Some Streams of Systemic Thought

(Draft update May 2001)

KEY:
white red black blue magenta green yellow orange olive gray cyan purple general systems cybernetics physical sciences mathematics computers & informatics biology & medicine symbolic systems social systems ecology philosophy systems analysis engineering

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Originated in 1996 by Dr. Eric Schwarz, Neuchtel, Switzerland. Extended in 1998, including items from the The Story of Philosophy by Will Durant (1933). Elaborated in 2000-2001 from many sources for the International Institute for General Systems Studies. Currently a research project of the IIGSS. --This rendition is the property of the International Institute for General Systems Studies. All Rights Reserved. Errors and omissions in this chart are solely attributable to the IIGSS.

International Encyclopedia of Systems & Cybernetics Charles Franois 1997

Teleonics Gyuri Jaros Systems Semiotics Luis Rocha, Howard Pattee General Tropodynamics Soucheng OuYang, Yi Lin Topology of Meaning R. Ian Flett Cyber-semiotics Sren Brier Blown Up Systems Shoucheng OuYang Homeorheotic Systems William Irwin Thompson Social Entropy Theory Kenneth D. Bailey Co-creative Process Hector Sabelli

Multi-Methodology John Mingers

General Systems Theory Yi Lin

Genomics Craig Venter, Francis Collins

Cultural Hegemony USA Knotted Systems Louis Kauffman Superstrings Brian Greene, et al Fuzzy Systemics Vladimir Dimitrov Scientific Philosophy Paul C.W. Davies Interpretive Physics B.J. West Symmetry A. Zee Evolutionary Philosophy Richard L. Coren Grand Unified Treories Steven Weinberg Critical Physics Ronald W. Moses Cosmological Physics Stephen Hawking

Systemic Perspectivism

Systemic Development Richard Bawden Complex Evolutionary Systems Peter M. Allen Total Systems Intervention Robert Flood Whole Systems Design Harold Nelson

Punctuated Evolution Stephen J. Gould

Synergy Peter A. Corning

Grey Systems Sifeng Liu, Yi Lin

Pansystems Wu Xuemou

Informational Microdynamics Vladimir Lerner

Evolutionary Positivism Richard Dawkins

Self-organized Economics W. Brian Arthur

Anti-chaos & Adaptation Stuart Kauffman

Artificial Life Chris Langton

World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee

Appreciative Systems William E. Smith

Stabile Systems Claude Bernard

Socio-Cybernetics R. Felix Geyer Literary Semiotics Umberto Eco Conscientization Paolo Freire Linguistic Mathematics Hekki Heiskanon Postmodernism Semio-Physics Ren Thom Autopoietic Social Systems Niklas Luhmann

Semiotic Catholicity Randolph F. Lumpp Eco-futurism Hazel Henderson Systems Trends Kenneth E.F. Watt

Interpretive Systemology Ramses Fuenmayor, Hernan Lopez-Garay

ApproximationEstimation Theory

Metasystem Transition Turchin, Heylighen, Joslyn

Rational Mechanics

Biotechnology Geometry of Meaning & Reflexive Universe Arthur M. Young Criticality Per Bak Management Cybernetics Peter Senge Self-organization Systems Development John Warfield Hypermathematics Charles Muses Laws of Form George Spencer-Brown Fuzzy Systems Lofti Zadeh Internet ARPA Fuzzy Logic Bart Kosko

Nanotechnology Scientific Intuitionism Michael Polanyi Complex Dynamical Systems Ralph Abraham

