Assignment Evolution of production and operation management

For over two centuries operations and production management has been recognised as an important factor in a countrys economic growt h The traditional view of manufacturing management began in eighteenth century when Adam Smith recognised the economic benefits of specialisation of labour. He recommended breaking of jobs down into subtasks and recognises workers to specialised tasks in which they would become highly skilled and efficient. In the early twentieth century, F.W. Taylor implemented Smiths theories and developed scientific management. From then till 1930, many techniques were developed prevailing the traditional view .With the 1970s emerges two distinct changes in our views. The most obvious of these,reflected in the new name operations management was a shift in the service and manufacturing sectors of the economy. As service sector became more prominent, the change from producti onto operations emphasized the broadening of our field to service organizations. The second, more suitable change was the beginning of an emphasis on synthesis, rather than just analysis, in management practices. Production management becomes the acceptable term from 1930s to 1950s. AsF.W. Taylors works become more widely known, managers developed techniques that focussed on economic efficiency in manufacturing. Workers were studied in great detail to eliminate wasteful efforts and achieve greater effic iency. At the same time, psychologists, socialis.other social scientists began to study people and human behaviour in the

working environment.In addition, economists, mathematicians, and computer socialists contributed newer, more sophisticated analytical approaches. Some revolutions  . The Industrial Revolution - In England in the 1700s, this advancement involved two principal elements: the widespread substitution of machine power for human power and the establishment of the factory system.  Post-Civil War Period - the beginning of modern forms of capital through the establishment of joint stock companies. This development led to the eventual separation of the capitalist from the employer, with managers becoming salaried employees of the finan ciers who owned the capital.  Human Relations and Behaviorism - The human relations movement studies were initially begun by Industrial engineers and were aimed at determining the optimal level of lighting to get the most production from work. When these studies produced confusing results about the relationship between physical environment and worker efficiency, the researchers realized that human factors must have been affecting production. This is the first time that psychological and sociological factors affected not only human motivation and attitude but production as well was recognized.  Operations Research - In World War II enormous quantities of manpower, supplier, planes, ships, materials, and other resources had to be deployed in an extremely hectic environment. The concepts of a total systems approach and of interdisciplinary teams and the utilization of complex mathematical techniques had been used in solving the industrial complex problems. Operations research, seeks to replace intuitive decision making for large complex problems with an approach that identifies the optimal, or best, alternative through analysis .  The Service Revolution The creation of service organizations accelerated sharply after World War II and is still expanding toady. More than two-thirds of the U.S. work force is employed in services, roughly tow-thirds of the gross national product (GNP) is produced by services, and investment per office worker now exceeds the investment per factory worker