and A. Fra ckowiak, Solution of the stationary 2D inverse heat conduction
problem by Trefftz method, J. Thermal Sci. 11(2) (2001), pp. 148162.
[22] M.J. Cialkowski, New type of basic functions of FEM in application to solution of inverse heat
conduction problem, J. Thermal Sci. 11(2) (2001), pp. 163171.
[23] M.J. Cialkowski, A. Fra ckowiak, and K. Grysa, Solution of a stationary inverse heat conduction
problem by means of Trefftz non-continuous method, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50(1112) (2007),
pp. 21702181.
[24] J. Sladek, V. Sladek, and Y.C. Hon, Inverse heat conduction problems by meshless local
PetrovGalerkin method, Eng. Anal. Boundary Elements 30 (2006), pp. 650661.
[25] M.J. Cialkowski, A. Fra ckowiak, and K. Grysa, Physical regularization for inverse problems of
stationary heat conduction, J. Inv. Ill-Posed Problems 15(4) (2007), pp. 347364.
[26] K. Grysa, Heat polynomials and their applications, Arch. Thermodynamics 24(2) (2003),
pp. 107124.
[27] A. Macia g and J. Wauer, Wave polynomials for solving different types of two-dimensional wave
equations, Comput. Assisted Mech. Eng. Sci. 12 (2005), pp. 87102.
[28] A. Macia g, Wave polynomials in elasticity problems, Eng. Trans. 55(2) (2007), pp. 129153.
[29] Y.C. Hon and T. Wei, A fundamental solution method for inverse heat conduction problem,
Eng. Anal. Boundary Elements 28 (2004), pp. 489495.
[30] Y.C. Hon and T. Wei, The method of fundamental solutions for solving multidimensional inverse
heat conduction problems, Comput. Modeling Eng. Sci. (CMES) 7 (2005), pp. 119132.
[31] C.H. Huang and C.W. Chen, A boundary-element-based inverse problem of estimating boundary
conditions in an irregular domain with statistical analysis, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B 33
(1998), pp. 251268.
Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 15
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

B
y
:

[
G
r
y
s
a
,

K
r
z
y
s
z
t
o
f
]

A
t
:

2
0
:
3
8

9

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
0
9