Physics As Metaphor Roger S. Jones

Philosophy of Physics & Mathematics F. David Peat

Critical Systems Michael C. Jackson, Robert Flood, Werner Ulrich

General Systemology D.H. McNeil Social Systems Sciences

Philosophy of Physics John Archibald Wheeler

Social Cybernetics Stuart Umpleby Sciento-politics Ian Mitroff

Communicational Cybernetics Klaus Krippendorff

Systemic Selfness Paul Ryan Noetic Systems Walter J. Ong

Infodynamics Stanley Salthe

Philosophy of Science Fritjof Capra

Media Semiotics H. Marshall McLuhan Neuchatel Evolutionary Model Eric Schwarz

Primate Linguistics Systems Ecology Howard T. Odum

Soft Systems Methodology Peter Checkland

Holonics Arthur Koestler

Analysis of Complexification Conrad H. Waddington

Tessellations Roger Penrose Generalized Uncertainty J. Ford

Rheomodal Systems David Bohm Metaphysics of Science Gary Zukav Paradigmatic Revolutions Thomas Kuhn

Systemics of Benefit Warren Ziegler Noosphere Teilhard de Jardin

Problematiques & Planning Hasan Ozbekhan

Socio-Technical Systems Harold Linstone Development of Mentation Walter Lowen

Hierarchy Theory Howard H. Pattee Cybernetic Epistemology Ranulph Glanville Synergetics Hermann Haken

Self-Reference & Autonomy

Holonomic Systems Ken Wilber

Geophysiology (Gaia) James E. Lovelock Ecological Demographics Paul Ehrlich

Management Cybernetics Barry Clemson

Objective Information T. Stonier Genetic Engineering Computationism Jerry A. Fodor Chaos Theory M.J. Feigenbaum Robotics Scientific Philosophy Jacques Monod Software Measurement Capers Jones Dissipative Systems Ilya Prigogine Epistemology of Science Sir Arthur Eddington Modern Theoretical Physics Model Theory Michael Morley Geo-Impact Evolution Eugene Shoemaker Philosophy of Nature & Science Carl von Weizscker

Endosymbiosis Lynn Margulis

Social Semiotics Floyd Merrell

Relativism Ecology C.S. Holling

Primate Anthropology Jane Goodall

Biodiversity

Autopoietic Systems Rod Swenson Mathematical Psychology R.D. Luce Sociometrics Designing Systems Bela H. Banathy Synergetics II R. Buckminster Fuller

Systems Biology Robert Rosen

Bio-cybernetics Manfried Eigen

Sociobiology Edward O. Wilson Cellular Automata Green Revolution Norman Borlaug Artificial Neural Nets

Cybernetic Semiosis Douglas R. Hofstadter

Radical Constructivism Ernst von Glasersfeld

Complex Systems (Santa Fe Institute)

Environmentalism David Brower Social Ecology Eric Trist, Fred Emery Metamodeling John Van Gigch General Systems Modeling George Klir General Systems Thinking Gerald M. Weinberg Paradoxical Imagery M.C. Escher

Systems Dynamics Jay W. Forrester, Donella Meadows Philosophy of Biology Morton O. Beckner Systematics Ernst Mayr

Collateration & Hypertext Ted Nelson Telecommunications & Data Bases James Martin

Rapid Miniaturized Computing Knowledge Sciences Brian Gaines

Intensional Logic Montague

Bio-semiosis Jesper Hoffmeyer

General Systems Evolution Erich Jantsch

PsychoMetrics

Chaotic Systems Edward Lorenz Pattern Recognition Emulation

Hypervisors

Social Psychology Willis F. Overton Communicative Action Jrgen Habermas

New Criticism John Crowe Ransom

Semiotic Umwelt Jakob von Uexkll

Economics Paul Samuelson

Management Science Systems Philosophy Mario Bunge

Ethology Konrad Lorenz Wholistic Biology Barry Commoner

Cognitive Science Allen Newell

Cognitive Psychology Aaron Beck

Genetic Algorithms

Software Theory Structured Software Yourdon, Constantine , DeMarco,

Model Theory Alfred Tarski

Cognitive Linguistics George Lakoff & R.W. Langacker General Semiotics Thomas Sebeok

