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PHASE DIAGRAMS
1
Chapter 7
Topic Outcomes
Chapter 7
Topic Outcomes
Given a binary phase diagram, the composition of an alloy, its temperature, p y, p , and assuming that the alloy is at equilibrium, determine q ,
What phase(s) is (are) present The composition(s) of the phase(s) The mass fraction(s) of the phase(s)
Chapter 7
Topic Outcomes
Given the composition of an iron-carbon alloy containing between 0 022 wt% C and 2 14 0.022 2.14 wt% C, be able to
Specify whether the alloy is hypoeutectoid or p y y yp hypereutectoid Name the proeutectoid phase Compute the mass fractions of proeutectoid phase and pearlite Make a schematic diagram of the microstructure at a temperature just below the eutectoid t t t j tb l th t t id
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION
Phase diagram provides valuable g p information about melting, y crystallization, etc. Why study phase diagram? Important to engineers, related to design and control of heat treating heat-treating procedures since there is a strong correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties
Chapter 7
DEFINITIONS
Components: The elements or compounds which are present in the mixture (e g Al and Cu) (e.g., Phases: The physically and chemically distinct material regions, e.g., and in Aluminum-Copper alloy. Aluminum Copper Aluminum-Copper Alloy
(Darker phase)
(ligher phase)
Chapter 7
Solubility Limit:
Max concentration for which only a single phase solution occurs.
L
(liquid)
L
(liquid solution i.e., syrup)
+ S
(solid sugar) )
The solubility limit of sugar in water y g Depends on the of water e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80wt% sugar.
0
Pure Water
Pure Sugar r
8
Chapter 7
Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B. Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D. B (100C,70) D (100C,90)
water- sugar system
100
Temperature (C) e
1 phase
2 phases
80 60 40 20 0
0
L
(liquid)
L
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)
+ S
Chapter 7
Phase Diagrams
Provides information about the microstructure, predicting phase transformation and the resulting microstructures Equilibrium p q phase diagram represents g p relationship between temperature (T), p phases ( ) and at constant (Co) composition of p pressure (P) (1 atm). Binary alloy- consist 2 components alloy Ternary alloy- consist of 3 components
10
Chapter 7
Binary System
Alloy that contain 2 components (1) Isomorphous complete liquid and y p , g solid solubility of the 2 components, e.g. Cu-Ni L <=> (Cu-Ni solid solution) < > (Cu Ni (2) Eutectic limited solubility, upon cooling liquid phase is transformed into 2 solid phases. e.g. Cu-Ag, Pb-Sn L < > + <=>
11
Chapter 7
Phase
Diagram for Cu-Ni Cu Ni system
T(C)
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 0 20
2 phases:
L (liquid)
wt% Ni
12
Chapter 7
Binary Isomorphous
At temperature below 1080 C, 1080C Cu & Ni are soluble in each other (complete solubility) due to; Same crystal structure ( (FCC) ) Nearly identical atomic radii Nearly identical electronegetivity Similar valences
13
Chapter 7
14
Chapter 7
Examples:
A(1100C, 60): ( , ) 1 phase = B(1250C, 35): 2 phases= L +
T(C)
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 0 20 40 B (12 250C,35)
A(1100C,60) 60 80 100
wt% Ni t%
15
Chapter 7
Composition of phases
Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know: kno the composition of each phase phase.
