PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College

CHAPTER

The Human Body: An Orientation: Part A

Ms Syamsinah Watie Shamsudin
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INTRODUCTION

Anatomy
study the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another anatomy has a certain appeal because it is concrete body structures can be seen, felt and examine closely; it is necessary to imagine what they look like
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Physiology
concerns the functions of the body how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs and kidneys

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Systems Physiology Study of body systems function Comparative Physiology Study of physiology of humans in relation to that of other animals Medical Physiology Study of physiological dysfunctions and body disease
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Regional Anatomy
all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time

Systemic Anatomy
body structure is studied system by system e.g : when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body

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Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structure as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye for most such studies, exceedingly thin slices of body tissues are stained and mounted on slides to be examined under the microscope
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Movement includes activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood the nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system

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Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells it includes breaking down substances into their simplier building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP Growth is an increase in size of a body part or the organism it is usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells
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Reproduction can occur at the cellular or organismal level in cellular reproduction the original divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair when a sperm unites with an egg, fertilized egg forms, which then develops into a baby within the mothers body
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Atoms

Molecule

1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.

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Figure 1.1, step 1

Atoms

Molecule

Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.

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Figure 1.1, step 2

Atoms

Molecule

Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.

Smooth muscle tissue

3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.

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Figure 1.1, step 3

Atoms

Molecule

Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.

Smooth muscle tissue

3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

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Figure 1.1, step 4

Atoms

Molecule

Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels

Smooth muscle tissue

3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
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Figure 1.1, step 5

Atoms

Molecule

Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels

Smooth muscle tissue

3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level 5 Organ system level The human organism is made up Organ systems consist of different of many organ systems. organs that work together closely.
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Figure 1.1, step 6

STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF A BODY

Chemical Interaction between atoms into molecules Cell Basic living units; have common characteristics, differ in structure and function Tissue A group of cells of similar structure and function: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Organ Two or more tissue types together perform one or more common function: eye, skin, stomach, heart, etc. System A group of organs of a common function: intergumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level

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Hair Skin Nails

(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
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Figure 1.3a

Bones Joint

(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
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Figure 1.3b

Skeletal muscles

(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
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Figure 1.3c

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
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Figure 1.3d

Pineal gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas

Testis

Pituitary gland

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
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Figure 1.3e

Heart

Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
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Figure 1.3f

Red bone marrow

Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen

Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
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Figure 1.3g

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus

(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
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Figure 1.3h

Oral cavity Esophagus

Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
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Figure 1.3i

Kidney Ureter

Urinary bladder Urethra

(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
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Figure 1.3j

Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Testis Ductus Scrotum deferens Uterine tube

Uterus Vagina

(l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
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Figure 1.3k-l

Organ Systems Interrelationships All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

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Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Food

Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide O2 CO2

Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood

CO2 O2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine from the external environment
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Figure 1.2

Necessary Life Functions

1.

Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments Plasma membranes Skin Movement (contractility) Of body parts (skeletal muscle) Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)

1.

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Necessary Life Functions

3.

Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimuli Withdrawal reflex Control of breathing rate Digestion Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs Absorption of simple molecules into blood

4.

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Necessary Life Functions

5.

Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur in body cells Catabolism and anabolism Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

6.

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Necessary Life Functions

7.

Reproduction Cellular division for growth or repair Production of offspring Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of organism

8.

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Survival Needs
1.

Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

2.

Oxygen Essential for energy release (ATP production)

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Survival Needs
3.

4.

5.

Water Most abundant chemical in the body Site of chemical reactions Normal body temperature Affects rate of chemical reactions Appropriate atmospheric pressure For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

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Anatomical Position Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward

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Table 1.1

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Table 1.1

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Table 1.1

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Table 1.1

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Table 1.1

Regional Terms Two major divisions of body: Axial

Head, neck, and trunk Limbs

Appendicular

Regional terms designate specific areas

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Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital)
Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux
Figure 1.7a

(a) Anterior/Ventral
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Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar

Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal
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Figure 1.7b

Body Planes Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

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Body Planes Sagittal plane Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section Midsagittal (median) plane Lies on midline Parasagittal plane Not on midline

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Body Planes Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross section Oblique section Cuts made diagonally
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Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane

Transverse plane

(a) Frontal section (through torso)

(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas

(c) Median section (midsagittal)

Aorta Spleen

Left and Liver Heart Spleen right lungs Stomach Arm

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Spinal cord Body wall Subcutaneous fat layer

Liver

Intestines Rectum Vertebral column

Figure 1.8

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Protects nervous system Two subdivisions: Cranial cavity

Encases brain Encases spinal cord

Vertebral cavity

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Body Cavities Ventral cavity Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):

Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

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Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity subdivisions: Two pleural cavities

Each houses a lung Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs Encloses heart

Mediastinum

Pericardial cavity

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Ventral Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Pelvic cavity

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Cranial cavity (contains brain)

Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Superior Thoracic mediastinum Pleural cavity (contains cavity heart and Pericardial cavity within lungs) the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)

Ventral body cavity (thoracic and Abdominoabdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity

(a) Lateral view

(b) Anterior view

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Figure 1.9a-b

Abdominopelvic Regions Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

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Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

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Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Figure 1.11

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

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Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region

Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region

Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix

Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder

Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region region

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes

(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

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Figure 1.12

Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities

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