G.H.

RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR Department: -Electronics & Communication Engineering Branch: -7thSemester[Electronics] Subject: -UHF and Microwave List of Experiment
CYCLE 1 1) To study the various UHF components. 2) To verify the relationship between power and repeller voltage in reflex klystron. 3) To determine the frequency and tuning range of reflex klystron. 4) To analyze the fixed and variable attenuator and plot the micrometer reading Vs attenuation. 5) To determine the coupling factors and directivity of directional coupler. CYCLE 2 6) To measure the power distribution of various wave guide Tee i.e. E plane, H plane, Magic Tee. 7) To plot standing wave pattern and find guide wave-guide of reflex Klystron. 8) To find load impedances using smith chart. 9) Calibration of indirect type frequency meter using direct frequency meter. 10) To plot the V I characteristics of Gunn diode. 11) Study of various antennas.

Experiment No 1 Aim: - To study the various UHF components. List Of Components:1) Rectangular wave guide 2) Circular wave guide 3) Wave guide stand 4) Flanges 5) Fixed attenuator 6) Micrometer type frequency meter 7) Broad band tuned probe 8) Wave guide matched detector mount 9) Wave guide detector mount (tunable) 10) Precision slide screw tuners 11) Klystron mount 12) Three port ferrite circulator 13) E-H tuners 14) H plane Tee 15) E plane Tee 16) Directional coupler 17) Isolator 18) Match termination 19) Precision movable short 20) Circular rectangular wave guide 21) Load cell 22) Horn antenna 23) Sectoral horn antenna 24) Pyramidal antenna 25) Wave guide twist 26) Liquid dielectric cell 27) Solid dielectric cell 28) Gunn oscillator 29) PIN modulator 30) Slotted section with probe carriage 31) VSWR meter 32) Klystron power supply 33) Gunn power supply

Theory: - Following information regarding the component should be written. Model name and frequency range Draw the diagram of each component Write specification of each component as given in the manual Write application of each Components. Conclusion:-

Experiment no 2 Aim: -To verify the relationship between power & repeller voltage in a reflex
Klystron.

Apparatus: - Reflex Klystron, Klystron power supply, Isolator, frequency

meter, Variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC cable.

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply

Multimeter

Klystron with Mount

Isolator

Frequency Variable attenuator meter

Detector mount

V.S.W.R Meter

X band microwave bench set up

Oscilloscop e

Theory: - The reflex klystron make the use of velocity modulation to transform a

continues electron beam in to microwave power. Electron emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the positive resonator toward negative reflector, which retard and finally reflects electron and electron return back through the resonator. Suppose and hi field exist between the resonator .The electron traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded. As the voltage at the resonator change in amplitude. The accelerated electron leave the resonator at the increased velocity and the retarded electron leave at the reduced velocity .The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return due to change in velocities .As a result returning electron group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through resonator they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage energy will be delivered to the resonator and klystron will oscillate. Modes- the transit time at reflex klystron is governed by repeller and anode voltages, so these should be carefully adjusted & regulated. First cavity is tuned to connect value of transit time from data supplied by manufacturer repeller voltages. Each area of graph represents voltage condition permitting oscillators for particular value of n. Uses: it is used as signal source in noise wave generator local oscillator in microwave receiver, stable oscillator in Radar receiver.

Observation:-

Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage= Sr.No. Repeller voltage Power

For mode 1

Similarly for mode 2&3

Procedure:-

1) Connect the equipment &components as shown in the figure. 2) Set the attenuator for max attenuation &set the arrange switch on the VSWR meter to 40-db positions. 3) Set the mid selector switch of reflex klystron power supply to AM MOD position 4) Beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise direction i.e. minimum position and also repeller voltage knob to minimum position. 5) On the klystron power supply .set beam voltage to 250v. Limit the beam current to 20mA.Now gradually rotate repeller voltage knob to obtained deflection in VSWR meter. 6) Find the frequency of oscillation by tuning frequency meter & observing dip in VSWR meter. 7) Now change the repeller voltage &observe output power reading in db in VSWR meter. 8) Plot graph between repeller voltage on x-axis &corresponding output on y-axis.

Result:-Plot power output for different modes as a function of repeller voltage. Conclusion:Questions:1) What is reflex Klystron? 2) What are disadvantages of reflex klystron?

Experiment No 3 Aim: - To verify relationship between frequency of oscillation & repeller voltage of
Reflex klystron.

Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply ,Isolator ,frequency meter,

Variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC cable.