16
Chapter 7
The phase compositions are easy to be determined e.g.: Point A (60 wt% Ni-40 wt% Cu at 1100oC) At this Co and T Only O l phase is present h i t Composition = 60 wt% Ni-40 wt% Cu
17
Chapter 7
TB
1200
(solid)
4043 43 50
TD
20
CLCo
C wt% Ni
18
Chapter 7
19
Chapter 7
Example: Point A (60 wt% Ni-40 wt% Cu at 1100oC) At this Co and T; Only phase is present The alloy is composed entirely of this phase, so the phase fraction; W = 1.0 (o 100%) 0 (or 00%)
20
Chapter 7
Co
C
S
WL
W
= C - Co = S WL + C - CL R S C o - CL = R W = C - CL R + S
21
Chapter 7
Examples:
T(C) Co = 35 wt% Ni At T A : Only Liquid (L) W L = 100 wt%, W = 0 At T D: Only Solid ( ) W L = 0 W = 100 wt% 0, t% At T B : Both and L TA
1300
TB
1200
(solid)
50
TD
C WL = C -
20 Co 43 35 = = 73 wt % CL 43 32 C - CL = 27 wt% W = C - CL
CLCo
40 43 43
C wt% Ni
22
Chapter 7
TB
1200 20
30C C 40 C L o
wt% Ni
M S = M L R
C C0 ML S WL = = = M L + M R + S C CL
C0 CL R W = = R + S C CL
23
Chapter 7
Development of Microstructure
a. Equilibrium cooling extremely slow cooling Readjustment cooling. in the L and phases composition in accordance with th phase diagram d ith the h di b. Nonequilibrium cooling cooling rate too rapid to allow these g p compositional readjustment, thus nonequilibrium microstructure develop
24
Chapter 7
a. Equilibrium cooling
i. Point a (1300C) Alloy is in liquid form ii. Point ii P i t b (1260C) phase begin to form at liquidus line, based on tie line, the composition is; L = 35wt% Ni-65wt% Cu = 46wt% Ni-54wt% Cu iii. Point c (1250C) solid & liquid composition L = 32wt% Ni-68wt% Cu = 43wt% Ni-57wt% Cu iv. Point d (1220C) Solidification is virtually completed v. v Point e (1180 C) (1180C) Solidification complete, Final productpolycrystalline phase solid solution = 35 wt % Ni- 65 wt% Cu
25
Chapter 7
b. Nonequilibrium cooling
Nonequilibrium cooling :
Point c (1250C) grain boundary Point d (1220C) Solidification should be completed, however there is still liquid remaining Point e (1180C) Solidification reaches completion
26
Chapter Nonequilibrium vs. Equilibrium Cooling 7 In nonequilibrium system Cu-Ni system: First to solidify has C = 46wt%Ni.
Last to solidify has C = 35wt%Ni.
First to solidify: 46wt%Ni Last to solidify: < 35wt%Ni Uniform C: 35wt%Ni 35 t%Ni
Nonequilibrium cooling Rapid cooling rate. Segregation or concentration gradients are established
Equilibrium cooling Slow rate, composition in accordance with the phase diagram 27
Chapter 7
Mechanical Properties
--Ductility (%EL) Ductility
Elon ngation (% %EL)
60 50 40 30 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cu Ni %EL for pure Cu %EL for pure Ni
Effect of composition on mechanical properties (Tensile strength and elongation) of Copper-nickel system:
T Tensile Strength (MPa) S h
TS for pure Ni
200 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cu Ni
Composition, wt%Ni
Composition, wt%Ni
--At some intermediate composition, the curve passes through the maximum
--The ductility decreases with the addition of second component, where the curve 28 exhibit the minimum
Chapter 7
L+
L+
779C, E = 71.9
+
Composition, wt% Ag
Eutectic transition
L(CE)
(CE) + (CE)
Chapter 7