Linguistic Logic Jerrold J. Katz

Autopoietic Systems Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela Critical Theory of Society Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno Family Systems Therapy Watzlewick Social Psychology Abraham Maslow Ecological Cybernetics Garrett Hardin

Developmental Psychology Species Cybernetics Lotka & Voltarra TechnoPsychology Bifurcated Cultures C.P. Snow Group Dynamic

Holonics Jeffrey Stamps Conversation Theory Gordon Pask Perceptual Control Theory William T. Powers

Algorithmic Complexity Theory G. Chaitin

Geological Tectonics

PsychoBiology

Deconstructionism Jacques Derrida

Narratology Roland Barthes

Earth as Organism Vladimir Vernadsky Political Systemics Anthony Wilden

PsychoPhysics Social Psychology Kurt Lewin General Systems Philosophy Ervin Laszlo Econometrics Behavioral Psychology B.F. Skinner Philosophy of Law Hans Kelsen Relativity of Rationalites Feyerabend Social Cybernetics Geoffrey Vickers Philosophy of Systems Archie Bahm Inquiring Systems C. West Churchman Purposeful Systems Russell L. Ackoff Modeling J.L. le Moigne Viable Systems Stafford Beer Critical Ontology Michel Foucault Second Order Cybernetics Heinz von Foerster Holographic Systems Karl Pribram Living Systems James Grier Miller

Control System Engineering Systems Engineering Harold Chestnut, Andrew P. Sage ProblemSovling

Catastrophe Theory Ren Thom

Modern Statistics Jerzy Neyman

Psycholinguistics Applied General Semantics S.I. Hayakawa Appreciative Systems Gregory Bateson Eco-pathology Rachel Carson Urban Ecology Louis Wirth Earth as Organism Yevgraf Korolenko

Automata Theory

Artificial Intelligence Marvin Minsky

Nonlinear Systems Mathematical Topology

Transformational Linguistics Naom Chomsky

Interpersonal Psychology R.D. Laing

Control Theory General Systems Theory Majilo Mesarovic Immunization Jonas Salk Systems Analysis Arthur D. Hall, Van Court Hare

Simulation Informatics (Computer Science & Engineering)

Numerical Analysis Information Theory L. Brillouin Linear & Nonlinear Mathematics John Casti Statistical Biology Karl Pearson Intrinsic Uncertainty Heisenberg

Tagmemics Kenneth L. Pike

Stratificational Grammar Sydney Lamb Biosphere Eduard Suess

Dynamic Programming Richard Bellman Operating Systems Brooks et al

Ecodynamics Kenneth Boulding Clinical Psychology Systems Cybernetics W. Ross Ashby Philosophy of Systems Thomas Cowan Directive Correlation Sommerhoff Topology of Cybernetics Warren McCulloch

Phonology

Literary Criticism I.A. Richards

Standardized Linguistics C.K. Ogden Sociological Systems Walter Buckley

Morphology General Semantics Alfred Korzybski, Linguistic Science Leonard Bloomfield Sociolinguistics

Philosophy of Art and Language Susanne K. Langer Ecology Developmental Structuralism Jean Piaget Systems Anthropology Margaret Mead

Linkage Propositions Len Troncale

Calculus of Variations DNA Crick, Watson Operating Languages Kenneth Iverson et al Algorithms Donald Knuth Intuitionism L.E.J. Brouwer Category Theory Saunders Mac Lane

Operating hardware Blauw et al

Rotational Invariance P.W. Bridgeman Mathematical Social Science Anatol Rapoport

Game Theory

Decision Theory PERT Delphi Geometric Programming

Semantic Theory Donald MacKay

Sructuralist Mathematics Bourbaki

Fractal Systems Benoit Mandelbrot

Geometrodynamics Albert Einstein

Quantum Systems Planck, Bohr, de Broglie, Dirac, Schrdinger

Computational Linguistics Phonemes Roman Jakobson Tropology Analytical Philosophy Gilbert Ryle