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply

Multimeter

Klystron with Mount

Isolator

Frequency Variable attenuator meter

Detector mount

V.S.W.R Meter

Oscilloscope X band microwave bench set up

Theory:- The reflex klystron make the use of velocity modulation to transform a

continues electron beam in to microwave power. Electron emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the positive resonator toward negative reflector, which retard and finally reflects electron and electron return back through the resonator. Suppose an hi field exist between the resonator .The electron traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded .As the voltage at the resonator change in amplitude. The accelerated electron leave the resonator at the increased velocity and the retarded electron leave at the reduced velocity .The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return due to change in velocities .As a result returning electron group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through resonator they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage energy will be delivered to the resonator and klystron will oscillate. The frequency is preliminary determined by the dimension of resonant cavity. Hence by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning range of klystron is possible. Also a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called electronic tuning.

Observation:-

Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage= Frequency

Repeller voltage

Procedure:-

1) Connect the equipment &component s as shown in the figure 2) Set the variable attenuator to around zero position & set the range switch of VSWR meter to 40-db positions. 3) Anti-clockwise direction, repeller voltage knob to minimum position. 4) On the klystron power supply, VSWR meter &cooling fan .Set the beam voltage to 250v and limiting beam current to less than 5) Gradually increase repeller voltage &look for sudden deflection in VSWR meter. 6) Note the corresponding frequency with the help of frequency meter. Also note the repeller voltage. 7) Slightly vary the repeller voltage on either side of this reading. Note the corresponding variation of the frequency. 8) Find the tuning range after plotting the 3db points on the repeller voltage vs. power o/p graph.

Result:- Find tuning range for two widely different repeller voltages. Conclusion:Questions:- 1)What do you mean by higher mode?
2) What are applications of klystrons?

Experiment no: 4 Aim: -To verifies the fixed &variable attenuator & plot the micrometer reading vs.
Attenuation.

Apparatus:-Reflex Klystron, Klystron power supply, Isolator, frequency meter,

Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC Cable Matched load

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply

Klystron with Mount

Isolator

Frequency meter

Variable attenuator

Slotted line Attenuator

Matched load

Attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator

V.S.W.R meter

Klystron power supply

V.S.W.R meter

Microwa ve source

Isolator

Frequency meter

Variable attenuator

Slotted line

Matched load

Insertion loss and attenuation measurement of attenuator

Attenuato r

Detector mount

power in desired direction . Attenuation (A) =10 log (p1/p2) Where P1=power absorbed without attenuator. P2=power absorbed with attenuator. It consists of rectangular waveguide, which gives out the wave with resistive apposition. It is made up of Teflon and Polystyrene material .It apposes the power in desired direction. Fixed attenuation is defined as the ratio of power absorbed by the load with attenuation in the line. Attenuator used as variable attenuator .It is considerably reduced maxi attenuation .It is so because the electric intensity there is much lower for dominant mode .So they are made perpendicular to electric field place apart. Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied 1) Input VSWR 2) Insertion loss 3) Amount of attenuation offered in to the lines 4) Frequency sensitivity

Theory:- The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device ,which attenuates some

Observation:-

Beam voltage = Beam current = Repeller voltage = O/p power (forward direction) O/p power (reverse direction) Average

Fixed attenuation

Micrometer scale reading

O/p power (db)

Procedure:-

Procedure for fixed attenuator: 1) Make a set up on. 2) Set the Beam voltage between 250 to 300v limiting the beam current below 20 mA. 3) Obtained a mode at some value of repeller voltage by observing a sudden deflection in the VSWR meter. 4) Adjust the reading of VSWR meter to 1db (in the range of 40 db) without fixed attenuator in the set up. 5) Insert the fixed attenuator & note the reading on VSWR meter. 6) Difference between reading with &without attenuator, gives the value of attenuation for the fixed attenuator.

Procedure for variable attenuator:1) Insert the variable attenuator. 2) Observed micrometer reading & VSWR meter reading for different Settings of variable attenuator. 3) Plot graph between the micrometer reading & VSWR meter reading in db.

Result:- Value of attenuator

1) Attenuator 1 2) Attenuator 2

Conclusion:Question:- 1) What are type of attenuator?

2) Where are different applications of attenuators?

Experiment No: 5 Aim: -To find coupling factor & directivity of directional coupler. Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply ,Isolator ,frequency meter,
Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC cable Matched load.