L (liquid)
C - CO S = W = R+S C - C =
L+
18.3
183C
L+
61.9 97.8
S
+
59 99 - 40 = = 67 wt% 99 - 11 88
0 11 20 C 40 Co
CO - C R W = = C - C R+S 40 - 11 29 = = 33 wt% = 99 - 11 88
C, wt% Sn
60
80
99100 C
30
Chapter 7
Pb-Sn system
L+
R
L (liquid)
S
183C
L+
100
+
0 17 20 C 40 46 60 Co CL 80 100
C, wt% Sn
CO - C 23 = WL = = 79 wt% CL - C 29
31
T(C) ( )
400
L: Co wt% Sn L
300
L
: Co wt% Sn
L+ (Pb-Sn System)
200
TE
100
0 Co
10
20
Co, wt% Sn
32
30
T(C) ( ) L L+
L: Co wt% Sn
L : Co wt% Sn
200
TE
100
+
0 10 20 30
Pb-Sn Pb Sn system Sn
33
Chapter 7
T(C)
L: Co wt% Sn
Pb-Sn system
300
200
TE
L+
L
183C
L+
160 m
100
18.3
20
40
60 CE 61.9
80
C, wt% Sn
100 97.8
34
Chapter 7
Eutectic reaction; L <=> + (Refer to coppersilver phase diagram at 71.9 wt% Ag) 71 9
Eutectoid reaction 1 solid phase 2 other solid phases (upon cooling) <=> + Peritectic reaction 1 solid phase + 1 liquid phase 1 l l d h liquid phase (upon d h ( cooling) + L <=>
35
Chapter 7
Eutectoid
36
In practice, all steel and cast iron have carbon content less than 6.7 wt % C, thus we consider only this phase diagram- iron-iron carbide system Carbon is an interstitial impurity in iron. p y
37
Chapter 7
38
Chapter 7
, austenite
+ Fe3C
ferrite
+ Fe3C
Cementite
39
Chapter 7
L Fe3C (c cementite e)
6.7
40
+L (austenite)
1148C
A
S +Fe3C
L+Fe3C
B
R
2
S
3
+Fe3C
4 5 6
C eutec ctoid
120 m
Chapter 7
Hypoeutectoid Steel
1600
1400
+L 1200 (austenite)
1000 800
L+Fe3C
(Fe-C System)
+ Fe3C
r s
727C
pearlite
C0
0.76 6
RS
1
+ Fe3C
2 3 4 5 6
Co , wt% C
100 m Hypoeutectoid steel
6.7
pearlite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e.
proeutectoid ferrite
41
Chapter 7
Hypereutectoid Steel
1600
T(C) L
1148C
Fe3C
1000 800
+Fe3C r s S
1 Co 2 3
R 600
0.76
+Fe3C
4 5 6
w pearlite = w
Co , wt%C
60 mHypereutectoid steel
6.7
pearlite
Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e.
proeutectoid Fe3C
42
+L 1200 (austenite)
Chapter 7
Ferrite that is present in the pearlite is called eutectoid ferrite In terms of % C, terms like hypo and hyper-eutectoid alloys are used In term of T, Ferrite that formed before eutectoid T is called as proeutectoid 43 ferrite
Chapter 7
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C at a temperature j t below the eutectoid, t t just b l th t t id determine the following a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite () b) the amount of carbide (cementite) in ) ( ) grams that forms per 100 g of steel c) the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite ()
44
Chapter 7 a)
Solution:
+ Fe3C
S + Fe3C
727C
Co , wt% C
CFe
6.7 67
3C
45
1400 CO = 0 40 wt% C 0.40 T(C) C = 0.022 wt% C 1200 +L 3 (austenite) CFe C = 6 70 wt% C 1000 6.70
L
1148C
L+Fe3C
Chapter 7
Solution:
b)
the amount of carbide (cementite) in grams that forms per 100 g of steel
Co C Fe 3 C = x 100 C Fe 3 C C Fe 3 C + = 0 . 4 0 . 022 x 100 = 5 . 7 g 6 . 7 0 . 022
Fe 3 C = 5.7 g = 94 . 3 g
46
Chapter 7
Solution:
c) the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite () note: amount of pearlite = amount of g just above TE
1600
(austenite)
1148C
L+Fe3C
+ Fe3C
727C
C C = o x 100= 51.2 g + C C
RS
1 2 3
+ Fe3C
4 5 6
400 0
C CO C
6.7
Co , wt% C
47
T( C) T(C)
1400
+L