Structuralism Claude Levi-Strauss

Modern Economics John Maynard Keynes

Queuing Theory

Experimentalism E.A. Singer

Utility Theory Linear Programming Optimality Theory Sciences of the Artificial Herbert Simon

Information Theory Claude Shannon

Encoding Schemes R.W. Hamming

Organic Chemistry Liebig

Time Dilation Lorentz

Evolutionary Systematization Pierre Duhem

Psychological Modeling Clark Hull Social Systems Talcott Parsons

Social Anthropology Bronislaw Malinowsky

Instrumental Pragmatism John Dewey

Critical Epistemology Karl Popper

General Systems
Tektology A.A. Bogdanov First Order Cybernetics Morphogenesis D'Arcy Thompson Organizing relations Needham, Woodger

Logical Positivism A.J. Ayer Operations Research

Industrial Design

Associative Algebras William Clifford Symbolic Logic Willard Van Orman Quine

Inorganic Chemistry

Comparative Linguistics Benjamin Lee Whorf Semantic Pragmatism Ludwig Wittgenstein

General System Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Glossematics Louis Hjelmslev

Sociology Emil Durkheim

Antibacterials Alexander Fleming Cybernetics Norbert Wiener Molecular Genetics

Analytic Psychology Carl Jung

Holism Jan Smuts

Operational Research Russell L. Ackoff, Stafford Beer Applied Mathematics John von Neumann Systems & Procedures Theory of Computation Alan M. Turing Electronic Digital Computing Eckert & Mauchly Metalogic Alonzo Church Number Theory G.H. Hardy Mathematical Logic Bertrand Russell Quaternions William Hamilton Systems Analysis

Analytic Mechanics Joseph-Louis Lagrange

Anthropological Linguistics Edward Sapir

Structural Linguistics N.S. Trubetzkoy

Structuralist Psychology Edward Titchener Organicism & Process Alfred North Whitehead

Conceptualism Ernst Cassirer

Homeostatic Systems Walter Cannon Historicism Benedetto Croce

Positivism Josef Popper-Lynkeus

Logical Positivism Rudolf Carnap Organicism Edward Stuart Russell Antisepsis Lister

Industrial Sociology G. Elton Mayo

Electromagnetic Propagations Heinrich Hertz

Metalogic Kurt Gdel

Algebraic Functions Bernhard Riemann

Analytic Functions Leonhard Euler

Periodic Table Dmitry Mendeleev

Atomisitc Linguistics Antoine Fabre d'Olivet Dialectical Naturalism Friedrich Engels Etymology Jacob Grimm Comparative Languages William Jones Ethnolinguistics Wilhelm von Humboldt Empirical Metaphysics George Henry Lewes Will & Idea in Nature Arthur Schopenhauer

Pan-ecology John Muir Dialectical Materialism Karl Marx

Comparative Anthropology Franz Boas

Positivism & Sociology Auguste Comte Process Henri Bergson Existentialism Martin Heidegger

Evolutionary Philosophy Herbert Spencer

Emergent Process Samuel Alexander Colonial Hegemony British Empire

Empirical Positivism Ernst Mach

Mathematical Biology A.J. Lotka Statistics Karl Pearson Ecological Evolution Ernst Haeckel

Realism G.E. Moore Measure Theory Giuseppe Peano Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor

Metric Units Classical Physics Electronic Digital Prototype Atanasoff & Berry Perturbation Theory Projective Geometry Georg Cantor SturmLouiville Theory Mathematics of Feedback & Electrodynamics James Clerk-Maxwell

Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt

Political Sociology Max Weber Perspectivism Friedrich Nietzsche

Psychological Pragmatism William James

Linguistic Psychoanalysis Jacques Lacan

Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer Comparative Psychology C. Lloyd Morgan

Coherentism Otto Neurath Algebra of Logic Ernst Schrder

Sociological Phenomenology Max Scheler

Gestalt Psychology Wolfgang Khler

Biostructures (chirality) Louis Pasteur

Statistical Mechanics J. Willard Gibbs

Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Personalism Renouvier Economic Cybernetics David Ricardo Empirical Utilitarianism J.S. Mill Eugenics Francis