Block Diagram:Microwave source Isolator Variable Attenuator Probe Frequenc y meter VSWR meter Matched load Slotted line M.H.D coupler Matched load

Matched load M.H.D coupler Measurement of VSWR of M.H.D.coupler Matched load

Theory:-

Directional coupler is a four-port device. Here power can be divided into almost in any ratio i.e. it samples energy flow in particular direction. It has a property that wave incident at port 1 coupler the power in 2&3 but not at port 4.slly power incident at port 4 coupled with 3&2 only met with 1, it means port 4&1 are decoupled i.e. isolated port (S14=0). Slly port 2&3 are also decoupled. It consist of two wave guide with a suitable coupling aperture located on common wall of wave guide .The distance between two aperture must be odd multiple of g/4 .The performance &characteristics of directional coupler is determine by following parameter. 1) Coupling(C) = 10 log (pi/pf) db

2) Directivity (D)= 10 log (pf/pb) db 3) Isolation (I) =10 log (pi/pb) db 4) Insertion loss (L)=10 log (pi/pt) db Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of coupler .It is defined as insertion Loss = 10 log 10P1/P2 When power is entered at port 1.

Observation:-

Procedure:

Beam voltage = Beam current= Transmitted power= Forward power= Reverse power= Directivity= Coupling factor= Insulation loss= Insertion loss=

1) Connect the set up as per the block dig .set mode selector switch to AM position. 2) Adjust beam voltage between 250 to 300v. 3) Set repeller voltage to any value between 50 to 100v 4) Tune the set up to obtained max output on VSWR meter. 5) Adjust the output to the reference level say 1 db. 6) Insert the directional coupler just before the demodulator with Auxiliary arm (port 3) connected to detector. Port 2 should be terminated with matched load. Input to the coupler is at port 1. 7) The demodulator output taken at port 3 of coupler is observed on VSWR meter. 8) This power is called as forward power pf. 9) Reverse the coupler & observe the output at port 3 while port 1 is terminated with matched load. This power is called as backward power Pb. 10) The output of the set up without the coupler is called as pi. Find coupling factor and directivity for two couplers Coupling factor = Directivity = Insertion loss

Result:-

Conclusion: Question:- 1) Define directional coupler.

2) What are performance characteristics of directional coupler?

Experiment No: 6 Aim: -To measure the power distribution of various magic Tee i.e. E plane, H plane &
Magic Tee.

Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply ,Isolator ,frequency meter,

Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter BNC Cable Matched load E plane, H plane & Magic Tee.

Block Diagram: -

VSWR meter Microwave source Isolator Freque ncy meter Variabl e attenuat Detecto r mount Tee Slotted line Matched terminati on Matched terminati on Matched terminati on 2 Tee 1

Matched terminati on Matched terminati on Matched terminati on

Slotted line

Study of Magic Tee

Theory:-

Wave-guide Tees are used for connecting a branch section of wave-guide in series or parallel with the main wave-guide. Tees are also be used as power divider field. 1) Input VSWR- Value of SWR corresponding to each port as a load to the line while other ports are terminated in matched load.

2) Isolation- The isolation between E and H arm is defined as the ration of the power supplied by the generator connected to the E port 4 to the power detected at H arm port 3 Isolation=10 log10P4/P3 3) Coupling coefficient- It is defined as Cij=10 /20 Where is attenuation /isolation in dB when it is input arm and j is output arm Thus = 10 log Pi/Pj Where Pi is power delivered to arm i and Pj is power detected at j arm E plane Tee- Model 6031 E plane Tee is a type T junction & consist of 3 section wave guide joint together in order to divide & compare power levels .The signals entering first part of the junction will be equally divided at 2nd 3rd port of magnitude but opposite in direction. H plane Tee-Model 3065 H plane TEE are shunt type T-junction that is used in conjunction with VSWR meter, Frequency meter &other detector devices. Magic Tee Model 3045 E-H consist of section of wave-guide with both series & shunt wave-guide are mounted at exact mid point of the main arm. This becomes four terminal devices where one terminal is isolated from the i/p. VSWR of 1.40 over +15%freq range. This is achieved by inserting &connecting piece with stub.

Procedure: H-plane Tee: a) Give i/p at port 1 b) Observe o/p on VSWR meter at port 2&3. E plane Tee a) Give i/p at port 1. b) Observe output at port Magic Tee a) Give i/p at port 1. b) Observe the output at port 2,3&4 c) Give i/p at port 4. d) Observe the o/p at port 1,2&3. Observation:a) H plane Tee 1. Input at port 1= 2. Output At port 2= At port 3= b) E plane Tee 1. Input at port 1= 2. Output At port2= At port 3= Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage=

c) Magic Tee 1. Input at port 1= 2. Output At port 2= At port 3= At port 4= 3. Input at port 4= 4. Output At port 1= At port 2= At port 3=

Result:-Discuss the power distribution in each Tee. Conclusion: Question:- 1) What are different types of Tee?
2) What do you mean by Magic Tee?

Experiment No: 7 Aim: -To verifies standing wave ratio using slotted line section. Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply, Isolator, frequency meter,

Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC cable Matched load E plane, H plane & Magic Tee.

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply VSWR meter

Klystron mount

Isolator

Frequency meter

Variable attenuator

Slotted line section

Slide screw Matched tuner termination

Standing wave using slotted line section The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of two traveling waves. The Incident wave propagates from generator and the reflected wave propagates toward the generator. The reflected wave is setup by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance. The presence of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with the line. The maximum field strength is found two waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase. The distance bet two successive minimums or maximum is half the guide wave- length on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection coefficient. The unknown device is connected to slotted line and SWR=S0 and position of one of the max is found. The device of the difference between min positions is used as reference position for reference position for impedance measurement. The unknown device is replaced by movable short now successive maximal positions are noted. Find the difference between min position and max position obtained due to continuous load slotted line section consist of precision mechanism section of wave guide in which

Theory:-

small longitudinal slot has been cut which is basic means of non tearing. A built probe has a scale with venire reading of a form 0.01 cm. The voltage standing wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line. Hence VSWRS S = Emax/Emin = (|Ei| + |Er|) / (|Ei| - |Er|)

Reflection Coefficient P = Er / Ei = (Z - Z0) / (Z + Z0) Where Z is the impedance at a point on line. Z0 is characteristic impedance. The above equation gives following equations. |e| = (s-1) / (s+1)

Observation:-

Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage= Venire scale reading Total reading Power (db)

Main scale reading

Procedure: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

First Switch on the supply Tune the bench Move the slotted line section slowly so that SWR meter reading is minimum Now take the reading of VSWR for different position Plot the graph between VSWR and distance. Thus, standing waves in wave guide is plotted and theoretical practical value of guide wavelength are found.

Result:-

Conclusion: Question:- 1) What do you mean by standing wave ratio?

2) Which meter we used to measure standing wave?

Experiment No: 8 Aim: - To find load impedances using smith chart. Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply ,Isolator ,frequency meter,
Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC cable Matched load E plane, H plane & Magic Tee.

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply

V.S.W.R meter Probe Slotted line

2K25 Klystron mount

Isolator

Frequency meter

Variable Attenuator

S. S. Tuner

Matched terminator r

Movable short Set up for Impedance measurement

Theory: -

The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX.

For comparison SWR can be calculated as, S = (1 + |R|) / (1 - |R|) Where c = (Z/Zo + 1) / (Z/Zo 1) Z is the impedance at any point. The measurement is performed in following way. The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = so and the position of one minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide wavelength. One of the minima is used as reference for impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained form unknown load. Let it be d. Take a smith chart taking 1 as center, draw a circle of radius equal to so. Mark a point on circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal (to-d)/. Join the center with this point.

Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co-ordination of this point will show the normalized impedance of load.

Procedure: -

1) Connect the component and equipment as shown in the diagram 2) Set the modulation switch of the klystron power supply to CW position. Beam voltage control knob should be kept at mini. Repeller voltage knob should be at mini. 3) On the klystron power supply. 4) Gradually increase the beam voltage up to 250v Limiting the beam current below 20mA. 5) Keep the direct frequency meter completely open &adjust the attenuator to obtained current of 1 mA at the o/p 6) Move the plunger of indirect frequency meter to obtain adapt in ammeter 7) Note the micrometer reading on the direct frequency meter &observe the corresponding frequency on the direct frequency meter. 8) Repeat steps 5,6&7 after changing the setting of frequency on the direct frequency meter. 9) Plot the graph between frequency &micrometer readings. . Observation:Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage= Repeller voltage Current (mA) Micrometer readings Frequency from calibration chart

Result:- The calculated load impedance is = Conclusion: Question:- 1) What are various application of smith chart?
2) How to measure load impedance using smith chart?

Experiment No: 9 Aim: - Calibration of indirect type frequency meter using direct frequency meter. Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply ,Isolator ,frequency meter,
Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC cable Matched load E plane, H plane & Magic Tee.