Genetics William Bateson Competitive Evolution Thomas Huxley Tectonic Engineering John Roebling

Mathematical Logic Gottlob Frege

Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith

Formalism David Hilbert Conservation of matter Antoine Lavoisier Symbolic Logic George Boole Atomic Weights John Dalton Classical Thermodynamics Clausius, Boltzmann

Nature Philosophy von Schelling

Dialectical Idealism Georg Hegel

Pragmatic Semiotics Charles S. Peirce

Programming Ada Lovelace Critical Phenomenology Edmund Husserl Philosophy of History Wilhelm Dilthey Progressivism Condorcet Natural Evolution Charles Darwin 1809-1881 Clinical Psychiatry Benjamin Rush Determinism Laplace Analytical Engine Charles Babbage Inheritance Gregor Mendel Symbolic Logic Augustus de Morgan

Eigenvalues & Superposition Daniel Bernouli

Electromagnetism Ampere, Kirchhoff, Faraday et al

Conventionalism Henri Poincar

Model Theory Bernhard Bolzano Vorticles William Thomson

Conservation of Energy Joule

Linear Analysis Dirichlet Methodized Encyclopedias Johann Heinrich Alsted Feedback governor James Watt

Applied Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau Moral Philosophy Friedrich Schiller Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham

Imperial Hegemony Napoleon

Evolution Alfred Wallace Mathematical Economics Antoine Cournot

Conditional Probability Thomas Bayes

Enlightenment Jean d'Alembert

Materialism Denis Diderot

Field Theory Evariste Galois

Group Theory Felix Klein

Double Refraction Augustin Fresnel

Programmable Loom Joseph-Marie Jacquard

Linear Analysis J. Fourier

Astronomical Measurement Pierre Mechain

Magnetism Gauss Formal Regularity Zhu Xi

Philology, Linguistics & Grammar

Intentionality Franz Brentano Constitutional Pragmatism James Madison Demographic Cybernetics Thomas Malthus

Psychoanalysis Josef Breuer Gradual Geological Evolution Charles Lyell

Circulation William Harvey Biological Evolution Jean Lamarck Bio-Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus

Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Ethnolinguistics Johann Herder Structuralistic Semiology Ferdinand de Saussure Transcendental Idealism Johann Fichte

Evolutionary Organicism Saint-Simon

Instrumental Rationality Peter Ramus

Electrostatics Benjamin Franklin Arithmometer Charles de Colmar Linear Algebra Benjamin Peirce Classical Mathematics Mechanistic Physics Isaac Newton

Critical Transcendental Idealism Immanuel Kant Political Hegemony Frederick the Great

Human Science Giambattista Vico

Empirical Sensationalism Etienne Condillac

Determinism Voltaire Microbials von Leeuwenhoek

Heredity P-L. de Maupertuis

Analytic Geometry Pierre de Fermat

Pendulum Clock & Wave Theory of Light Christiaan Huygens

Philosophy of the Whole Baruch Spinoza

Geological Superorganism James Hutton

Meta-Skepicial Empiricism David Hume

Immaterial Empiricism George Berkeley

Idealistic Liberalism William Godwin

Cosmological Unity Giordano Bruno Mathematical Economics Vilfredo Pareto

Mathematical Nominalism Gottfried von Leibniz Clinical Medicine Thomas Sydenham Democratic Idealism Thomas Jefferson Mechanistic Materialism Julien La Mettrie

Mechanical Calculator Wilhelm Schickard

Probability Theory Blaise Pascal

Algebra Bhaskara Abstraction of Physical Laws Galileo Galilei

Polymath Physics Robert Hooke Physical Chemistry Robert Boyle

Rationalistic Dualism Ren Descartes Chemical Medicine Aureolus Paracelsus Natural Philosophy Nicholas von Cusa