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply

Multimeter

Klystron with Mount

Isolator

Frequency Variable attenuator meter

Detector mount

V.S.W.R Meter

Oscilloscop e X band microwave bench set up

Theory:- Basically there are two type of frequency meter available in our lab They
are Direct frequency meter and indirect frequency meter . Direct frequency meter In direct frequency meter we get direct reading as by simple observation basically we are aligned horizontal line on the vertical line and particular obtained in between two horizontal line is required frequency. Indirect frequency meter Here in these we are measuring frequency indirectly that is we are required to calculate least count of frequency meter and corresponding frequency we will get by measuring both the main scale reading and variable scale reading along with the least count. The impedance at any point of transmission line can be calculated as S=1-P1 /1-P2, C= (Z/Z0-1)/Z/Z0 The unknown device is connected to slotted line and SWR=S0 and position of one of the max is found. The device of the difference between min positions is used as

reference position for reference position for impedance measurement. The unknown device is replaced by movable short now successive maximal positions are noted. Find the difference between min position and max position obtained due to continuous load slotted line section consist of precision mechanism section of wave guide in which small longitudinal slot has been cut which is basic means of non tearing. A built probe has a scale with venire reading of a form 0.01 cm least counts and can be mounted easily if precision readings are required

Procedure: -

1) Tune the test bench 2) Note down the max & min VSWR values by changing slotted line section distance 3) Observation:Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage= Calculate power by Pmax & Pmin:Pmax= Pmin= R= F= = Result:- Discuss the power distribution in each Tee.

Conclusion: Question:- 1) Which type of frequency meter is convenient to use?

2) How we can measure direct frequency meter?

Experiment No: 10 Aim: - Study of Gunn diode and plot VI characteristics of Gunn diode. Apparatus:- Reflex Klystron ,Klystron power supply ,Isolator ,frequency meter,
Variable & variable attenuator, Detector mount, VSWR meter, BNC Cable Matched load E plane, H plane & Magic Tee.

Block Diagram:Klystron power supply

CRO

VSWR meter

Gunn diode

Isolator

PIN modulator

Frequency meter

Variable attenuator

Detector

Set for study of a gunn oscillator

Theory:-The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in

bulk semiconductors which has two conduction band minima separated by an energy gap .A disturbance at cathode gives rise to high field region which travels towards the anode .When this high field domains reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode gives oscillation frequency. A uniform type of uniform type of Gunn diode with same contact as the end surface. Above some critical voltage current becomes function of time .It was discovered by J B Gunn. It uses bulk property of semiconductor only. So it must be associated with electron rather than holes .The voltage applied is proportional to the sample length and hence electric field is expressed in v/m. When DC voltage is applied across the side of Gunn diode, cadmium ferrite in -ve resistance property across at particular voltage range value .As the applied potential increases i.e. greater than electric field higher electron present, hence higher current across the line in short time so acceleration occur in microwave range. Actually Frequency of oscillation in determined the time so acceleration occurs in microwave range. Actually frequency of oscillation is determined the time that the bunches of electron form and arrive at the end.

Procedure: -

1) Switch on the Gunn power supply. 2) Adjust the bench to get maximum o/p waveform 3) By making voltage initially zero note down the current. Observation:Beam voltage= Beam current= Repeller voltage=

Voltage (volt)

Current (mA)

Result:- Thus the VI characteristics of Gunn diode is studied. Conclusion:Question:- 1) How Gunn diode is different from other diode?
2) What are different applications of Gunn diode?

Experiment No: 11 Aim: -To study the various antennas. Block Diagram:Gunn power supply Gunn oscillator

Isolator

Pin modulator

Variable attenuator

V.S.W.R. Meter

Detector

Frequency meter

Set up for antenna measurement

Theory:- Antennas are used at all frequency but in actual practice the frequency on
which it operates depends on its shape to the large extent . Antenna types are 1) Horn antenna- A horn antenna may be regarded as a flared out or open out wave guide A wave guide is capable of radiating in to open space provided the same is excited at one end and open at other end. However the radiation is much greater through wave-guide than the two-wire transmission the line in waveguide is small in portion of incident wave is radiated and large portion is reflected back by the open circuit. 2) Parabolic reflector or microwave dish- A parabola is a two-dimensional plane curve .A practical reflector is a three dimensional curved surface. Therefore rotating a parabola about its axis .The surface so generated is called as Parabolic Which is also called as Microwave Dish or Parabolic Reflector forms practical reflector. Parabolic produces a parallel beam of circular cross section because the mouth of parabolic is circular. 3) Hertz antenna- It is also a half wave dipole antenna .The dipole antenna dates back to the early half RF experiments in the center so that RF power can be applied to it .One can think of the half wave dipoles an open circuited

transmission line that has been spread out so that the transmission line that has been spread out so that transmission can be spread out in space .A dipole can be of any length commonly is just under wavelength long. L=486/F F=Frequency L= length

Result:- Thus the different antennas are studied. Conclusion:Question:1) What are different types of antennas? 2) What do you mean by microwave dish?