Formalized Logic

Classical Biology Number Theory Marin Mersenne

Political Pragmatism John Locke

Political Romanticism J.J. Rousseau Political Economy Adam Smith

Logical Nominalism Jean Buridan

Psychological Determinism Thomas Hobbes Skepticism Michel Montaigne

Mathematical Astronomy J. Kepler Algebra Omar Khayyam Algebra Fibonacci

Politics of Cynicism Niccolo Machiavelli

Renaissance Platonism Giovanni Pico

Nominalism William of Ockham Medicine Moses Maimonides Anatomical Medicine Anreas Vesalius

Scientific Empiricism Roger Bacon

Engineering Design Leonardo da Vinci Scientific Positivism Francis Bacon Neo-Platonism Plotinus Algebra Brahmagupta

Observational Astronomy Tycho Brahe

Roman Stoicism Seneca

Scholasticical Empiricism Thomas Aquinas

Polymath Philosophy Nicholas Oresme Scholasticical Sciences Albertus Magnus Scholastical Logic, Dialectic & Linguistics Peter Abelard Rational Voluntarism John Duns Scotus Critical Philology Desiderius Erasmus Scholasticism Saint Anselm

Printing Johannes Gutenberg

Heliocentric Astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus Manual Transcriptions Monastic Scribes Imperial Hegemony Roman Empire Scientific Method Robert Grosseteste

Stoicism Marcus Aurelius Meta-languages & Linguistics U. of Nalanda, India Religious Stoicism Epictetus Roman Stoicism Poseidonius Politics of Benefit Cicero Rationalism Averros

Medicine Guy de Chauliac

Conic Sections Apollonius Humanism Petrarch Illuminationism Saint Augustine Engineering Archimedes Military Hegemony Alexander the Great

Algebra Diophantus Algebra Aryabhata Geometry Euclid Observational Astronomy Hipparchus Geocentric Astronomy Ptolemy

Diogenes of Babylon

Propositional Logic Chrysippus Religious Stoicism Cleanthes Dialectic Stoicism Zeno of Citium Cynicism Diogenes Fluxation & Unified Opposites Heraclitus c. 540-480 B.C. Language & Symbolism Cynic Philosophy Antisthenes Rosetta Stone Egypt

Roman Stoicism Panaetius Medicine Avenzoar Medicine Taddeo Alderotti Documentary & Narrative

Rationalism Avicenna

Positivism Lucretius

Rational Philosophy Aristotle 384-322BC Idealistic Philosophy Plato Geometry Theudius Sociality & Self Confucius

Positivism Epicurus Democratic Development Pericles Astronomy Eudoxus

Indian Philosophy

Anatomical Medicine Galen

Pagan Celts Positivism Aristapippas

Harmony of Opposites Lao Tzu c. 570-490 B.C. I Ching 2000-1000 B.C. YinYang Fu Xi Divination Philosophy of Irregularity River Map & Luo Book Pictographics Aboriginals Recyclical Universe Hindu Mythology

Sophistic Philosophy Socrates

Mathematics of Concentric Spheres Callippus

Hieroglyphics Mayans

Medicine Celsus Democracy Cleisthenes Law Solon Binary Numbers China Systematic Medicine Hippocrates Mathematical Philosophy Pythagoras c.580-500BC Atomism Democritus Atomism Leucippus

Dialectic Zeno of Elea

Reciprocities Anaximander

Ideographics Chinese

Regularized Language Indo-Europeans Alphabet Phoenicians Cuneiform Sumerians Hieroglyphics Egyptians

Philosophy Archelaus Unity & Stasis Parmenides

Sophism Protagoras

Elementalism Empedocles

Naturalism Thales Philosophy of Regularity Astronomy Babylon

Practical Medicine Egyptians

Apocalyptic Dualism Zoroaster c.628-551BC

Philosophy Anaxagoras

Heroic Legends Homer